PARKING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Parking is the act of stopping a car, exiting it, and leaving it vacant for an extended
period of time. Parking a vehicle in the middle of a highway or road is illegal almost
everywhere. Specialized parking facilities are typically created in conjunction with most
structures in all nations where motor vehicles are commonly used to assist the coming and
departure of the structures' users. Parking facilities include private property owned by a
house, the side of the road, a parking lot or car park, and multi-level indoor and outdoor
structures.

It's difficult to find a place to leave your car in cities across the world. Many cities
are experiencing a shortage of parking spaces as a result of an imbalance between the supply
and demand for parking, which may be considered the root cause of city parking issues.
Ineffective land use planning and miscalculations in the early stages of planning have
contributed to this imbalance. Insufficient parking spaces, excessive parking fees, and traffic
jams caused by people looking for a place to park are just a few of the challenges that people
face on a daily basis when trying to find a spot. It is estimated that a car runs for 400 hours (5
percent) of the 8,760 hours in a year. while the car was parked for 8,360 hours (95 percent of
the time).

Parking facilities need to be planning and design based on some requirement which
are characteristics of the vehicles, behaviour of drivers, parking operation and parking
generating characteristics of different land used served. Off-street parking is the type of
parking that been used in this city. Off-street parking is a parking arrangement in which
automobiles are kept in a location other than on the street. This is typically under the
management of commercial organisations. There are several distinct types of off-street
parking which are surface car parks, multi-story car parks, roof parks, mechanical car parks
and underground car parks. Surface car parks has been chosen in this city. A surface parking
lot is a type of parking lot. It is a cleared area designated for automobile parking. Parking lots
are a ubiquitous feature of cities and suburbs in the majority of countries where automobiles
are the primary source of transportation. Off-street parking is preferable for commuting
travels (going to workplace) where parking is required for an extended period of time (8
hours). As the metropolitan area grows, so will the demand for parking spaces and the
necessity to regulate on-street parking in order to facilitate traffic flow. As the metropolitan
area grows, so will the demand for parking spaces and the necessity to regulate on-street
parking in order to facilitate traffic flow. Entry and exit points have been applied for design
considerations. Entrance and exit should be physically separated (especially large at-grade).

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Climate change and environmental problems are among the most significant difficulties that
we are currently confronted with. Consider a world in which every country and its residents
are environmentally cognizant of the impact that their decisions and daily choices may have
on the environment. This world is possible. Even to the point where they actively seek
choices and options that limit or eliminate the negative influence on the environment. In such
a scenario, we would be able to assure that the Earth's living environment is sustainable and
habitable for future generations. Increasing the use of public transportation services is one
approach to contribute to nature protection and the fight against climate change.

The term "public transportation" refers to any means of transportation in which passengers do
not travel in their own vehicles but instead share the same mode of transportation. It typically
provides scheduled services on specified routes on a first-come, first-served basis, with no
reservations. Private vehicles, such as automobiles, account for the vast majority of emissions
from the transportation industry. Despite the fact that emissions from automobile
manufacture and vehicle use are not expanding at the same rate as, for example, those from
aircraft or shopping, they are still a significant concern that must be addressed. Increased
usage of public transportation services rather than personal automobiles is one of the most
effective strategies to minimise emissions and contribute to the preservation of the
environment. Many cities have been effective in decreasing CO2 emissions by as much as
50% by restricting or limiting the flow of private automobiles through their streets.

The number of cars in cities cannot continue to increase eternally because, at some time,
space will run out and people and their vehicles will be unable to fit. Cars occupy a lot of
room. Consider how much space 20 individuals travelling by automobile take up in
comparison to the same 20 people riding on a single bus. The difference is significant, and
the less space there is for vehicles, the slower it becomes. Congestion occurs more frequently
as a result of this growing lack of space, and counter-measures such as diverting traffic or
finding ways to make driving more convenient aren't solutions to the problem; instead, they
encourage private car use, creating an endless loop – as car numbers continue to increase, the
city must continue to find more space.
 Figure 1

Public transport has many diverse types which are bus, rail, taxi, rapid transit and so on.
Public transport brings value to the local economy and society which are empowers the
economy, helps the planet breathe, brings everyone everywhere and alleviates congestion.
Many cities have dedicated bus lanes and light rail, so utilising public transportation within
the city is not only more cost-effective, but it is also faster. Especially when taking public
transportation, you won't have to stress about where to park or how much it will cost.

Cultural barriers that prevent people from using public transportation must be overcome by
transit organisations. Depending on the city, these may include the belief that public
transportation is solely for the poor, or that it isn't stylish. Public transportation marketing
efforts should feature success stories of people who have reaped the benefits of taking public
transportation. A strong branding plan for public transportation is also needed to offer it a
clear and appealing public image. "It becomes crowded when we're not travelling together"
was the theme of a campaign by Västtrafik, a public transportation operator in Gothenburg,
Sweden, that won an award for advertising.

The concepts of urban design must also be adjusted in order to limit the use of cars and their
harmful affect. Planning for metropolitan streets and suburban routes should no longer
prioritise driver convenience. People's freedom of choice cannot and must not be violated in a
democratic society. It is possible, however, to direct people. In order to save the environment
and the lives of future generations, we need to put the needs and comfort of individuals who
use or rely on public transportation and those who travel on foot first.