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Q1 SHS Intro To The Philosophy of The Human Person Module 2
Q1 SHS Intro To The Philosophy of The Human Person Module 2
Q1 SHS Intro To The Philosophy of The Human Person Module 2
Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020
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1
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they
do the tasks included in the module.
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish.
Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and
empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace
and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will enable to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
This module covers the nature of truth and the characteristics of an opinion. It
highlights the importance of distinguishing or contrasting these two. Since statements could
contain truthfulness, fallacies, biases, assumptions, and opinions, one must refer to the
methods of philosophy to differentiate truth from opinion. Following philosophy methods
would require one to exude the qualities of critical thinking skills, creative reasoning, and
logical thinking. Practicing these methods will pave the way to man’s better understanding of
life. Topics in this module include the difference between truth from opinion, theories of truth,
methods of philosophy, and fallacies.
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
2. Which of the following sources of truth has clear awareness and understanding
of something based on reality?
a. bias c. knowledge
b. fallacy d. opinion
3. Which of the following terms is an argument that is based on faulty reasoning?
a. claim c. opinion
b. fallacy d. truth
4. Which of the following terms is a statement that is not immediately known to be true?
a. bias c. fact
b. claim d. truth
5. Which of the following forms of claim declares that something does exist and will
exist?
a. Claim of Evidence c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Fact d. Claim of Value
6. Which of the following forms of claim asserts judgment, whether good or bad?
a. Claim of Evidence c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Fact d. Claim of Value
7. Which form of claim maintains that something should be or should not be done?
a. Claim of Evidence c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Fact d. Claim of Value
10. Which of the following ways determines that a statement is based on truth and that a
statement is based on an opinion?
a. absurd reasoning c. fallacious arguments
b. critical thinking d. creative feelings
This lesson will help us better understand the difference between truth and opinion.
It will guide us in interpreting reality through the knowledge that we acquire from opinions
and facts. Knowing the difference between truth and opinion helps students make sense of
information. Outside of reading and writing, students will come to recognize the truth and
opinions in their language. Hopefully, their choice of words will become more accurate when
describing emotions or experiences as they grasp the nuanced nature of facts and opinions.
What’s In
To begin this lesson, you have to explain first the philosophy of Aristotle about
knowledge with a realistic situation or scenario.
https://www.ancient.eu/aristotle/
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RUBRIC
In today’s digital world, information is everywhere. From the moment we wake up, we
face different kinds of news from various sources. Information may primarily come from
social media sources or even from our friends, family, and our very own community. The
challenge is for us to effectively filter and sort news and stories that are truthful from mere
opinion or hearsays.
One must be analytical and logical in his approach to all kinds of information and
even in real-life situations. To do this, one must possess critical thinking skills, coherent
reasoning, and logical thinking when philosophizing.
Critical thinking is the best possible way of determining which statements are based
on truth and which statements are based on opinion.
Before we discuss truth, it is important to clarify knowledge, facts, and claim, since
it is through knowing that we can determine what is true or false.
Source of
Example
Truth Description
1. I know that the Kadayawan Festival
clear awareness and is celebrated every month of
understanding of something that August.
is based on reality. It simply
Knowledge 2. I know why education is necessary
means that what we know is
for future employment.
what is observable or evident in
the real world. 3. I know how to cook my favorite
viand.
propositions or statements which 1. The planet earth is round.
are observed to be real, truthful,
Facts actual, and certain. It is 2. Your heart pumps blood through
something that has occurred or your body.
has been proven correct.
Forms of Claim
Claim Description Example
1. Social distancing is important
during the corona virus pandemic.
Claim of Fact Something that has existed, and
will exist. 2. Cancer is a common disease, but
it is not contagious.
Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in the Mt. Apo is the best mountain for trekking.
Philippines.
✓ Based on facts, events, and happenings ✓ Based on someone’s thoughts, feelings
and understanding
The Republic of the Philippines is a Boracay, which is one of the islands in the
sovereign state in archipelagic Southeast Philippines, has the best white-sand
Asia, with 7,641 islands. beaches in the world.
Android phones are Samsung, Huawei, People using android phones are prone to
Oppo, Vivo, and Realme. severe radiation.
✓ Often contains numbers, dates or ages ✓ It tells what someone believes
Philippine Independence Day is Some people believe that our country has
celebrated every 12th day of June. not yet achieved its independence.
What’s More
TRUTH OPINION
II. In every opinion presented in Column A, provide a reliable truth about it in Column B.
A B
OPINION TRUTH
Criteria
What is It
Having the ability to discern truths and opinions can further improve our
understanding and appreciation of differing views and ideas. Differentiating them requires a
holistic perspective and enables us to choose acceptable ideas and make wiser decisions.
This view can make a man understand the world and life better.
A philosophical or reflective mind allows us to form the view that can guide us in
making wiser decisions when faced with life’s difficulties. Since everyone has every right to
his point of view, we have to form ours too. Philosophy is a valuable tool to help us
determine truthful and acceptable ideas essential in building a better and wiser way of
looking at life.
Evaluating Opinion
Opinions play a particular role in our lives. They motivate us to investigate further in
search of the truth. However, it is harmful to accept opinions as they are; without assessing
and considering its truthfulness. Critical thinking must be employed in this undertaking.
5 helpful tips to guide us better to evaluate an opinion
1. Source – The first thing to consider when evaluating and assessing an opinion is knowing
the origin of the material. Some sources are more credible than others. Knowing where
the information came from will help us determine the accuracy, correctness, and
soundness of information.
I am very happy today because I receive the diploma from my alma mater citing that I
have finished my senior high school.
2. Reliability - Credibility is also required when checking the accuracy of the person giving
the opinion. Consider the reputation and the expertise of the person about the topic.
3. Purpose – Identify the main reason why the opinion is given. Evaluate if it is intended to
inform or persuade. Consider reason and evidence in doing this step.
I will do my best in answering the activities in this module for the reason that it is one
way of becoming an active learner even during this time of pandemic.
4. Bias – prejudice in favor of or against one person, thing or group compared with another,
usually in a way considered to be unfair.
5. Assumption – ideas that one accepts as facts but makes no effort to prove it. A thing that
is accepted as true or as certain to happen without proof.
I am anticipating that the pandemic that we are experiencing now will be over anytime
in November 2020.
What’s More
1. Lebron James of the Los Angeles Lakers is confident of winning in the NBA
Finals’ championship game.
2. Secretary Briones, of the Department of Education, announced that classes in
public schools will start on October 5, 2020.
3. Students must answer the activities in all modules to enhance their knowledge
and skills.
4. I will wash my hands with soap regularly because I am using my hands in eating
and feeding my younger siblings at home.
5. It makes me sick watching love story movies since it will just remind me of my
past. Instead, I prefer to watch adventure movies.
6. The school head instructed her teachers and staff to wear the prescribed school
uniform as mandated by the school law.
7. My classmate prefers to indulge in the online delivery mode of learning instead
of the modular delivery mode.
8. Budget Secretary Avisado quoted President Duterte’s statement that Philippines
will pay for the vaccines made available to the Filipinos by Russia and China.
9. I love watching the various shows in GMA network than the shows in ABS-CBN.
10. Malacañang Palace announced that areas under GCQ are Batangas City, Iloilo
City, and Cebu City, and the rest of the cities will be under the Modified General
Community Quarantine.
Lesson
Methods of Philosophizing
2
Welcome to the second lesson of this module. At the end of this lesson, you will be
able to:
Meaning / Description
Basis
Realistic Example
Activity 6 Am I correct or wrong?
SCORING RUBRIC
5 Points • Clear description, relevant basis, relevant example
3 Points • Clear description, relevant basis, irrelevant example
1 Point • Clear description, irrelevant basis, irrelevant example
What’s New
Philosophizing:
➢ to think or express in a philosophical manner
➢ discusses an issue or topic from a philosophical standpoint
➢ to reason out, conceptualize, grasp mentally, intellectualize
Methods of Philosophizing
Types of Characteristics Proponents
Philosophy
1. Edmund Husserl – Father of
Method of philosophy which Phenomenology
espouses the idea that reality Truth is dependent on the human mind,
Phenomenology is made up of events which has consciousness faculty.
perceived and understood by
human consciousness 2. Immanuel Kant – German Philosopher
Phenomenology is relevant to our
experiences.
Truth is a by-product of
rational choice. Man is 1. Jean Paul Sartre – French Philosopher
viewed as a free agent and is Existence precedes Essences
capable of making choices. It is by existing and acting a certain way do we
Existentialism Just like phenomenology, give meaning to our lives with freedom
existentialism believes in the
subjectivity of truth since man 2. Soren Kierkegaard – Father of
has the free will (freedom) to Existentialism
decide his reality. Each person is solely responsible for giving
meaning to life with passion and sincerity.
Ad Hominem Attacking the person I will not vote for her no matter how
presenting the argument good she is because she is the
Attack against murderer’s daughter.
person instead of the issue itself.
Ad Pleading for mercy and Please do not take this job from me.
Misericordiam sympathy while disregarding I need this job. I know how this
the issue or point of the pandemic has affected our
Appeal to Pity and question. company. Can’t you see I have a lot
Emotion of mouths to feed?
Ad Ignorantiam Asserting a claim that must be No one can prove that the Corona
accepted because no one else Virus will be eliminated.
Appeal to
can prove otherwise. Thus, it cannot be eliminated.
Ignorance
Assuming that what is true for You come from a clan of politicians
Fallacy of the whole is also true for its and great leaders!
Division parts. I am sure that you can also become
a great politician soon.
Petitio Principii An argument fails to prove Why are you standing? Because I
Begging the anything because it somehow am not sitting.
Question takes for granted what it is
supposed to prove.
What’s More
Statements Fallacy
What I Can Do
Directions: Select five types of fallacy among the various fallacies presented and
construct one example for each type.
# Fallacy Example
1
2
3
4
5
SCORING RUBRIC
2 Points ✓ Fallacy is clear
✓ Example is related to the fallacy
1 Point ✓ Fallacy is clear
✓ Example is not related to the fallacy
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the correct answer from the given choices.
4. Which among the descriptions of truth is the idea of St. Thomas Aquinas?
a. Truth consists in the agreement of mind and rationality of its object.
b. Truth is the conformity of the intellect and things.
c. Truth is objective, which our reason apprehends.
d. Truth is its self-movement within itself.
6. “The first thing to consider when evaluating and assessing an opinion is to know
the origin of the material.” What does this statement signify?
a. assumption c. purpose
b. bias d. source
7. “In evaluating an opinion, identify the main reason why the opinion is given and
evaluate if it is intended to inform or persuade people.” What does this statement
imply?
a. assumption c. purpose
b. bias d. reliability
8. “Credibility is required when checking the accuracy of the person giving the
opinion.” What does this statement infer?
a. assumption c. purpose
b. bias d. reliability
9. “Ideas that one accepts or affirms as facts but makes no effort to prove it is
inevitable in evaluating opinions.” What does this principle signify?
a. assumption c. purpose
b. bias d. reliability
10. Which among the following scenarios does not show bias?
a. Ian, an HR Officer who conducts personal information screening for job
applicants, told the group of applicants outside the company’s office that
the company will only hire women for the reason that women make better
employees than men.
11. “Sir, I deserve a business permit!? You know how powerful I am, right?
I believe you are aware that I can pull some strings and make sure people
suffer in life greatly.” What type of fallacy is committed?
a. Appeal to People c. Appeal to Force
b. Appeal to Misplaced Authority d. Appeal to Pity and Emotion
12. “These pills must be safe and effective for reducing because Dexter Bascones
is endorsing it.” What kind of fallacy is committed?
a. Appeal to People c. Appeal to Force
b. Appeal to Misplaced Authority d. Appeal to Pity and Emotion
13. “My opponent is a notorious liar! You can’t believe a word that he is going to
say. Are we going to agree with what that dirty pig is saying?” What type of
fallacy is committed?
a. Appeal to Ignorance c. Begging the Question
b. Attack against Person d. Destroying the Exception
14. “The two did not make a public statement denying that they are having an
illicit affair; thus, this only affirms that our suspicion about them is right.” What
kind of fallacy is committed?
a. Appeal to Ignorance c. Begging the Question
b. Attack against Person d. Destroying the Exception
Abella, Roberto. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2016. Pages 18 – 40
Articulo, Archimedes. Values and Work Ethics. Bulacan : Trinitas Publishing, Inc.
2003britannica.com
Caraan, Aleli. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Makati City: DIWA
Learning Systems Inc., 2016, 30-31.
en.wikipedia.org
Fact vs Opinion Resource. teachingcommons.lakeheadu.ca
Google Dictionary
https://teachingcommons.lakeheadu.ca/fact-vs-opinion-resource
Literacydevices.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion
logicalfallacies.org
Roa, Laurel K. Illustrations on Truth and Opinion, Human Brain, and Fallacy. 2000
Tubo, Dennis Villanueva. Logic for Right Living..Intramuros, Manila : Purely Books Trading
and Publishing Corp., 2013 Pages 148 -155
Winston Gallinero and Richard JuanitoEstaris. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. Malabon: Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2017, 34-35, 41-44
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