St. Peter’s College of Toril, Inc.

College Department
Mc Arthur Highway, Toril, Davao City
1st Term 1st Semester AY 2021-2022

Course Activity Worksheet

Course Code IM 102
Course Title FUNDAMENTALS OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
Time Frame WEEKS 1 – 2
Topic Introduction of Database Management Systems
Intended At the end of the lesson, the students must be have:
Learning 1. Oriented with the requirements, classroom policies and activities, the
Outcome institutional and departmental VMGs and what to expect from the course;
(ILO) 2. Defined basic terminologies related to Database systems;
3. Identified the major components of a Database Management System (DBMS);
4. Enumerated advantages of using DBMS;
5. Explained and critically discussed each topic;
6. Demonstrated the principles in each topic with examples
7. Evaluated and discussed the relevance of each topic to solving practical real
world problems.
Teaching and  Self- Testing
Learning  Independent reading
Activities (TLAs)  Online discussion / LMS
 Reading assignments
 Independent research assignments
Assessment  Activity worksheet completion
Tasks
Grading System Reflection paper Rubric

INTRODUCTION

A modern database system is one of the most powerful tools we can use to build business
applications. It provides many features that represent significant advantages over traditional programming
methods. Yet database systems are complex. To gain the advantages, data must be carefully organized. To
retrieve data and build applications, you need to learn to use a powerful query language. Once you
understand the concepts of database design, queries, and application building, you will be able to create
complex applications in a fraction of time it would take with traditional programming techniques.

Some of the most challenging problems in building applications arise in storing and retrieving data.
Problems include conserving space, retrieving data rapidly, sharing data with multiple users at the same
time, and providing backup and recovery of the data. Initially, programmers used to solve these problems for
every application they created. Today, however, the Database Management System (DBMS) already
provides some of the best solutions to the problems.

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LEARNING CONTENT
Important Terminology
Database. Database is a collection of inter-related data which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and
deletion of data from database and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas, reports
etc. For Example, university database organizes the data about students, faculty, and admin staff etc.
which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from it.

Data Definition Language (DLL). It deals with database schemas and descriptions, of how the data should
reside in the database.
 CREATE: to create a database and its objects like (table, index, views, store procedure, function, and
triggers)
 ALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
 DROP: delete objects from the database
 TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed
 COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
 RENAME: rename an object

Data Manipulation Language (DML). It deals with data manipulation and includes most common SQL
statements such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store, modify, retrieve,
delete and update data in a database.

 SELECT: retrieve data from a database

 INSERT: insert data into a table
 UPDATE: updates existing data within a table
 DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
 MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access path
 LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control

Database Management System (DBMS). DBMS is a software that defines a database, stores the data,
supports query language, produces reports, and creates data entry screens.
For Example, MySQL, Oracle etc. are popular commercial DBMS used in different applications. DBMS
allows users the following tasks:

 Data Definition: It helps in creation, modification and removal of definitions that define the
organization of data in database.
 Data Update: It helps in insertion, modification and deletion of the actual data in the database.
 Data Retrieval: It helps in retrieval of data from the database which can be used by applications for
various purposes.
 User Administration: It helps in registering and monitoring users, enforcing data security,
monitoring performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency control and
recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.

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 Paradigm Shift from File System to DBMS

File System manages data using files in hard disk. Users are allowed to create, delete, and update the
files according to their requirement. Let us consider the example of file based University Management
System. Data of students is available to their respective Departments, Academics Section, Result Section,
Accounts Section, Hostel Office etc. Some of the data is common for all sections like Roll No, Name, Father
Name, Address and Phone number of students but some data is available to a particular section only like
Hostel allotment number which is a part of hostel office. Let us discuss the issues with this system:

 Redundancy of data: Data is said to be redundant if same data is copied at many places. If a student
wants to change Phone number, he has to get it updated at various sections. Similarly, old records
must be deleted from all sections representing that student.
 Inconsistency of Data: Data is said to be inconsistent if multiple copies of same data does not match
with each other. If Phone number is different in Accounts Section and Academics Section, it will be
inconsistent. Inconsistency may be because of typing errors or not updating all copies of same data.
 Difficult Data Access: A user should know the exact location of file to access data, so the process is
very cumbersome and tedious. If user wants to search student hostel allotment number of a student
from 10000 unsorted students’ records, how difficult it can be.
 Unauthorized Access: File System may lead to unauthorized access to data. If a student gets access
to file having his marks, he can change it in unauthorized way.
 No Concurrent Access: The access of same data by multiple users at same time is known as
concurrency. File system does not allow concurrency as data can be accessed by only one user at a
time.
 No Backup and Recovery: File system does not incorporate any backup and recovery of data if a file
is lost or corrupted.

These are the main reasons which made a shift from file system to DBMS.

DBMS 3-tier Architecture

DBMS 3-tier architecture divides the complete system into three inter-related but independent
modules as shown below:

1. Physical Level: At the physical level, the information about the location of database objects in the
data store is kept. Various users of DBMS are unaware of the locations of these objects. In simple

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 terms, physical level of a database describes how the data is being stored in secondary storage
devices like disks and tapes and also gives insights on additional storage details.

2. Conceptual Level: At conceptual level, data is represented in the form of various database tables.
For Example, STUDENT database may contain STUDENT and COURSE tables which will be visible to
users but users are unaware of their storage. Also referred as logical schema, it describes what kind
of data is to be stored in the database.

3. External Level: An external level specifies a view of the data in terms of conceptual level tables.
Each external level view is used to cater to the needs of a particular category of users. For Example,
FACULTY of a university is interested in looking course details of students, STUDENTS are interested
in looking at all details related to academics, accounts, courses and hostel details as well. So,
different views can be generated for different users. The main focus of external level is data
abstraction.

Data Independence

Data independence means a change of data at one level should not affect another level. Two types
of data independence are present in this architecture:

1. Physical Data Independence: Any change in the physical location of tables and indexes should not
affect the conceptual level or external view of data. This data independence is easy to achieve and
implemented by most of the DBMS.

2. Conceptual Data Independence: The data at conceptual level schema and external level schema
must be independent. This means a change in conceptual schema should not affect external schema.
e.g.; Adding or deleting attributes of a table should not affect the user’s view of the table. But this
type of independence is difficult to achieve as compared to physical data independence because the
changes in conceptual schema are reflected in the user’s view.

Phases of database design

Database designing for a real-world application starts from capturing the requirements to physical
implementation using DBMS software which consists of following steps shown below:

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Conceptual Design: The requirements of database are captured using high level conceptual data model. For
Example, the ER model is used for the conceptual design of the database.

Logical Design: Logical Design represents data in the form of relational model. ER diagram produced in the
conceptual design phase is used to convert the data into the Relational Model.

Physical Design: In physical design, data in relational model is implemented using commercial DBMS like
Oracle, DB2.

Advantages of DBMS

DBMS helps in efficient organization of data in database which has following advantages over typical
file system:

 Minimized redundancy and data inconsistency: Data is normalized in DBMS to minimize the
redundancy which helps in keeping data consistent. For Example, student information can be kept at
one place in DBMS and accessed by different users. This minimized redundancy is due to primary key
and foreign keys
 Simplified Data Access: A user need only name of the relation not exact location to access data, so
the process is very simple.
 Multiple data views: Different views of same data can be created to cater the needs of different
users. For Example, faculty salary information can be hidden from student view of data but shown in
admin view.
 Data Security: Only authorized users are allowed to access the data in DBMS. Also, data can be
encrypted by DBMS which makes it secure.
 Concurrent access to data: Data can be accessed concurrently by different users at same time in
DBMS.
 Backup and Recovery mechanism: DBMS backup and recovery mechanism helps to avoid data loss
and data inconsistency in case of catastrophic failures.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Reflect and answer the following:

Summary
 Database is a collection of data stored in a standardized format, designed to be shared by multiple
users
 DBMS is a software that handles the storage, retrieval, and updating of data in a computer system.
 Primary advantages of using DBMS include: Minimal data redundancy, Data Consistency, Integration
of Data, Sharing of Data, Enforcement of Standards, Ease of Application development, Uniform data
security, privacy and integrity and Data independence

Learning Assessment
Answer the following questions substantially.
 What data problems tend to arise in application development?
 What are the basic components of a Database Management System (DBMS)?
 What are the advantages of the DBMS approach to application development?

Submission:

Submit your answers online to the link: https://forms.gle/1jP6zASwUwAvH2SG9

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GRADING SYSTEM
Rubric for Student Reflections
Above Expectations
4 3
Reflective The reflection is an in-
Thinking depth analysis of the
learning experience, the
value of the derived
learning to self or others,
and the enhancement of
the student’s appreciation
for the discipline.
Analysis The reflection is an in-
depth analysis of the
learning experience, the
value of the derived
learning to self or others,
and the enhancement of
the student’s appreciation
for the discipline.
Making The reflection articulates
Connections multiple connections
between this learning
experience and content
from other courses, past
learning, life experiences
and/or future goals.
Works Cited
Desai, P. (n.d.). Introduction of DBMS (Database Management System). Retrieved August 19, 2021, from
GeeksforGeeks: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
Meets Approaching Below Expectations
Expectations Expectations
2 1
The reflection is an The reflection attempts to The reflection does not
analysis of the analyze the learning address the student’s
learning experience experience but the value thinking and/or learning.
and the value of the of the learning to the
derived learning to student or others is vague
self or others. and/or unclear.
The reflection is an The reflection attempts to The reflection does not
analysis of the analyze the learning move beyond a
learning experience experience but the value description of the learning
and the value of the of the learning to the experience.
derived learning to student or others is vague
self or others. and/or unclear.
The reflection The reflection attempts to The reflection does not
articulates articulate connections articulate any connection
connections between between this learning to other learning or
this learning experience and content experiences.
experience and from other courses, past
content from other learning experiences, or
courses, past learning personal goals, but the
experiences, and/or connection is vague
future goals. and/or unclear.