SOCSCI 2 PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

Lesson 2: Challenging Prejudice and Building Tolerance

Aims and Learning Outcomes:

1. Define prejudice, racism, and stereotypes.

2. Discuss the major social-psychological and
sociological theories of prejudice.
3. Describe how the nature of prejudice has
changed.
4. Present their interpretation of the different
forms of prejudices and their effects to humanity
5. Communicate one’s own message of
challenging prejudice
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Definition of terms

1. Prejudice - the negative feeling or attitude towards a person or a group even if it lacks
basis.
- The definition refers to an attitude
and belief that one group of people
is in some way inferior to another.
- The word "prejudice" comes from
the Latin roots "prae" (in advance)
and "judicum" (judgment), which
essentially means to judge before.
- When we "pre-judge" someone, we
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make up our minds about who they are before we actually get to know them.
2. Stereotype - refers to the negative opinion about a person or a group based on
incomplete knowledge.
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- A stereotype is an attitude towards a person or group on the basis of some physical

characteristic or physical fact.
- A stereotype is an example of an
implicit personality theory. Such
theories attribute internal
properties to a person, such as
character traits, on the basis of
external properties.
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3. Discrimination - refers to negative actions toward members of a specific social group

that may be manifested in avoidance, aversion or even violence
 Difference Between Prejudice and Discrimination
- A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be
prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also,
prejudice includes all three components of
an attitude (affective, behavioral and
cognitive), whereas discrimination just
involves behavior.

Types of Prejudice

Picture taken from councilofeurope,int The act of prejudice is a pervasive

problem in society which can negatively impact lives, sometimes in deadly ways. The
definition refers to an attitude and belief that one group of people is in some way inferior to
another. Prejudice is often born of stereotypes and forms the fertile soil of discrimination.
Different kinds of prejudice lead to different forms of discrimination. Prejudice can be based
on a number of factors including sex, race, age, sexual orientation, nationality,
socioeconomic status, and religion. Some of the most well-known types of prejudice include:
SOCSCI 2 PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Racism - the belief that one’s own

cultural or racial heritage is innately
superior to that of others, hence, the
lack of respect or appreciation for
those who belong to a “different
race”

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2. Sexism - a system of attitudes,

actions and structures that
subordinates others on the basis
of their sex where the usual
victims are women.

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3. Heterosexism - negative attitudes

towards lesbian and gay men.

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4. Classism - Distancing from and

perceiving the poor as “the
other” (Lott, 1995)
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1. Looksism - prejudice against those

who do not measure up to set
standards of beauty. - - The usual
victims are the over- weight, the
undersized, and the dark-skinned.
(Nario-Galace, 2003)

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6. Ageism - negative attitudes held

against the young or the elderly.

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7. Linguicism - negative attitudes

which members of dominant
language groups hold against
non-dominant language group.
(Chen-Hayes, Chen & Athar, n.d)

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2. Religious intolerance - prejudice

against those who are followers of
religions other that one’s own.

Prejudice and Stereotypes

Social perception involves the development of an attitude towards another person or

group of persons. A stereotype is an attitude towards a person or group on the basis of some
physical characteristic or physical fact. A stereotype is an example of an implicit personality
theory. Such theories attribute internal properties to a person, such as character traits, on
the basis of external properties.
 SOCSCI 2 PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

2 categories of Stereotypes:

a. Individual stereotypes are attitudes towards individual people.

Some examples of these are:
(1)Attributions based on people’s names.
(2) Physical appearance

b. Group stereotypes are attitudes based on whether the person is a member of

an in/out group.
 Attitudes are said to have three components:

(1) a cognitive component, which comprises a set of beliefs about the group
or individual;

(2) an affective component, which is a feeling towards the group or individual;

(3) a behavioural component, which is a set of behaviours or actions directed

towards the group or individual based on the other two components.

 A prejudice is an extreme stereotype.

- The cognitive component is the stereotype;
- The affective component is a feeling of liking or disliking;
- The behavioural component is the various types of discriminatory action.
 The existence of prejudice does not need much demonstration.

Prejudice and Discrimination (by Saul McLeod, published 2008)

As mentioned earlier “Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually

negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social
group. For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender
etc. (e.g. sexist).

Discrimination, on the other hand, is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an
individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc
 SOCSCI 2 PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

Difference between Prejudice and Discrimination

A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be
prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also, prejudice
includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and cognitive), whereas
discrimination just involves behavior.

Effects of Prejudice in School

1. Victims are more likely to drop out school. (Kistner, et al., 1993)

2. It negatively influences the psychological health of the victims because of feelings of

isolation and alienation. (Neville et Al, 1997)

3. Negative effects on physical health.

4. Victims internalize the very

negative views on their abilities
that others hold of them and do
not live up to their potentials.

5. Victims are normally excluded,

taunted or physically harmed.

Promoting Tolerance and Rejecting Prejudice

Education for Tolerance and Respect

AIMS to:

a. Counter influences that lead to fear, discrimination and exclusion of others.

 SOCSCI 2 PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

b. Tolerance recognizes that others have the right to be who they are.
c. Educating for tolerance is a practical alternative.

Tolerance recognizes that others have the right to be who they are. Educating
for tolerance is a practical alternative.

Prejudice may be challenged by teaching tolerance. Tolerance is the respect,

acceptance and appreciation of the rich diversity of cultures and various forms of human
expression (UNESCO, 1995). It is the foundation of democracy and human rights.

 Education for tolerance aims to counter influences that lead to fear, aversion towards
and exclusion of others.
 Tolerance recognizes that others have the right to be who they are.

Why teach tolerance?

 UNESCO asserts that education is the most effective means of preventing intolerance.
There is a need for schools to educate citizens who are appreciative of other cultures,
respectful of human dignity and differences, and able to prevent or resolve conflicts
amicably.
 Discrediting hateful propaganda towards the different other through education is an
imperative. Major religious traditions call on their flock to treat others with the same
respect and dignity they give themselves. More so, the call to challenge prejudice is
enshrined in various human rights instruments.
 Nations, through international agreements and treaties, have affirmed their
commitment to the protection and promotion of human rights such as the right to
freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion, and expression. Article 1.2 of the
“Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice” stipulates that “all individuals and groups
have the right to be different” (http://www. unesco.org).
 In addition, educating for tolerance is a practical alternative. Intolerance has given rise
to violence, terrorism and discrimination within societies.

Sources:
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Castro, L. & J.Galace (2010) Peace Education: A Patheway to a Culture of Peace. Centre for
Peace Education, Meriam College, Quezon City, Philippines

Cherry, K. (2020). How People's Prejudices Develop LCSW. Retrieved from

https://www.ceap.org.ph/upload/download/20135/3115313479_1.pdf. June 17, 2020

McLeod, S. A. (2008). Prejudice and discrimination. Simply Psychology.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/prejudice.html.

Prejudice https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/10-3-prejudice/

Psychological Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination (2005) Blacksacademy – April 2005

https://www.simplypsychology.org/Prejudice%20and%20Discrimination.pdf

United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/human-

rights/ (January 20, 2019)

Instruction: Reflect from your own experiences and write 3-5 sentences to answer the
questions below.

1. What messages about peoples’ differences have you received while you were
growing up?
2. What are the types of prejudice and discrimination that I see in my
classroom/school?
3. What strategies can we take to integrate the value of tolerance in the
curriculum? How else can we challenge prejudice and discrimination among our
students?
4. Give three examples of white privilege. Do you know people who have
experienced this? From what perspective?
5. What is the worst example of culture of prejudice you can think of? What are
your reasons for thinking it is the worst?