Present tense of To Be

‫زمان حال هجڻ‬

Definition:- A verb which expresses state or existence in present time

that is called present tense of “to be”.

‫کي بيان‬ ‫موجودگي َء‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حالت‬ ‫ هڪ اهڙو فعل جيڪو زمان حال ۾‬-:‫وصف‬

.‫ڪري انکي زمان حال هجڻ چئبو آهي‬
 Note:- This tense shows state or existence of the subject in present time.

‫حالت يا موجودگي‬
.‫ يا موجودگي ڏيکاريندو آهي‬8‫ هي زمان حال وقت ۾ فاعل جي حالت‬-:‫نوٽ‬
)‫ (موجودگي‬.‫علي مسجد ۾ آهي‬ .1
)‫ (حالت‬.‫هو َء هڪ ڊاڪٽر آهي‬ .2
Ali is in the Mosque. (EXISTENCE)

She is a doctor. (STATE)

Helping Verbs
Note:- (1) "Is", "Am", "Are" are the to be verbs of the present tense of to be.

 Am is used with (I)

 IS is used with ( He, She It, and Singular noun)

 ARE is used with ( You, They, We and Plural nouns)

‫ ھاڪاري‬- ‫بناوت‬

.‫مان هڪ ايماندار پٽ آهيان‬ .1

.‫اڄ گرمي ن آهي‬ .2
٠ ‫توھان ڳوٺاڻا آھيون‬ .3
Formation - Assertive
SUBJECT TO BE VERB OBJECT

I am an obedient son.

It is hot today.

You are villagers.

‫ ناڪاري‬- ‫بناوت‬

.‫مان هڪ ايماندار پٽ نہ آهيان‬ .1

.‫اڄ گرمي نہ آهي‬ .2
.‫توهان ڳوٺاڻا نہ آهيو‬ .3

 Formation - Negative
SUBJECT TO BE VERB NOT OBJECT

I am not an obedient son.

It is not hot today.

You are not villagers.

 ‫ سوالي‬- ‫بناوت‬ TO BE VERB SUBJECT OBJECT

‫ڇا مان هڪ ايماندار پٽ آهيان؟‬ .1

Am I an obedient son?
‫ڇا اڄ گرمي آهي؟‬ .2
Is It hot today?
‫ڇا توهان ڳوٺا آهيو؟‬ .3
Are You Villagers ?
 Formation –
Interrogative

‫ ناڪاري ۽ سوالي‬- ‫بناوت‬

‫ڇا مان هڪ ايماندار پٽ نہ آهيان؟‬ .1

‫ڇا اڄ گرمي نہ آهي؟‬ .2
‫ڇا توهان ڳوٺاڻا نہ آهيو؟‬ .3

 Formation - Interrogative & Negative

TO BE SUBJEC
VERB T NOT OBJECT

Am I not an obedient
son

Is It not hot today

Are You not villagers.

Emphatic Sentences
 Note:- "Really" is used for emphatic sentences.

.‫“ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬really” )1( -:‫نوٽ‬

.‫ واقعي ڪراچي ۾ آهيان‬/ ‫سچ پچ‬/ ‫مان تہ‬ .1
 ‫اڄ تہ ‪/‬واقعي ‪/‬سچ پچ گرمي آهي‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫اهي تہ ‪/‬واقعي ‪ /‬سچ پچ مشڪل ۾ آهن‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪I am really in Karachi.‬‬

‫‪It is really hot today.‬‬

‫‪They are really in trouble.‬‬

‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫هي فلم انڊسٽ ‪ .2‬ساحل ايمنادري جي ڪري مشهورآهي‪ .3 .‬هو واقعي تمام رحم دل ماڻهون آهي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ها دلچسپ ڳالھ آهي‪.5 .‬ڇا ڪالس ۾ ڪيترائي شاگردن جا گروپ آهن؟ ‪ .6‬ڪالس هوشيار‬
‫شاگردن جو ڀريل آهي‪ .7.‬مان انگريزي ۾ سٺو نه آهيان‪ .6 .‬نويد ڪالس ۾ ھڪ محنتي ڇوڪرو ۽‬
‫ھوشيار آھي ‪ .7 .‬علي ته وڌيڪ پڙهائي ال ِء آمريڪا ۾ آهي‪ .8 .‬سزا توهان ال ِء سٺي آهي‪ .9 .‬ڏک‬
‫۽ سک زندگي َء جو حصو آهي‪ 10 .‬ڇا زندگي ڏکن ۽ سکن جو ساٿي نه آھي ؟‬

‫‪Past tense of To Be‬‬

‫زمان ماضي هئڻ‬

‫‪Definition :- A verb that denotes state or existence in past time that is called‬‬
‫‪Past tense of To be.‬‬

‫وصف ‪ -:‬اهڙو فعل جيڪو گذريل وقت ۾‪ ‬حالت‪ ‬يا‪ ‬موجودگي‪ ‬ظاهر ڪري ته ان کي‬

‫زمان ماضي هئڻ چئبو آهي‪.‬‬
‫‪ Note:-This tense shows state or existence in past time.‬‬

‫نوٽ‪ -:‬هي زمان گذريل وقت ۾ حالت‪ 8‬يا موجودگي کي ظاهر ڪندو آهي‪.‬‬
‫حالت‬
 .‫توهان هڪ محنتي ڇوڪرا هیو‬ .1
.‫هو َء هڪ چاالڪ ڇوڪري هئي‬ .2

State

1. You were a hard work boy.

2. She was a active girl.

.‫اسين هتي آفيس ۾ هئاسين‬ .1

.‫اهي ڪالھ راند جي ميدان ۾ هئا‬ .2

Existence

1. We were here at the Office.

2. They were in the playground yesterday.

Helping Verbs
 Note :- "Was" and "Were" are the helping verbs of Past tense To
be .

 WAS is used with ( I, He, She, It, and Singular noun)

 WERE is used with (You, we, They, and plural nouns)

Sentence Transformations
 Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence, Interrogative
Negative  sentence and Emphatic sentence

‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
.‫ سوالي جملي ۽ سوالي ناڪاري ۾ تبديلي‬،‫ هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪاري جملي‬-: ‫نوٽ‬
‫بياني‬

. ‫هٔو ماضي َء ۾ هڪ لڄاري ڇوڪري هئي‬ .1

.‫اهي پنهنجي ننڍپڻ ۾ شرارتي ٻار هئا‬ .2
 Formation – Assertive
To be
SUBJECT verb OBJECT.

She was Shy girl in past .

They were Naughty children in their

past .

‫ناڪاري‬

.‫هو َء ماضي َء ۾ هڪ لڄاري ڇوڪري نه هئي‬ .1

.‫اهي پنهنجي ننڍپڻ ۾ شرارتي ٻار نه هئا‬ .2

Formation - Negative
TO BE NO
SUBJECT VERB T OBJECT

She was not Shy girl in past .

They were not Naughty children in

their past

‫سوالي‬

‫ ڇوڪري هئي؟‬8‫ڇا هو َء ماضي َء ۾ هڪ لڄاري‬ .1

‫ڇا اهي پنهنجي ننڍپڻ ۾ شرارتي ٻار هئا؟‬ .2

Formation - Interrogative
Tobe
verb Subject OBJECT

Was she Shy girl in past?

Were they Naughty children in their

past?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ ڇوڪري نه هئي؟‬8‫ڇا هو َء ماضي َء ۾ هڪ لڄاري‬ .1

‫ڇا اهي پنهنجي ننڍپڻ ۾ شرارتي ٻار نه هئا؟‬ .2

Interrogative & Negative

TO BE
VERB SUBJECT NOT OBJECT

Was she not shy girl in past ?

Were they not naughty girl in

their past

Emphatic Sentences
 Note:- The "Really" is added after helping verb for emphatic sentences.

‫تاڪيدي جمال‬
‫دو‬88‫ايو وين‬88‫" لڳ‬Really" ‫ان‬88‫ل جي پوي‬88‫ددگار فع‬88‫دي جملن جي ال ِء م‬88‫ تاڪي‬-:‫وٽ‬66‫ن‬
.‫آهي‬
.‫ سچ پچ ڪراچي ۾ هئا‬/‫ واقعي‬/ ‫اهي ته‬ .1
.‫ واقعي مصيبت ۾ هو‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫هوته‬ .2
.‫ واقعي آسمان ۾ هيو‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/‫لغڙ ته‬ .3
Formation – Emphatic
Subject To be verb Really Object

They Were really in the Karachi.

He was really in trouble.

The kite was really in the sky.

Future tense of To Be

‫زمان مستقبل هئڻ‬

Definition
A verb that signifies “State” or “Existence” of the subject in future is called
Future tense of To Be.

‫ه ان‬88‫ري ت‬88‫اهر ڪ‬88‫کي ظ‬ ‫ودگي‬66‫موج‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حالت‬ ‫اهڙو فعل جيڪو مستقبل ۾ فاعل جي‬

.‫کي زمان مستقبل هئڻ چئبو آهي‬
 Note:- This tense signifies “State” or “Existence” in future.

.‫ هي زمان مستقبل ۾ حالت يا موجودگي کي ظاهر ڪندو آهي‬-:‫نوٽ‬

‫حالت‬
.‫هو تمام مهربان ٿيندو‬ .1
.‫مان تمام مصروف ٿيندس‬ .2
 .‫توهان جا والدين هاڻي تيار ٿيندا‬ .3

State

1. He will be so kind.
2. I shall be very busy.
3. Your parents will be ready now.

‫موجودگي‬

.‫ڪجھ ڇوڪريون ڪالس ۾ اندر هونديون‬ .1

.‫منهنجو بٽون منهنجي کيسي ۾ هوندو‬ .2
‫اسانجو خاندان شهر کان ٻاھر هوندو‬ .3

Existence

1. Some girls will be inside the school .

2. My wallet will be in my pocket.
3. Our family will be out of town.

Helping Verbs
 Note :- "will be" and "shall be" are the helping verbs of Future tense of
To be.

 SHALL BE is used with (I and We)

 WILL BE is used with (You, They, He, She, It, singular noun or
plural nouns)

 Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence , Interrogative &
Negative and Emphatic  sentence.
 ‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫نوٽ‪ -:‬هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪ‪88‬اري جملي‪ ،‬س‪8‬والي جملي ۽ س‪88‬والي ناڪ‪88‬اري ۾‬
‫تبديلي ‪٠‬‬
‫بياني‬

‫مان تمام امير ٿيندس‪/‬ھوندس ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫اسانجو مقصد شاگردن کي پڙهائڻ هوندو‪ /‬ٿيندو ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫اسانجي خواهش ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ هوندي‪/‬ٿيندي‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪Asseritive Sentence‬‬
‫‪Tobe‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪Verb‬‬ ‫‪Object‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪shall be‬‬ ‫‪very rich.‬‬

‫‪Our aim‬‬ ‫‪will be‬‬ ‫‪to teach the‬‬

‫‪students.‬‬

‫‪Their‬‬ ‫‪will be‬‬ ‫‪to get information‬‬

‫‪ambition‬‬

‫ناڪاري‬

‫مان امير نه ھوندس‪ /‬ٿيندس ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫اسانجو مقصد شاگردن کي نه پڙهائڻ هوندو‪/‬ٿيندو ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫اسانجي خواهش ڄاڻ حاصل نه ڪرڻ هوندي‪/‬ٿيندي ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
Negative
Subject To be verb not Object

I shall be not be rich.

Our aim will not be to teach students.

Their ambition will not be to get information.

‫سوالي جمال‬

‫ ٿيندس ؟‬/‫ڇا مان امير ھوندس‬ .1

‫ٿيندو؟‬/‫ڇا اسانجو مقصد شاگردن کي پڙهائڻ هوندو‬ .2
‫ٿيندي ؟‬/‫ڇا اسانجي خواهش ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ هوندي‬ .3

Interrogative

To be verb Subject Object ?

Shall I be rich?

Will our aim be to teach students?

Will their ambition be to get information?

‫سوالي ناڪاري جمال‬

‫ ٿيندس ؟‬/‫ڇا مان امير نه ھوندس‬ .1

‫ٿيندو؟‬/‫ڇا اسانجو مقصد شاگردن کي نه پڙهائڻ هوندو‬ .2
 ‫ٿيندي؟‬/‫ڇا اسانجي خواهش ڄاڻ حاصل نه ڪرڻ هوندي‬ .3

Interrogative & Negative

To be verb Subject not Object ?

Shall I not be rich ?

Will our aim not be to teach students ?

Will their ambition not be to get information?

Emphatic Sentences
Note:- The "shall be" is used instead of "will be" for emphatic sentences.

‫تاڪيدي جمال‬
.‫" استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬shall be" ‫" جي بدران‬will be" ‫ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء‬-:‫نوٽ‬
‫مثال‬

٠ ‫ٿيندس‬/ ‫واقعي امير ھوندس‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫مان ته‬ .1

٠ ‫ ٿيندو‬/‫ واقعي شاگردن کي پڙهائڻ هوندو‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫اسانجو مقصد ته‬ .2
٠ ‫ ٿيندي‬/‫ واقعي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ هوندي‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫اسانجي خواهش ته‬ .3
Subject Tobe Verb Object

I will be very rich.

Our aim shall be to teach the students.

Their ambition shall be to get information

 Present Simple Tense

‫زمان حال سادو‬

Definition :- Subject does some work in present time that is called Present
Simple Tense

‫فاعل ھلندڙ وقت ۾ ڪو ڪم ڪري ٿو ته ان کي زمان حال سادو‬ -: ‫وصف‬

٠ ‫چئبو آھي‬
Note:- This tense shows the an action of subject in present time.

٠ ‫هي زمان فاعل جي ڪم کي هلندڙ وقت ۾ ظاهر ڪندو آھي‬ -:

 Note:- “Do” and “Does” are helping verbs of present simple tense.

 Usage of Do and Does

 DOES is used with ( He, She, It and Singular noun)

 DO is used with ( I, We, They, You, and plural nouns)

 Note(2) Do not use the helping verb in Assertive sentence.
 Note:- (3) If the subject is (He, She, It, or Singular noun and singular
noun in present simple tense, then we add “s” or es in a main verb.

1. Example
He eats meal.

She kills a snake.

It alerts.
Usage of Do and Does
Note:- Do and Does helping verbs are used when we change an assertive
sentence into interrogative, negative, interrogative and negative or emphatic
sentence.

‫ جو استمعال‬Does ‫ ۽‬Do
‫اني‬8‫ مددگار فعل تڏهن استمعال ٿئيندا آهن جڏهن اسين هڪ بي‬does 8‫ ۽‬do -:‫نوٽ‬
.‫ يا ناڪاري ۽ سوالي ۾ تبديل ڪندا آهيون‬،‫ سوالي‬،‫ ناڪاري‬،‫جملي کي تاقيدي‬
‫مثال‬

)‫ (ناڪاري‬.‫هو َء ماني نه کائي ٿئي‬ .1

)‫ڇا توهان هڪ خط لکو ٿا؟ (سوالي‬ .2
)‫ڇا علي اسڪول نه وڃي ٿو؟ (سوالي ۽ ناڪاري‬ .3
)‫ (تاقيدي‬.‫مان سچ پچ ڪمپيوٽر هاليان ٿو‬ .4

‫مين فعل‬
Example
She eats meal. (Negative)

She does not eat meal. (Interrogative)

Does she eat meal? (Interrogative)

I do operate a computer. (Emphatic)

 ‫ بياني‬- ‫بناوت‬
‫مثال‬

.‫ جو امتحان ڏيان ٿو‬CSS ‫مان‬ .1

.‫هي گڏجاڻي َء ۾ آواز اٿاريندو آهي‬ .2

Formation- Assertive Sentence

SUBJECT Main Verb Object(Optional)

I appear in CSS exam.

He raises his voice in a meeting.

‫بناوت – ناڪاري‬ 
.‫ جو امتحان نه ڏيان ٿو‬CSS ‫مان‬ .1
.‫هي گڏجاڻي َء ۾ آوازنه اٿاريندو آهي‬ .2

Formation - Negative
Helping Main
SUBJECT Verb Not Verb Object(Optional)

I do not appear in CSS exam.

He does not raise his voice in a

meeting.
 ‫بناوت ‪ -‬سوالي‬
‫ڇا مان ‪ CSS‬جو امتحان ڏيان ٿو؟‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ڇا هي گڏجاڻي َء ۾ آواز اٿاريندو آهي؟‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Formation - Interrogative‬‬
‫‪Helping Verb‬‬ ‫‪SUBJECT‬‬ ‫‪Main Verb‬‬ ‫)‪Object(Optional‬‬

‫‪Do‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪appear‬‬ ‫?‪in CSS exam‬‬

‫‪Does‬‬ ‫‪he‬‬ ‫‪raise‬‬ ‫?‪his voice in a meeting‬‬

‫بناوت ‪ -‬سوالي‬
‫مثال‬

‫ڇا مان ‪ CSS‬جو امتحان ڏيان ٿو؟‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫ڇا هو گڏجاڻي َء ۾ آواز اٿاري ٿو ؟‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫بناوت ‪ -‬ناڪاري ۽ سوالي‬

‫مثال‬

‫ڇا مان ‪ CSS‬جو امتحان نه ڏيان ٿو؟‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ڇا هو گڏجاڻي َء ۾ آواز نه اٿاري ٿو ؟‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Formation- Interrogative & Negative‬‬

‫‪Helping Verb‬‬ ‫‪SUBJECT‬‬ ‫‪Main Verb‬‬ ‫)‪Object(Optional‬‬

‫‪Do‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪not appear‬‬ ‫?‪in CSS exam‬‬

‫‪Does‬‬ ‫‪he‬‬ ‫‪not raise‬‬ ‫?‪his voice in a meeting‬‬

‫‪Emphatic Sentences‬‬
‫توھان ته ‪ /‬سچ پچ‪ /‬واقعي‪ 8‬ٽي وي ڏسو ٿا ‪٠‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫علي ته ‪/‬واقعي‪ / 8‬سچ پچ‪ /‬نماز پڙھي ٿو ‪٠‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Do or‬‬ ‫‪Main‬‬

‫‪SUBJECT‬‬ ‫‪Does‬‬ ‫‪Verb‬‬ ‫)‪Object(Optional‬‬

‫‪You‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪watch‬‬ ‫‪a television.‬‬

‫‪Ali‬‬ ‫‪does‬‬ ‫‪offer‬‬ ‫‪prayers.‬‬

‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫اهي ٻار جي ڪري شادي ڪرن ٿا‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫منهنجھو پي ُء منهنجھي خاندان سان پنهنجھي سالگراهه مالئي ٿو‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫توهانجو وڏو ڀا ُء هن جي وادي پوري ٿيڻ جي زميداري کڻي ٿو‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫مان ۽ منهنجھو دوست امار پروگرامنگ جي تقريب ۾ حصو وٺندا آهيون‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫اسين هر ويڪنڊ تي ڊريم ورلڊ ويندا آهيون‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫هو َء پنهنجھو ڪمرو گندو ڪري ٿئي‪.‬‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫مان توهانکي علم ڏيان ٿو‪.‬‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
 Past simple tense

‫زمان ماضي هئڻ‬

OR

Past Indefinite Tense

‫زمان ماضي مطلق‬
Definition :- Subject did some work in past time that is called Past Simple
Tense.

‫ فاعل گذريل وقت ۾ ڪو ڪم ڪري ٿو ته ان کي زمن ماضي‬-: ‫وصف‬

٠ ‫سادو چئبو آھي‬

 Note:-This tense shows occurrence of an action in past.

. ‫ هي زمان گذريل وقت ۾ ڪم جي ٿيڻ کي ظاهر ڪندو آھي‬-:‫نوٽ‬

 Note :- Did is the helping verb of present indefinite tense.
٠ ‫ ھن زمان جو مددگار فعل آھي‬Did -:‫نوٽ‬
Note:-"Did" is not use with Assertive sentences. Only second form of the verb
is use in Assertive sentences.

‫گردان يا ڦيرو‬
‫ورت‬88‫ئي ص‬88‫ صرف فعل جي ٻ‬.‫" بياني جملي ۾ استمعال نه ٿيندو آهي‬Did" -:‫نوٽ‬
.‫بياني جملن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي‬
Helping Verbs
Note :- "Did" is the helping verb of Past tense which is used for negative
sentences, interrogative sentences, interrogative negative sentences and
emphatic sentences. And then used the 1st form of verb.
‫والي‬88‫ س‬،‫اري جملن‬88‫" زمان ماضي جو مددگار فعل آهي جيڪو ناڪ‬Did"-: ‫نوٽ‬
‫ل جي‬88‫ ۽ في‬.‫دو آهي‬88‫تعمال ٿين‬88‫ سوالي ناڪاري جملن ۽تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء اس‬،‫جملن‬
٠ ‫پھرين صورت ساتعمال ڪئي ويندي آھي‬

‫بناوت – ھاڪاري‬
.‫هن توهان جو بل ادا ڪيو‬ .1
. ‫هن سنڌي وڳو پاتو‬ .2
.‫انهن پنهنجو سفر شروع ڪيو‬ .3
 Formation – Assertive sentence

Formation(Syntax)
Subject Main Verb(2nd Form) Object

He paid your bill.

She wore Sindhi dress.

They began their journey.

Conjugation

Sentence Transformations
 Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence  Interrogative
Negative and Emphatic  sentence.
 Note:- First form of the main verb is used with helping verb in
(Negative sentences, Interrogative sentences, Interrogative & Negative
sentences and emphatic sentences)
 ‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫نوٽ‪ -:‬هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪ‪88‬اري جملي‪ ،‬س‪88‬والي جملي ‪ ,‬س‪88‬والي ناڪ‪88‬اري ۽‬
‫تاڪيدي جملي ۾ تبديلي‪.‬‬
‫ن‪66‬وٽ‪) -:‬ناڪ‪88‬اري‪ ,‬س‪88‬والي‪ ,‬س‪88‬والي ناڪ‪88‬اري ۽ تاڪي‪88‬دي جملن) ۾ مين فع‪88‬ل جي‬
‫پهرين صورت مددگار فعل سان استمعال ٿيندي آهي‪.‬‬
‫بياني جمال‬
‫هن پنهنجي پرس وڃائي‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫اسانجن استادن اسانکي جوش سان پڙهايو‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪ Formation - Negative‬‬

‫‪SUBJECT‬‬ ‫‪Helping Verb‬‬ ‫‪Not‬‬ ‫‪Main Verb‬‬ ‫)‪Object(Optional‬‬

‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪not‬‬ ‫‪lose‬‬ ‫‪her watch.‬‬

‫‪Our teachers‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪not‬‬ ‫‪teach‬‬ ‫‪with us zest.‬‬

‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا هن پنهنجي پرس وڃائي؟‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ڇا اسانجن استادن اسانکي جوش سان پڙهايو؟‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Interrogative‬‬
‫‪Main Verb‬‬
‫‪Helping‬‬ ‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪1st form‬‬ ‫? )‪Object(Optional‬‬

‫‪Did‬‬ ‫‪he‬‬ ‫‪lose‬‬ ‫? ‪her watch‬‬

 Main Verb
Helping Subject 1st form Object(Optional) ?

Did our teach with us zest ?

teachers

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا هن پنهنجي پرس نه وڃائي؟‬ .1

‫ڇا اسانجن استادن اسانکي جوش سان نه پڙهايو؟‬ .2

Interrogative & Negative

Helping Subject Not Main Verb 1st form Object(Optional) ?

Did he not lose her watch ?

Did our teachers not teach with us zest ?

Emphatic Sentences
Note:- "Helping verb"(did) is used for emphatic sentences.

‫تاڪيدي جمال‬
.‫) استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬Did( ‫ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء مددگار فعل‬-:‫نوٽ‬
‫مثال‬

.‫ سچ پچ ڪيڪ ٺاهيو‬/ ‫ واقعي‬/ ‫منهنجي ماء ڪالھ تہ‬ .1

.‫ سچ پچ ڪالھ هرتال تي ويا‬/ ‫ واقعي‬/ ‫ماڻهون تہ‬ .2
.‫ سچ پچ توهان کي نوڪري َء مان ڪڍيو‬/ ‫ واقعي‬/ ‫توهان جو بوس تہ‬ .3
Example
Helping Main
SUBJECT Verb Verb Object(Optional)

He did lose her watch.

Our did teach with us zest.

teachers

Future simple tense - English Sindhi Grammar

‫زمان مستقبل سادو‬

Definition :- Subject does some work in present time that is called Present
Simple Tense

‫فاعل ايندڙ وقت ۾ ڪو ڪم ڪندو ته ان کي زمان مستقبل سادو‬ -: ‫وصف‬

٠ ‫چئبو آھي‬

Note:- This tense shows that an action will be done in coming time.

‫ هي زمان ظاهر ڪري ٿو ته ڪم ايندڙ وقت ۾ ٿيندو‬-:‫نوٽ‬

Note :- "Shall" and "Will" are helping verbs of Future Simple tense.
 ‫مددگار فعل‬
.‫" زمان ستقبل سادي جا مددگار فعل آهن‬Will" ‫" ۽‬Shall"-: ‫نوٽ‬
 Shall is used with ( I and We )
 WILL is used with ( They, He, She, It, You, Singular noun or plural noun)

‫بناوت‬
‫مثال‬

.‫رانديگر بال کي تيز لت هڻندا‬ .1

‫هو منهنجو کيسو ڏسندو‬ .2

Formation(Syntax)

Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence, Interrogative & Negative
and Emphatic  sentence.

‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫اري ۽‬88‫والي ناڪ‬88‫والي جملي س‬88‫ س‬،‫اري جملي‬88‫اني جملي جي ناڪ‬88‫ هڪ بي‬-:‫وٽ‬66‫ن‬
.‫تاڪيدي ۾ تبديلي‬

‫بياني‬

.‫توهان گرامر جو ڪتاب خريد ڪندوء‬ .1

.‫مان خطرناڪ نانگ ماريندس‬ .2

Assertive Sentence
 Helping Main
SUBJECT Verb Verb Object(Optional)

You will buy a grammar book.

I shall kill Dangerous

snake.

1. You will purchase a grammar book.

2. I shall kill dangerous snake.

Negative
‫ناڪاري‬

.‫توهان گرامر جو ڪتاب خريد نه ڪندوء‬ .1

.‫مان خطرناڪ نانگ نه ماريندس‬ .2

Negative Sentence
SUBJECT Helping Verb Not Main Verb Object(Optional)

You will not buy a grammar book.

I shall not kill Dangerous snake.

Interrogative

‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا توهان گرامر جو ڪتاب خريد ڪندوء؟‬ .1

 ‫ڇا مان خطرناڪ نانگ ماريندس؟‬ .2

Negative sentence
Helping verb Subject Not Main Verb 1st form Object ?

Will you not buy a grammar book?

Shall I not kill Dangerous snake?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا توهان گرامر جو ڪتاب خريد نه ڪندوء؟‬ .1

‫ڇا مان خطرناڪ نانگ نه ماريندس؟‬ .2

Interrogative & Negative

Helping Subjec Main Verb 1st
verb t Not form Object ?

Will you not buy a grammar

book?

Shall I not kill Dangerous

snake?

1. Will You not purchase a grammar book?

2. Shall I not kill dangerous snake?

Emphatic Sentences
Note:- The "shall be" is used instead of "will be" for emphatic sentences.
 ‫تاڪيدي جمال‬
.‫" استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬shall" ‫" جي بدران‬will" ‫ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء‬-:‫نوٽ‬
‫مثال‬
٠ ‫ گرامر بڪ خريد ڪندس‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫واقعي‬/ ‫مان ته‬ .1
٠ ‫ خطرناڪ نانگ ماريندو‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫ واقعي‬/ ‫توھان ته‬ .2
Emphatic Sentence
Helping Main
SUBJECT Verb Verb Object(Optional)

You shall buy a grammar book.

I will kill Dangerous

snake.

Present Continuous tense

‫زمان حال استمراري‬

Definition :- A verb which shows continuous action in a present time or an
action which is in progress is called Present Continuous tense.

‫ اهڙو فعل جيڪو زمان حال ۾ ڪنهن ڪم کي مسلسل يا ڪو ڪم‬-: ‫وصف‬

.‫جاري هجي انکي زمان حال استمراري چئبو آهي‬
 Note:- This tense shows the continuous an action of subject.

‫هي زمان فاعل جي ڪم جو جاري هئڻ ظاهر ڪندوـ‬ -: ‫نوٽ‬

Helping Verbs
 Note :- “IS, AM and ARE” are helping verbs of Present Continuous
Tense
 ‫مددگار فعل‬
.‫ زمان حال استمراري جا مددگار فعل آهن‬IS, AM, ARE-:‫نوٽ‬
 Note :- use the 4rth form (ing) of verb.

٠ ‫) اسعمال ڪريو‬ing( ‫ فعل جي ڇوٿئين صورت‬-: ‫ نوٽ‬

 AM is used with first person (I).

 IS is used with ( He, She, It, Singular noun)

 ARE is used with (You, They, We and plural nouns.

‫مثال‬
٠ ‫ ڪيان ٿو پيو‬/.‫مان فوٽ بال ٽيم جي اڳواڻي ڪري رهيو آهيان‬ .1
٠‫ ڪمائن ٿا پيا‬/‫اهي سٺي پگھار ڪمائي رهيا آهن‬ .2

Subject Helping Verb Main Verb ING Object(Optional)

I am lead +ing a football team.

They are earn +ing handsome salary.

‫مثال‬
٠ ‫نه ڪيان ٿو پيو‬/.‫مان فوٽ بال ٽيم جي اڳواڻي نه ڪري رهيو آهيان‬ .3
٠‫ نه ڪمائن ٿا پيا‬/‫اهي سٺي پگھارنه ڪمائي رهيا آهن‬ .4

Formation – Negative
Subject Helping Verb NOT Main Verb ING Object(Optional)

I am not lead +ing a football team.

Subject Helping Verb NOT Main Verb ING Object(Optional)

They are not earn +ing handsome salary.

‫ ناڪاري‬- ‫بناوت‬
‫مثال‬

‫ڪيان ٿو پيو ؟‬/.‫ڇا مان فوٽ بال ٽيم جي اڳواڻي ڪري رهيو آهيان‬ .1
‫ ڪمائن ٿا پيا ؟‬/‫اهي سٺي پگھا ڪمائي رهيا آهن‬ .2

Formation - Interrogative
Helping Verb Subject Main Verb ING Object(Optional)

Am I lead +ing a football team?

Is He read +ing a newspaper?

Are Ali and Ahmed help +ing the poor people?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬
٠‫نه ڪيان ٿو پيو؟‬/.‫ڇا مان فوٽ بال ٽيم جي اڳواڻي نه ڪري رهيو آهيان‬ .1
‫ نه ڪمائن ٿا پيا ؟‬/‫ڇا اهي سٺي پگھارنه ڪمائي رهيا آهن‬ .2

Formation - Interrogative and Negative

Helping Verb Subject NOT Main Verb ING Object(Optional)

Am I not lead +ing a football team?

 Helping Verb Subject NOT Main Verb ING Object(Optional)

Is He not read +ing a newspaper?

‫مثال‬
٠‫ ڏسو ٿا پيا‬/.‫ واقعي ٽيليويزن ڏسي رهيا آهيو‬/ ‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫توهان ته‬ .1
٠‫ پڙهي ٿو پيو‬/‫ واقعي نماز پڙهي رهيو آهي‬/ ‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫علي ته‬ .2

Emphatic Sentences
Subject Helping Verb REALLY Main Verb +ING Object(Optional)

You are really watch +ing a television.

Ali is really offer +ing prayers.

Past continuous Tense

‫زمان ماضي استمراري‬

Definition :- A verb denoting continuous action of the subject in past is called
Past continuous tense.

‫ اهڙو فعل جيڪو ماضي ۾ فاعل جي هلندڙ يا لڳاتار ٿيندڙ ڪم کي‬-:‫وصف‬

.‫ظاهر ڪري ته ان کي زمان ماضي استمراري سڏبو آهي‬

Note:-This tense shows continuous action in past.

 .‫ هي زمان گذريل وقت ۾ هلندڙ ڪم کي ظاهر ڪندو آهي‬-:‫نوٽ‬
Helping Verbs
Note :- "Was" and "Were" are the helping verbs of Past continuous tense.

‫" زمان ماضي استمراري جا مددگار فعل آهن‬Was" and "Were"-: ‫نوٽ‬ 

 Note :- use the 4rth form (ing) of verb.

‫) اسعمال ڪريو‬ing( ‫ فعل جي ڇوٿئين صورت‬-: ‫نوٽ‬ 

  WAS used with ( I, He, She, It, and Singular noun)

 WERE is used with (You, They, We and plural nouns.)

٠‫ موڪليو پئي‬/ ‫هو َء هن يو ايس بي ۾ ديٽا موڪلي رهي هئي‬ .1

٠‫ ناراض ٿي پيو‬/‫اسانجو پي ُء اسان سان ناراض ٿي رهيو هو‬ .2

Formation(Syntax)
Subject Main Verb(1st Form) +ING Object

She was transferring the data to this USB.

Our father was getting angry with us.

Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence,  Interrogative Negative
sentence   and Emphatic sentence.
 ‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫نوٽ‪ -:‬هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪ‪88‬اري جملي‪ ،‬س‪88‬والي جملي ‪ ،‬س‪88‬والي ناڪ‪88‬اري ۽‬
‫تاڪيدي جملي ۾ تبديلي‪.‬‬
‫بياني‬

‫منهنجو دوست پنهنجي مرضي َء سان وڃي رهيو هيو‪ /‬ويو پئي ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫منهنجو سوٽ منهنکي آساني َء سان دوڪو ڏئي رهيو هيو‪ /‬دوڪو ڏنو پئي‪٠‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Assertive‬‬
‫‪1. My friend was going there willingly.‬‬
‫‪2. My cousin was deceiving me easily‬‬

‫بياني‬

‫منهنجو دوست پنهنجي مرضي َء سان نه وڃي رهيو هيو‪ /‬نه ويو پئي ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫منهنجو سوٽ منهنکي آساني َء سان نه دوڪو ڏئي رهيو هيو‪ /‬نه دوڪو ڏنو پئي‪٠‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫‪Negative‬‬
‫‪1. My friend was not going there willingly.‬‬
‫‪2. My cousin was not deceiving me easily٠‬‬

‫ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا منهنجو دوست پنهنجي مرضي َء سان نه وڃي رهيو هيو‪ /‬نه ويو پئي ؟‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫منهنجو سوٽ منهنکي آساني َء سان نه دوڪو ڏئي رهيو هيو‪ /‬نه دوڪو ڏنو پئي؟‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪Interrogative‬‬
‫?‪1. Was My friend going there willingly‬‬
‫?‪2. Were Boys running after wealth‬‬
‫?‪3. Was My cousin deceiving me easily‬‬
 ‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا منهنجو دوست پنهنجي مرضي َء سان وڃي رهيو هيو؟‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ڇا ڇوڪرا دولت جي پويان ڀڃي رهيا هئا؟‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ڇ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ڇا منهنجو دوست پنهنجي مرضي َء سان نه وڃي رهيو هيو‪ /‬نه ويو پئي ؟‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫منهنجو سوٽ منهنکي آساني َء سان نه دوڪو ڏئي رهيو هيو‪ /‬نه دوڪو ڏنو پئي‬

‫‪Interrogative & Negative‬‬

‫?‪1. Was My friend not going there willingly‬‬
‫?‪2. Were Boys not running after wealth‬‬
‫?‪3. Was My cousin not deceiving me easily‬‬

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا منهنجو دوست پنهنجي مرضي َء سان وڃي نه رهيو هيو؟‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ڇا ڇوڪرا دولت جي پويان ڀڃي نه رهيا هئا؟‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ڇا منهنجو سوٽ منهنکي آساني َء سان دوڪو نه ڏئي رهيو هيو؟‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪Future Continuous Tense - English Sindhi‬‬

‫‪Grammar‬‬

‫زمان مستقبل استمراري‬

‫‪Definition :- A verb that shows that some action will take place continuously‬‬
‫‪or that some action will be in progress in coming time is called Future‬‬
‫‪Continuous Tense.‬‬

‫وصف‪ -:‬اهڙو فعل جيڪو ظاهر ڪري ته ڪو ڪم لڳاتارطور ايندڙ وقت ۾‬

‫ٿيندو ته ان کي زمان مستقبل استمراري سڏبو آهي‪.‬‬
Note:- This tense denotes continuity of an action in future.

.‫ هي زمان مستقبل ۾ ڪم جي مسلسل کي ظاهر ڪندو آهي‬-:‫نوٽ‬

Helping Verbs
Note :- "Shall be" and "Will be" are helping verbs of Future Continuous
tense.

‫مددگار فعل‬
.‫" زمان ستقبل استمراري جا مددگار فعل آهن‬Will be" ‫" ۽‬Shall be"-: ‫نوٽ‬
Note:- use the 4rth form (ing) of verb.

 Shall is used with ( I and We )

 WILL is used with ( They, He, She, It, You, Singular noun or plural noun)

Formation(Syntax)

Helping Main Verb(4th

Subject Verb Form) Object

Drivers will be driving vehicles.

He will be copying files from the

computers.

Our will be quarreling each other.

brothers

‫بناوت‬
‫مثال‬

.‫ڊرائيور گاڏيون هالئيندا پئي‬ .1

.‫هي ڪمپيوٽر مان فائل نڪل ڪندو پئي‬ .2
‫اسانجا ڀائر هڪ ٻئي سان جگهڙو ڪندا پ‬ .3
Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence, Interrogative Negative
sentence and Emphatic  sentence.

‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫اري ۾‬88‫والي ناڪ‬88‫والي جملي ۽ س‬8‫ س‬،‫اري جملي‬88‫ هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪ‬-:‫نوٽ‬
.‫تبديلي‬
‫بياني‬

.‫سٺا ماڻهون ٻين جي مدد ڪندا پئي‬ .1

.‫هو َء وڏي مزي سان منهنجا خط پڙهندي پئي‬ .2

Assertive
1. Good people will be helping others.
2. She will be reading my letters with great fun.

‫ناڪاري‬

.‫سٺا ماڻهون ٻين جي مدد نه ڪندا پئي‬ .1

.‫هو َء وڏي مزي سان منهنجا خط نه پڙهندي پئي‬ .2

Negative
1. Good people will not be helping others.
2. She will not be reading my letters with great fun.

‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا سٺا ماڻهون ٻين جي مدد ڪندا پئي؟‬ .1

‫ڇا هو َء وڏي مزي سان منهنجا خط پڙهندي پئي؟‬ .2
Interrogative

1. Will Good people be helping others?

 2. Will She be reading my letters with great fun?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا سٺا ماڻهون ٻين جي مدد نه ڪندا پئي؟‬ .1

‫ڇا هو َء وڏي مزي سان منهنجا خط نه پڙهندي پئي؟‬ .2
Interrogative & Negative

1. Will Good people not be helping others?

2. Will She not be reading my letters with great fun?

‫تاڪيدي جمال‬
.‫" استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬shall be" ‫" جي بدران‬will be" ‫ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء‬-:‫نوٽ‬
‫مثال‬

Emphatic Sentences
Note:- The "shall be" is used instead of "will be" for emphatic sentences.

.‫ سچ پچ ملڪن جو دفاع ڪندا پئي‬/‫ واقعي‬/ ‫سپاهي ته‬ .1

.‫ سچ پچ گاريون ڏيندا پئي‬/‫واقعي‬/ ‫چريا ماڻهون ته‬ .2

1. Soldiers shall be defending countries.

2. Mad people shall be abusing.
 Present Perfect Tense -

‫زمان حال ڪامل يا زمان حال ماضي قريب‬

Definition:-Such a verb that shows some action started in past time and the
same has recently been completed that is called present perfect tense.

‫وصف‬
‫اڳيو‬88‫و ۽ س‬88‫روع ٿي‬88‫ذريل وقت ۾ ش‬88‫وڪم گ‬88‫ه ڪ‬88‫ري ت‬88‫اهر ڪ‬88‫ل جيڪوظ‬88‫اهڙو فع‬
‫ال‬88‫ان ح‬88‫ا زم‬88‫ل ي‬88‫ال ڪام‬88‫ان ح‬88‫ه ان کي زم‬8‫و آهي ت‬88‫ل ڪيووي‬88‫ئر مڪم‬88‫(ڪم) هين‬
.‫ماضي قريب چئبو آهي‬
Note:- This tense signifies the completion of an action in present time.

٠ ‫ هي زمان موجوده وقت ۾ ڪم جي پورائي کي ظاهر ڪندو آھي‬-:‫نوٽ‬

Helping Verbs
Note:- “Have” and “Has” are helping verbs of present perfect tense.

‫مددگار فعل‬
.‫" زمان حال ڪامل جا مددگار فعل آهن‬Has" ‫" ۽‬Have" -: ‫نوٽ‬
 Have is used with (You, They, I, We and Plural Names)
 Has is used with ( He, She, It, Singular Name )

Main Verb
Note:- 3rd form of main verb is used in present perfect tense.

‫مين فعل‬
.‫ زمان حال ڪامل ۾ مين فعل جي ٽين صورت استمال ڪئي ويندي آهي‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

‫ بياني‬- ‫بناوت‬
‫ فصلو ڪري چڪو آھيان‬/‫مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو آهي‬ .1
 ٠‫ وساري چڪو آھي‬/‫هن توهان جيون غلطيون وساري ڇڏيون آهن‬ .2

Formation - Assertive
Helping Main Verb(3rd
Subject Verb Form) Object(Optional)

I have decided to go my paternal

grandfathers.

He has forgotten your mistakes.

‫ ناڪاري‬- ‫بناوت‬
‫ فصلو ڪري چڪو آھيان‬/‫مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو نه ڪيو آهي‬ .1

٠‫ وساري چڪو آھي‬.‫هن توهان جيون غلطيون وساري نه ڇڏيون آهن‬ .2

Formation - Negative
Helping Main Verb (3rd
Subject Verb NOT Form) Object(Optional)

I have not decided to go my paternal

grandfathers.

He has not forgotten your mistakes.

‫سوالي‬

‫ فيصلو ڪري چڪو آھيان ؟‬/‫ڇا مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو آهي‬ .1
‫ معاف ڪري چڪو آھي ؟‬/‫ڇا هن توهان جيون غلطيون وساري ڇڏيون آهن‬ .2
Formation - Interrogative
Helping Main Verb
Verb Subject (3rd Form) Object(Optional)

Have I decided to go my paternal

grandfathers?

Has He forgotten your mistakes?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬
‫ فيصلو ڪري چڪو آھيان ؟‬/‫ڇا مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو آهي‬ .1
‫ معاف ڪري چڪو آھيان ؟‬/‫ڇا هن توهان جيون غلطيون وساري ڇڏيون آهن‬ .2

Formation - Interrogative and Negative

Helping Main Verb

verb Subject NOT (3rd Form) Object?

Have I not decided to go my paternal

grandfathers?

Has he not forgotten your mistakes?

Emphatic Sentences
 Note:- "Really" is used for emphatic sentences.

‫تاقيدي جمال‬
 .‫“ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬really” )1( -:‫نوٽ‬
‫ شرڪت ڪري چڪا‬/‫ واقعي رات جي ماني َء ۾ شرڪت ڪئي آهي‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫م توهان ته‬ .1
٠‫آھيو‬

٠ ‫ پيغام پھچائي چڪي آھي‬/‫ واقعي توهانجو پيغام پهچايو آهي‬/‫سچ پچ‬/ ‫مانته‬ .2

Subjec Helpin REALL Main Verb Object(Optional

t g Verb Y (3rd Form) )

You have really participate a dinner.

d

I have really delivered your message.

Past Perfect tense

‫زمان ماضي بعيد‬

Definition :- A verb which signifies that some action started in the past time
and the same was completed in the past is called Past Perfect Tense.

‫ اهڙو فعل جيڪو ڏيکاري ته ڪو ڪم ماضي َء ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽‬-: ‫وصف‬

.‫ساڳيو ماضي َء ۾ مڪمل ٿيو ته ان کي زمان ماضي بعيد چئبو آهي‬

 Note:-This tense shows completion of an action in past.

٠ ‫ هي زمان ماضي َء ۾ هڪ ڪم جي پورائي کي ظاهر ڪندو آھي‬-:‫نوٽ‬

Helping Verbs
 Note :- "Had" is a helping verb of Past perfect tense.
 Note:- "Had" is followed by all subjects.
 ‫مددگار فعل‬
.‫" زمان ماضي بعيد جو مددگار فعل آهي‬Had"-: ‫نوٽ‬

Main Verb
 Note:- 3rd form of main verb is used in present perfect tense.

‫مين فعل‬
.‫ زمان حال ڪامل ۾ مين فعل جي ٽين صورت استمال ڪئي ويندي آهي‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence, Interrogative
Negative sentence and Emphatic sentence

‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫اري۽‬88‫والي ناڪ‬88‫والي جملي ۽ س‬88‫ س‬،‫اري جملي‬88‫ هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪ‬-:‫نوٽ‬
.‫تاڪيدي جملي ۾ تبديلي‬

‫ بياني‬- ‫بناوت‬
‫ فصلو ڪري چڪو ھيس‬/‫مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ھيس‬ .3

/٠‫ وساري چڪي ھو‬/ ‫هن توهان جيون غلطيون وساري ڇڏيون ھيون‬ .4

Formation - Assertive
Helping Main Verb(3rd
Subject Verb Form) Object(Optional)

I had decided to go my paternal

grandfathers.
 Helping Main Verb(3rd
Subject Verb Form) Object(Optional)

He had forgotten your mistakes.

‫ ناڪاري‬- ‫بناوت‬
٠‫ فصلو ڪري چڪو ھيس‬/‫مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو نه ڪيو ھيس‬ .3

٠‫ وساري چڪو ھو‬/‫هن توهان جون غلطيون وساري نه ڇڏيون ھيون‬ .4

Formation - Negative
Subjec Helping NO Main Verb
t Verb T (3rd Form) Object(Optional)

I had not decided to go my paternal

grandfathers.

He had not forgotten your mistakes.

‫سوالي‬

‫ فيصلو ڪري چڪو ھيس ؟‬/‫ڇا مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ھيس‬ .3
‫ معاف ڪري چڪو ھو؟‬/‫ڇا هن توهان جون غلطيون وساري ڇڏيوھيون‬ .4

Formation - Interrogative
Helping Main Verb
Verb Subject (3rd Form) Object(Optional)

Had I decided to go my paternal

grandfathers?
Helping Main Verb
Verb Subject (3rd Form) Object(Optional)

Had He forgotten your mistakes?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬
‫ فيصلو ڪري چڪو ھيس؟‬/‫ڇا مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ھيس‬ .3
‫ معاف ڪري چڪو ھو؟‬/‫ڇا هن توهان جون غلطيون وساري ڇڏيون ھيون‬ .4

Formation - Interrogative and Negative

Helping Main Verb

verb Subject NOT (3rd Form) Object?

Had I not decided to go my paternal

grandfathers?

Had he not forgotten your mistakes?

Emphatic Sentences
 Note:- "Really" is used for emphatic sentences.

‫تاقيدي جمال‬
.‫“ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬really” )1( -:‫نوٽ‬
‫ شرڪت ڪري چڪ‬/‫ واقعي رات جي ماني َء ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ھئي‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫توهان ته‬ .3
٠‫اھيو‬
 ٠ ‫ پيغام پھچائي چڪو ھيس‬/ ‫ واقعي توهانجو پيغام پهچايو ھو‬/‫سچ پچ‬/ ‫مان ته‬ .4

Subjec Helpin REALL Main Verb Object(Optional

t g Verb Y (3rd Form) )

You had really participate a dinner.

d

I had really delivered your message.

Future Perfect Tense - English Sindhi Grammar

‫زمان مستقبل ڪامل‬

Definition
A verb showing completion of an action in future time is called Future Perfect
Tense.

‫وصف‬
‫و‬88‫مستقبل ۾ هڪ ڪم جي پورائي کي ڏيکاريندڙ فعل کي زمان مستقبل ڪامل چئب‬
.‫آهي‬
Note:- This tense shows completion of an action.

.‫ هي زمان هڪ ڪم جي پورائي کي ظاهر ڪندو آهي‬-:‫نوٽ‬

‫مثال‬

.‫مان نوڪري وٺڻ جي جدوجهد ڪري چڪو هوندس‬ .1

.‫اهي اسٽيج تي نچي چڪا هوندا‬ .2
Example

1. I shall have struggled to get job.

2. They will have danced on a stage.

Helping Verbs
Note :- "Shall have" and "Will have" are helping verbs of Future Perfect tense.

 SHALL HAVE is used with ( I and we )

 WILL HAVE is used with ( You, they, he, she, it, Singular or plural nouns )

‫مددگار فعل‬
‫ل‬8‫ددگار فع‬8‫" زمان مستقبل ڪامل جا م‬Will have" 8‫" ۽‬Shall have"-: ‫نوٽ‬
٠‫آهن‬

Main Verb
 Note:- 3rd form of main verb is used in present perfect tense.

‫مين فعل‬
.‫ زمان حال ڪامل ۾ مين فعل جي ٽين صورت استمال ڪئي ويندي آهي‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence,  Interrogative Negative
sentence and Emphatic  sentence.

‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫ سوالي ناڪاري‬، ‫ سوالي جملي‬،‫ هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪاري جملي‬-:‫نوٽ‬
.‫۽ تاڪيدي جملي ۾ تبديلي‬
‫ بياني‬- ‫بناوت‬
‫مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪندس‬ .5
 ٠‫هن توهان جون غلطيون وساري چڪندٔو‬ .6

Formation - Assertive
Helping Main Verb(3rd
Subject Verb Form) Object(Optional)

I shall decided to go my paternal

have grandfathers.

He Will have forgotten your mistakes.

‫ ناڪاري‬- ‫بناوت‬
‫مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلونه ڪري چڪندس‬ .5

٠‫هن توهان جون غلطيون نه وساري چڪندٔو‬ .6

Formation - Negative
Helping Main Verb (3rd
Subject Verb NOT Form) Object(Optional)

I shall not have decided to go my paternal

grandfathers.

He will not have forgotten your mistakes.

‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪندس ؟‬ .5

‫ڇا هن توهان جون غلطيون وساري چڪندٔو ؟‬ .6
Formation - Interrogative
Helping Main Verb
Verb Subject (3rd Form) Object(Optional)

Shall I have decided to go my paternal

grandfathers?

Will He have forgotten your mistakes?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬
‫ڇا مان پنهنجي ڏاڏاڻي وڃڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪندس ؟‬ .5
‫ڇا هن توهان جيون غلطيون وساري چڪندس؟‬ .6

Formation - Interrogative and Negative

Helping Main Verb (3rd

verb Subject NOT Form) Object?

Shall I not have decided to go my paternal

grandfathers?

Will he not have forgotten your mistakes?

‫تاڪيدي جمال‬
"shall have" ‫دران‬888‫" جي ب‬will have" ‫دي جملن ال ِء‬888‫ تاڪي‬-:‫وٽ‬666‫ن‬
‫استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬
٠‫ واقعي رات جي ماني َء ۾ شرڪت ڪري چڪندٔو‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫م توهان ته‬ .5
 ٠ ‫ واقعي توهانجو پيغام پهچائي چڪندس‬/‫سچ پچ‬/ ‫مانته‬ .6

Subject Helping Verb Main Verb (3rd Form) Object(Optional)

You shall have participated a dinner.

I will have delivered your message.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

‫زمان حال ڪامل استمراري يا زمان ماضي قريب‬

‫استمراري‬
Definition :- A verb showing some action started in past time and is still in
progress is called present perfect continuous tense.

‫ اهڙو فعل جيڪو ٻڌائي ته ڪو عمل ماضي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽‬-:‫وصف‬

‫ساڳيو اڃا هلندڙ آهي ته ان کي زمان حال ڪامل استمراري يا زمان ماضي‬
.‫قريب استمراري چئبو آهي‬
Note:- This tense shows the completion of continuity of an action in present.

‫ري‬88‫اهر ڪ‬88‫ورائي َء کي ظ‬8

ِ 8‫ هي زمان موجوده وقت ۾ ڪم جي مسلسل جي پ‬-:‫نوٽ‬
.‫ٿو‬
 ‫مثال‬

.‫هو َء چار ڏيهن کان پئي ڪپڙا سڀهي رهي آهي‬ .1

.‫توهان جنوري کان پئي بڪ لکي رهيا آهيو‬ .2
.‫مان ننڍپڻ کان پئي توهانکي ڏسي رهيو آهيان‬ .3

Example

1. She has been sewing the cloth for four days.

2. You have been writing a book since January.

3. I have been watching you since childhood.

Helping Verbs
Note:- “Have been” and “Has been” are helping verbs of present perfect
continuous tense.

‫ددگار فعل‬
‫" زمان حال ڪامل استمراري جا مددگار‬Has been" 8‫" ۽‬Have been" -: ‫نوٽ‬
.‫فعل آهن‬

Have been and Has been

4. Have been is used with  (I, We, You, They and Plural nouns ).

5. Has been is used with (He, She, It, singular noun )

Main Verb
Note:- Fourth form (+ING) of main verb is used in present perfect continuous
tense.

٠ ‫ ڪئي ويندي آھي‬8‫” استعمال‬ing ‫ ھن زمان ۾ فعل جي ڇوٿئين صورت‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

Note:- A time phrase is an essential part of this pattern.

‫ ۾ الزمي آھي‬8‫ "وقت فقرو" ھن قسم جي زمان‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

Usage of since and For

Note:- Usage of “Since” ( specific point + starting point + or date+ Name
of days , Name of month + Name of season + Name of years , show the time of
year , show the clocks )

Note :- Usage of “For” (length of time + period of time + number+ time word
+ week, month, year, show the minute or second, show the time of hours

Example
She has been swimming since morning. ( showing the
starting time)

You have been calling for last 30 minutes.( shoeing period

of time )

‫مين فعل‬
‫ئي‬88‫ زمان حال استمراري ڪامل ۾ مين فعل جي چوٿين صورت استمال ڪ‬-: ‫نوٽ‬
.‫ويندي آهي‬
‫بياني جملو‬

.‫هو َء صبح کان وٺي مڇي تري رهي آهي‬ .1

‫مان ٻن ڪالڪن کان وٺي مشق لکي رھيو آھيان‬ .2
‫اھي گذريل رات کان وٺي ٻاھر وڃي رھيا آھن‬ .3

Formation – Assertive
1. She has been frying fish since morning.
2. I have been writing exercise for two hours.
3. They have been going to out side since last night

‫بناوت – ناڪاري‬
.‫هو َء صبح کان وٺي مڇي نه تري رهي آهي‬ .1
‫مان ٻن ڪالڪن کان وٺي مشق نه لکي رھيو آھيان‬ .2
 ‫اھي گذريل رات کان وٺي ٻاھرنه وڃي رھيا آھن‬ .3

Formation – Negative
1. She has been frying fish since morning.
2. I have been writing exercise for two hours.

3. They have been going to out side since last night.

‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا هو َء صبح کان وٺي مڇي نه تري رهي آهي؟‬ .1

‫ڇا مان ٻن ڪالڪن کان وٺي مشق نه لکي رھيو آھيان ؟‬ .2
‫ڇا اھي گذريل رات کان وٺي ٻاھرنه وڃي رھيا آھن ؟‬ .3

Formation – Interrogative
1. Has he been frying fish since morning?
2. Have I been writing exercise for two hours ?

3. Have they been going to out side since last night ?

‫بناوت – سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا هو َء صبح کان وٺي مڇي نه تري رهي آهي؟‬ .4
‫ڇا مان ٻن ڪالڪن کان وٺي مشق نه لکي رھيو آھيان ؟‬ .5
‫ڇا اھي گذريل رات کان وٺي ٻاھرنه وڃي رھيا آھن ؟‬ .6

Formation – Interrogative & Negative

1. Has he not been frying fish since morning?
2. Have I not been writing exercise for two hours ?
3. Have they not been going to out side since last night ?
Emphatic Sentences
 Note:- "Really" is used for emphatic sentences.

.‫“ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬really” )1( -:‫نوٽ‬

‫تاقيدي جمال‬
.‫ واقعي صبح کان وٺي مڇي تري رهي آهي‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫هٔو ته‬ .1
‫ واقعي ٻن ڪالڪن کان وٺي مشق لکي رھيو آھيان‬/ ‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫مان ته‬ .2
‫ واقعي گذريل رات کان وٺي ٻاھر وڃي رھيا آھن‬/ ‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫اھي ته‬ .3
1. She has really been frying fish since morning.
2. I have really been writing exercise for two hours.
3. They are really been going to out side since morning.

Past Perfect continuous tense - English Sindhi

Grammar

‫زمان ماضي بعيد استمراري‬

Definition :- A verb which shows that some action started in the past and the
same was in progress in called Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

‫ اهڙو فعل جيڪو ظاهر ڪري ته ڪو ڪم ماضي َء ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽‬-:‫وصف‬

.‫ساڳيو هلندڙ رهيو ته ان کي زمان ماضي بعيد استمراري چئبو آهي‬

Note:-This tense shows the completion of continuity of action in past.

‫دو‬88‫اهر ڪن‬88‫ورائي کي ظ‬88‫ل جي پ‬88‫ هي زمان ماضي َء ۾ هڪ ڪم جي مسلس‬-:‫نوٽ‬

.‫آهي‬
Helping Verbs
Note :- "Had been" is a helping verb of Past perfect continuous tense.
 ‫فعل‬
‫" زمان ماضي بعيد استمراري جو مددگار فعل آهي‬Had been"-: ‫نوٽ‬

Conjugation
Note:- "Had been" is followed by all subjects.

‫گردان يا ڦيرو‬
٠‫" سڀني فاعلن سان استمعال ٿيندي آهي‬Had been" -:‫نوٽ‬

Main Verb
Note:- Fourth form (+ING) of main verb is used in present perfect continuous
tense.

٠ ‫ ڪئي ويندي آھي‬8‫” استعمال‬ing ‫ ھن زمان ۾ فعل جي ڇوٿئين صورت‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

Note:- A time phrase is an essential part of this pattern.

٠ ‫ ۾ الزمي آھي‬8‫ "وقت فقرو" ھن قسم جي زمان‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

Usage of since and For

Note:- Usage of “Since” ( specific point + starting point + or date+ Name of

days , Name of month + Name of season + Name of years , show the time of
year , show the clocks )

Note :- Usage of “For” (length of time + period of time + number+ time word
+ week, month, year, show the minute or second, show the time of hours )

Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence and Interrogative
Negative sentence and Emphatic sentence
 ‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫نوٽ‪ -:‬هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪاري جملي‪ ،‬س‪8‬والي جملي ‪ ،‬س‪8‬والي ناڪ‪8‬اري ۽‬
‫تاڪيدي جملي ۾ تبديلي‪.‬‬
‫بياني‬

‫هدايا ٽرسٽ گهڻي وقت کان وٺي غريبن جي پئي مدد ڪري رهيو هو‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫مان چئن سالن کان انهنجي ڪم کي سڌارڻ ۾ انهنجي پئي مدد ڪري رهيو هيس‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Assertive‬‬
‫‪1. Hidaya trust had been assisting the poor since a long time.‬‬

‫‪2. I had been helping them to improve their work for four years.‬‬

‫ناڪاري‬

‫هدايا ٽرسٽ گهڻي وقت کان وٺي غريبن جي مدد نه ڪري رهيو هو‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫مان چئن سالن کان وٺي انهنجي ڪم کي سڌارڻ ۾ انهنجي مدد نه ڪري رهيو هيس‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Negative‬‬
‫‪1. Hidaya trust had not been assisting the poor since a long time.‬‬

‫‪2. I had not been helping them to improve their work for four years.‬‬

‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا هدايا ٽرسٽ گهڻي وقت کان وٺي غريبن جي مدد نه ڪري رهيو هو؟‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫مان چئن سالن کان وٺي انهنجي ڪم کي سڌارڻ ۾ انهنجي مدد نه ڪري رهيو هيس‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪Interrogative‬‬
‫?‪1. Had Hidaya trust been assisting the poor since a long time‬‬
 2. Had I been helping them to improve their work for four hours ?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا هدايا ٽرسٽ گهڻي وقت کان وٺي غريبن جي مدد نه ڪري رهيو هو؟‬ .1
‫ڇا مان چئن سالن کان انهنجي ڪم کي سڌارڻ ۾ اانھن جي مدد نه ڪري رهيو هيس؟‬ .2

Interrogative Negative
1. Had Hidaya trust not been assisting the poor since a long time?

2. Had I not been helping them to improve their work for four hours ?

Emphatic Sentences
 Note:- "Really" is used for emphatic sentences.

.‫“ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬really” )1( -:‫نوٽ‬

‫تاقيدي جمال‬
.‫سچ پچ واقعي گهڻي وقت کان وٺي غريبن جي پئي مدد ڪري رهيو هو‬/ ‫هدايا ٽرسٽ ته‬ .1
‫ واقعي چئن سالن کان انهنجي ڪم کي سڌارڻ ۾ انهنجي پئي مدد ڪري‬/‫ سچ پچ‬/ ‫مان ته‬ .2
.‫رهيو هيس‬

Emphatic
1. Hidaya trust had really been assisting the poor since a long time.

2. I had really been helping them to improve their work for four years.
 Future Perfect Continuous tense

‫زمان مستقبل ڪامل استمراري‬

Definition :- A verb signifying continuity of completion of an action in future
time is called Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

8‫ اهڙو فعل جيڪو مستقبل ۾ هڪ ڪم جي پورائي جي مسلسل حالت‬-:‫وصف‬

.‫ظاهر ڪري ته ان کي زمان مستقبل ڪامل استمراري چئبو آهي‬
 Note:- This tense signifies continuity of completion of an action.

‫دو‬88‫اهر ڪن‬88‫الت کي ظ‬88‫دڙ ح‬88‫ا هلن‬88‫ل ي‬88‫و مسلس‬88‫ هي زمان ڪم جي پورائي ج‬-:‫نوٽ‬
.‫آهي‬
 Note :- "Shall have been" and "Will have been" are helping verbs of
Future Perfect Continuous tense.

‫مددگار فعل‬
‫ل‬88‫تقبل ڪام‬88‫ان مس‬88‫" زم‬Will have been" 8‫" ۽‬Shall have been"-: ‫نوٽ‬
.‫استمراري جا مددگار فعل آهن‬
 Note:- "Shall have been" is followed by (I and We) and "Will have
been" is followed by ( He, She, It, They, You, Singular or plural names )
 Note:- Fourth form (+ING) of main verb is used in present perfect
continuous tense.

٠ ‫” استعمال ڪئي ويندي آھي‬ing ‫ ھن زمان ۾ فعل جي ڇوٿئين صورت‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

 Note:- A time phrase is an essential part of this pattern.

٠ ‫آھي‬ ‫ "وقت فقرو" ھن قسم جي زمان ۾ الزمي‬-: ‫نوٽ‬

Sentence Transformations
Note:- A transformation of an Assertive sentence
into Negative sentence, Interrogative sentence, Interrogative
Negative and Emphatic sentence.

‫جملي جي تبديلي‬
‫اري ۽‬88‫والي ناڪ‬88‫ س‬،‫والي جملي‬88‫ س‬،‫اري جملي‬88‫ هڪ بياني جملي جي ناڪ‬-:‫نوٽ‬
.‫تاڪيدي جملي ۾ تبديلي‬
‫بياني‬

.‫پوليس پنجن سالن کان گهربل ڏوهارين کي پڪڙي چڪي هوندي پئي‬ .1
.‫اسان جا دوست ستين بجي کان ڌاڙيلن کي ڀڃائي چڪا هوندا پئي‬ .2
.‫منهنجا دشمن ٻن ڏينهن کان وٺي مون تي لڪي حملو ڪري چڪا هوندا پئي‬ .3

Assertive
1. Police will have been catching wanted criminals for five years.

2. Our friends will have been escaping the bandits since 7 o clock.

3. My enemies will have been ambushing me for two hours.

‫ناڪاري‬

.‫پوليس پنجن سالن کان گهربل ڏوهارين کي پڪڙي چڪي نه هوندي پئي‬ .1
.‫اسانجا دوست ستين بجي کان وٺي ڌاڙيلن کي ڀڃائي چڪا نه هوندا پئي‬ .2

‫منهنجا دشمن ٻن ڪالڪن کان مونتي لڪي حملو ڪري چڪا نه هوندا پئي‬ .3

Negative
1. Police will not have been catching wanted criminals for five years.

2. Our friends will not have been escaping the bandits since 7 o clock.

3. My enemies will not have been ambushing me for two hours.

 ‫سوالي‬

‫ڇا پوليس پنجن سالن کان گهربل ڏوهارين کي پڪڙي چڪي هوندي پئي؟‬ .1
‫ڇا اسان جا دوست ستين بجي کان وٺي ڌاڙيلن کي ڀڃائي چڪا هوندا پئي؟‬ .2

‫ڇا منهنجا دشمن ٻن ڪالڪن کان مونتي لڪي حملو ڪري چڪا هوندا پئي ؟‬ .3

Interrogative
1. Police will have been catching wanted criminals for five years ?

2. Our friends will have been escaping the bandits since 7 o clock ?

3. My enemies will have been ambushing me for two hours ?

‫سوالي ناڪاري‬

‫ڇا پوليس پنجن سالن کان گهربل ڏوهارين کي پڪڙي چڪي نه هوندي پئي؟‬ .1
‫ڇا اسان جا دوست ستين بجي کان وٺي ڌاڙيلن کي ڀڃائي چڪا نه هوندا پئي؟‬ .2

‫ڇا منهنجا دشمن ٻن ڪالڪن کان مون تي لڪي حملو ڪري چڪا نه هوندا پئي ؟‬ .3

Interrogative & Negative

1. Police will not have been catching wanted criminals for five years ?

2. Our friends will not have been escaping the bandits since 7 o clock ?

3. My enemies will not have been ambushing me for two hours ?

Emphatic Sentences
Note:- The "shall have been" is used instead of "will have been" for emphatic
sentences.

‫تاڪيدي جمال‬
"shall have been" ‫" جي بدران‬will have been " ‫ تاڪيدي جملن ال ِء‬-:‫نوٽ‬
.‫استمعال ٿيندو آهي‬
 ‫تاڪيدي‬

‫پوليسته ‪ /‬سچ پچ‪ /‬واقعي پنجن سالن کان گهربل ڏوهارين کي پڪڙي چڪي هوندي پئي‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫اسانجا دوست ته ‪ /‬سچ پچ‪ /‬واقعي ستين بجي کان ڌاڙيلن کي ڀڃائي چڪا هوندا پئي‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫منهنجا دشمن ته ‪ /‬سچ پچ ‪ /‬واقعي ٻن ڏينهن کان وٺي مون تي لڪي حملو ڪري چڪا‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫هوندا پئي‪.‬‬

‫‪Emphatic‬‬
‫‪1. Police shall have been catching wanted criminals for five years.‬‬

‫‪2. Our friends shall have been escaping the bandits since 7 o clock.‬‬

‫‪3. My enemies shall have been ambushing me for two hours.‬‬