Basic Matlab Operations

BASIC MATLAB OPERATIONS
FOR MULTIPLICATION:
*NO.OF COLUMNS = NO.OF ROWS
a=[1 2 3];
(3 COLUMNS) b=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];
(3 ROWS) c=a*b
c=
30 36
42
FOR ELEMENTS MULTIPLICATION:

*SQUARE MATRIX = SQUARE MATRIX
a=[4 2;2 4];
(2 ROWS=2 COLUMNS)
b=[1 2;2 1];
(2 ROWS=2 COLUMNS)
c=a*b
c=
8 10
10
8
FOR DIVISION:
*NO.OF ROWS = NO.OF COLUMNS
a=[1 2:2 1];
(2 ROWS)
b=[1 2];
(2 COLUMNS)
c= b\a
c=
0
0
0
0.5000 1.0000 0.5000
FOR ELEMENTS DIVISION:
a=[1 2 4 7];
b=[2 4 7 5 ];
c=b\a
c=
0
0
0.1429
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2857 0.5714
0
0
0
Prepared by:Hayat Wali

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1.0000
Page 1
c=a\b
c=
0
0
0
0.2857
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5714 1.0000
0.7143
POWER OF ELEMENTS:
a=[1 2 3 4];
b=(a.^2)
b=1
4
16
c=(a.^3)
c=1
8 27
64
d=(a.^4)
d=1 16
81 256
& So On
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION:
a=[1 4 2 5];
a+1
ans =2
a-1
ans = 0
5
3
3
1
6
4
a*1
ans =1
a/1
ans =1
a\1
ans =
0
0
0
0.2000
COLUMNS ADDITION:
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a=[2 4;5 6];

sum(a)
ans =
7
10
ROWS ADDITION:
a=[2 4;5 6];
sum(a,2)
ans =
6
11
ALL ELEMENTS ADDITION:
a=[2 4;5 6];
sum(sum(a))
ans =
17
INVERSE:
a=[2 4;5 6];
inv(a)
ans =
-0.7500 0.5000
0.6250 -0.2500
DETERMINATE:
a=[2 4;5 6];
det(a)
ans =
-8
MEAN:
a=[2 4;5 6];
mean(a)
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ans =
3.5000
STD:
5.0000
a=[2 4;5 6];

std(a)
ans =
2.1213
1.4142
VARIATION:
a=[2 4;5 6];
var(a)
ans =
4.5000
2.0000
FOR MAXIMUM ROW:

a=[1 2 3 4;4 5 6 7;7 8 9 7];
max(a)
ans =
7
FOR MINIMUM ROW:

a=[1 2 3 4;4 5 6 7;7 8 9 7];
min(a)
ans =
1
FOR MAXIMUM ELEMENT:

a=[1 2 3 4;4 5 6 7;7 8 9 7];
max(max(a))
ans =
9
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FOR MINIMUM ELEMENT:

a=[1 2 3 4;4 5 6 7;7 8 9 7];
min(min(a))
ans =
1
FOR SPECIFIC ROW:
a=[1 4 7;2 5 8;1 4 7];
a(2,:)
ans =
2
FOR SPECIFIC COLUMN:

a=[1 4 7;2 5 8;1 4 7];
a(:,3)
ans =
7
8
7
FOR SPECIFIC ELEMENT:
a=[1 4 7;2 5 8;1 4 7];
a(2,3)
ans =
8
SIZE OF MATRIX:
a=[1 2 4 7;4 5 8 7;4 1 4 4];
size(a)
ans =
3
SIZE OF ROWS:
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a=[1 2 4 7;4 5 8 7;4 1 4 4];

size(a,1)
ans =
3
SIZE OF COLUMNS:
a=[1 2 4 7;4 5 8 7;4 1 4 4];
size(a,2)
ans =
4
ALL ZEROS WITH REFERENCE OF ANY MATRIX:
a=[1 2 4 7;4 5 8 7;4 1 4 4];
zeros(size(a))
ans =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
REFRENCE ELEMENTS:
a=[1 2 4 7;4 5 8 7;4 1 4 4];
a(2:3,3:4)
ans =
8
4
7
4
PLOTING IN MATLAB
Asin(wt+ )
A=Amplitude
w=Angular frequency
t=Time
=Phase Differences
(w=2f)
(f=w/2)
x=[1 2 4 5 7];
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y=[4 7 8 5 8];
plot(x,y)
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7
Y-Axis
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6
5.5
5
4.5
4
4
X-axis
x=[1 2 4 5 7];
y=[4 7 8 5 8];
plot(y,x)
7
X-Axis
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5.5
6
Y=Axis
6.5
7.5
t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
y=sin(t);
plot(y)

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120
t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
y=sin(t+pi/2);
plot(y)
1
t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
plot(t,sin(t))
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0
20
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60
80
100
120
-0.6
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t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
plot(t,cos(t))

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Page 8
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0
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t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
y=3*sin(3*t+0);
plot(y)
3
-1
-2
-3
20
40
60
80
100
120
40
60
80
100
120
t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
y=2*sin(6*t+pi);
plot(y)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
20
t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
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y=2*cos(2*t+0);
plot(y)
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1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
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-1.5
-2
20
40
60
80
100
120
t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
plot(t,sin(t))
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t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
plot(t,cos(t))
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0
-0.2
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t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
plot(t,sinc(t))
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-0.4
t=[pi*(0:0.02:2)];
plot(t,exp(t))
600
500
400
300
200
100
t=[pi*(0:0.02:10)];
plot(t,sawtooth(t))

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25
30
35
x=[-5:0.0001:5];
y=x.^2;
plot(y)
25
20
15
10
10
12
4
x 10
x=[-5:0.0001:5];
y=x.^3;
plot(y)
150
100
50
-50
-100
-150
10
12
4
x 10
x=linspace(-5,5);
y=sinc(x);
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plot(x,y)
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PLOTING
WITH COLOURS
t=[0:0.0001:2*pi];
plot(t,sin(t),'k')
With Black
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0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
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-0.8
-1
plot(t,sin(t),'g')

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With Green
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0.2
0
-0.2
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plot(t,sin(t),'b')
With Blue
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0.2
0
-0.2
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-0.8
-1
plot(t,cos(t),'r')

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With Red
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0
-0.2
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PLOTING
WITH DESIGNS & COLOURS
x=[0:0.1:2*pi];
plot(x,sin(x),'o-')
1
plot(x,sin(x),'g+')
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0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

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Page 15
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plot(x,sin(x),'kO')
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0.2
0
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plot(x,cos(x),'R^')

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plot(x,cos(x),'kd')
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0
-0.2
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-0.8
-1
plot(x,cos(x),'r+')

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLOTING

t=[0:0.001:1];
plot([t t.^2 t.^3])
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1200
t=[0:0.001:1]';
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plot([t,sin(t),cos(t)])
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0
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1000
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t=[0:0.001:1];
plot(t,[sin(t) cos(t)])
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0
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0.9
x=0:0.001:2*pi;
fill(x,sin(x),'g')
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1
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0.2
0
-0.2
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-1
fs=10000;
t=0:1/fs:1/5;
y=sawtooth(2*pi*5*t);
plot(t,y)
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0
-0.2
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0.02
0.04
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0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
t=0:0.00001:10;
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y=sawtooth(2*pi*3*t*3);
plot(t,y)
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0
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10
10
t=0:0.00001:10;
y=sawtooth(t,.5);
plot(t,y)
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0.2
0
-0.2
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-1

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t=0:0.0001:100;
rectpuls(t);
plot(t,rectpuls(t))
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t=0:0.0001:100;
plot(t,square(t))
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100
t=0:0.0001:100;
y=square(t,80);
fill(t,y,'r')

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50
60
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90
100
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 00
t=0:0.0001:100;
y=square(t,100);
fill(t,y,'g')
y=square(t,40);
fill(t,y,'r')
1
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
-0.2
-0.4
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-0.8
-1
10
20
PLOTING WITH (Sine & Exponential)

t=[0:0.01:2*pi];
y=exp(sin(t));
plotyy(t,y,t,y,'plot','stem')

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153.5
7
3
6
2.5
153
2.5
5
2
152.5
4
1.5
1.5
3
152
1
2
151.5
0.5
1
151
0
151
0
0.5
1 151.5
1523
152.5
4
153 6
0
153.5
7
t=[0:0.1:2*pi];
y=exp(sin(t));
plotyy(t,y,t,y,'plot','stem')
153.5
7
3
6
2.5
153
2.5
5
2
152.5
4
1.5
1.5
3
152
1
2
151.5
0.5
1
151
0
151
0
0.5
1 151.5
1523
152.5
4
153 6
0
153.5
7
SUBPLOTTING
For plotting many Figures in a single figure
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x=linspace(0,2*pi);
subplot(2,2,1)
(linspace is used for equal spacing b/w each number)

(2Rows, 2columns & 1st fig)
0
1
.
5
2
4
6
8
x=linspace(0,2*pi);
subplot(3,3,1)
subplot(3,3,2)
subplot(3,3,3)
subplot(3,3,4)
subplot(3,3,5)

(3Rows, 3columns & 3rd fig)
(3Rows, 3columns & 4th fig)
((3,3,3)
0
1
3,3,1)
3,3,2)
3,3,4)
3,3,5)
.
5
x=linspace(0,2*pi);
subplot(3,3,1)
subplot(3,3,2)
subplot(3,3,3)
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(3Rows, 3columns & 3rd fig)
Page 25

subplot(3,3,4)
subplot(3,3,5)
plot(x,sin(x))
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0.5
x=[-10:0.01:10];
plot(x,exp(x))
grid on
hold on
plot(x,exp(0.95*x))
plot(x,exp(0.85*x))
(grid on is used for lining in graph)

(hold on is used for holding a figure for all graphs)
2.5
x 10
1.5
0.5
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
10
PLOTTING WITH
COLOURS, TITLES, & LABELS
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x=[-10:0.01:10];
plot(x,sin(x))
hold on
grid on
plot(x,sin(2*x),'r--')
title('Multi sine plot')
ylabel('y-axis')
xlabel('x-axis')
legend('SinX','Sine2X')
(title is used for assigning a Title)

(ylabel is used for assigning Y-Label)
(xlabel is used for assigning X-Label)
(legend is used for assigning
separate notations for graphs)
Multi sine plot

1
SinX
Sine2X
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0.4
y-axis
0.2
0
-0.2
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-1
-10
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0
x-axis
10
SEMI-LOG PLOTTING
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x=[1000 10000 100000];

y=[2 4 6];
semilogx(x,y)
6
5.5
5
x=[10000,10000];
y=[1000,1000];
loglog(x,y)
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4
3.5
3
2.5
2
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
3
10
10
10
AXIS DEFINING
axis([0 10 0 10])

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(xlim 0
10; ylim 0
10)
Page 28
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
axis([0 4 0 1])
(xlim 0
4; ylim 0
1)
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0.1
0
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2.5
3.5
axis([-10 10 0 10])
(xlim -10
10; ylim -10
10)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-10
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10
PLOT TOOLS
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UTILITIES OF PLOT TOOLS:

Used for plotting different figures
Used for designing graph in many ways
Used for Title, X-label, Y-label & Legend as well
Giving 2D & 3D views
Changing colors
Giving Text
& many other tools can be used for plotting graphs
3D PLOTTING
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x=pi*(0:0.05:1);
y=2*x;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y);
plot(X(:),Y(:),'k.')
plot(X(:),Y(:),'k.')
surf(X,Y,sin(X^2))
camlight left
lighting phong
0.5
-0.5
-1
8
6
4
3
4
2
1
0
x=pi*(0:0.05:1);
y=2*x;
plot(X(:),Y(:),'k.')
surf(X,Y,sin(X.^2+Y))
0.5
-0.5
-1
8
6
4
3
1
0
x=pi*(0:0.05:1);
y=2*x;
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plot(X(:),Y(:),'k.')
surf(x,y,sin(X))
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1
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x=pi*(0:0.05:1);
y=2*x;
plot(X(:),Y(:),'k.')
surf(x,y,cos(X.^2))
0.5
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-1
8
6
4
3
4
2
1
0
[X,Y]=meshgrid(-8:0.5:8);
R=sqrt(X.^2+Y.^2)+eps;
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Z=sin(R)./R;
mesh(X,Y,Z)
surf(X,Y,Z)
colormap gray
0.5
-0.5
10
5
10
5
0
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
Z=sin(R)./R;
mesh(X,Y,Z)
surf(X,Y,Z)
colormap hsv
0.5
-0.5
10
5
10
5
0
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
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Page 33
Z=sin(R)./R;
mesh(X,Y,Z)
surf(X,Y,Z)
colormap copper
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-0.5
10
5
10
5
0
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
x=[7 3 9 2 11 15 20 7 5 9];
bar([0:length(x)-1],x)
th=[0:0.0001:2*pi];
rho=2*sin(th).*cos(th);
polar(th,rho)
90
120
60
0.8
0.6
150
30
0.4
0.2
180
210
330
240
300
270
x=rand([1 100]);
hist(x,10);
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Page 34
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10
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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
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Page 35
syms t
f=@(t,y)2.*y-1
f=
@(t,y)2.*y-1
ode45(f,[0,1],1)
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f=@(t,y)2.*y^2-1
ode45(f,[0,1],1)
2.5
x 10
14
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0.5
0.1
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0.7
f=@(t,y)2.*y^3-1;
ode45(f,[-1,1],-1)

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Page 36
x 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-1
-0.95
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
f=@(t,y)2.*y-23;
ode45(f,[0,1],1)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
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f=@(t,y)2.*y-2;
ode45(f,[0,1],1)
2
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1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2

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Page 37
f=@(t,y)2.*y-2;
ode45(f,[-1,1],-1)
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
f=@(t,y)2.*y-23;
ode45(f,[-1,1],1)
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-1
-0.8
-0.6
f=@(t,y)2.*y-3;
ode45(f,[-1,1],1)

Iqra University
Page 38
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
DIFFERENTIATION
Single Derivative:
syms x
g=sin(x);
diff(g)
ans =
cos(x)
d(g)/dx=d(sinx)/dx=Cosx
diff(x)
ans =
1
d(x)/dx=1
Single Derivative:
syms x
g=sin(x);
diff(g,x)
g=sin(x)
d(g)/dx=d(sinx)/dx=Cosx
ans =
cos(x)
g=cos(x);
diff(g,x)
ans =
-sin(x)
Substitute Values (In Radian):

Iqra University
Page 39
syms x
g=sin(x);
diff(g,x)
ans =
cos(x)
subs(ans,x,2.1)
ans =
-0.5048
cosx=cos(2.1)
Double Derivative:
syms x
g=sin(x);
diff(g,x,2)
g=sin(x)
d(g)/dx=d(sinx)/dx
ans =
-sin(x)
Higher Order Derivatives:

syms x
diff(sin(x),x,1)
(1 Represents for 1st Derivative)
ans =
cos(x)
syms x
diff(sin(x),x,2)
(2 Represents for 2nd Derivative)
ans =
-sin(x)
syms x
diff(sin(x),x,3)
(3 Represents for 3rd Derivative)
ans =
-cos(x)
Iqra University
Page 40
syms x
diff(sin(x),x,4)
(4 Represents for 4th Derivative)
ans =
sin(x)
SUBSTITUTING VALUES
This is the shortcut command for substituting values in any function.
Subs(diff(f(x)),x,?)
syms x
syms x
diff(tan(x))
ans =
1+tan(x)^2
subs(ans,x,2)
ans =
5.7744
syms x
subs(diff(tan(x)),x,2)
ans =
5.7744
syms x
subs(diff(sin(x)),x,1)
ans =
0.5403
syms x
subs(diff(cos(x)),x,36)
ans =
0.9918
syms x
diff(tan(x^6-3*x+5))
ans =
(1+tan(x^6-3*x+5)^2)*(6*x^5-3)
Iqra University
(syms is Short-cut for constructing symbolic objects.)
(Differentiate Tanx)
(Putting x=2 in the answer)
(Putting x=2 after differentiate Tanx)
(Putting x=1 after differentiate Sinx)
(Putting x=36 after differentiate Cosx)
(Differentiate Tan(x^6-3*x+5))
Page 41
subs(ans,x,3/2)
ans =
69.9149
(Putting x=3/2 in the answer)
subs(diff(tan(x^6-3*x+5)),x,3/2)
ans =
69.9149
(Putting x=3/2 after differentiating Tan(x^6-3*x+5) )
INTEGERATION
syms x
int(sin(x),x)
ans =
(Integrate sin(x) )
-cos(x)
syms x
int(x*sin(x),x)
ans =
(Integrate xsin(x))
sin(x)-x*cos(x)
DOUBLE INTEGERATION:
double(int(sin(x^5+x^3),x,0,pi/2))
sin(x^5+x^3) ) & (0-/2) is limit
ans =
(Integrate
0.2910
quad8(inline(sin(x^5+x^3)'),0,pi/2)
/2) is limit
ans =
(Integrate sin(x^5+x^3) ) & (0-
0.2910
quad8(inline(sin(x^5+x^3)'),0,pi/2)
/2) is limit
ans =
(Integrate sin(x^5+x^3) ) & (0-
0.2910
Iqra University
Page 42
RELATIONAL OPERATION
x=[1 2;2 3;5 6]
x=
1
2
5
2
3
6
x>2
ans =
0
0
1
(x>2 shows (1) the areas where x is greater than 2 otherwise 0)

0
1
1
x>1
ans =
0
1
1
(x>1 shows (1) the areas where x is greater than 1 otherwise 0)

1
1
1
3>1
ans =
1
3<1
ans =
0
3<=6
ans =
1
3==4

Iqra University
Page 43
ans =
0
3<=3
ans =
1
POSITION/REFERENCE LOCATOR
COLOUMN WISE
x=[1 2;2 3;5 6]
x=
1
2
5
2
3
6
x([2])
ans =
(Locating position at 2 in column)
2
x([2 3 4])
ans =
2
(Locating position at 2,3,4 in column)

2
x(2)
ans =
2
x(3)
ans =
5
x(x>2)
ans =
(Shows all values that are greater than 2)
5
3
6
x(x>1)
ans =
Iqra University
(Shows all values that are greater than 1)
Page 44
2
5
2
3
6
POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
Polynomial equations are derived from word Poly means many.
We are here to find out the slop of the equations.

E.g.:( ax^3+bx^2+cx+d )
x=[1:2:20];
y=[2:2:20];
x=x';
y=y';
fit=polyfit(x,y,1)
fit =
1.0000
1.0000
plot(x,y,'o',x,fit(1)*x+fit(2))
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Finding Polynomial Equation by Roots:

If roots are:
x= +3
x= -1
We use the command POLY to converts the roots into polynomial.
Manually:
Iqra University
In MATLAB
Page 45
E.g.: (x-3)(x+1)
x2 + x - 3x - 3= 0
x2 -2x -3 = 0
a=[3;-1]
poly(a)
ans =
1 -2 -3
x2 -2x -3 = 0
Finding Roots by Polynomial Equation:
If equation is:
x2 -2x -3 = 0
We use the command ROOTS to find out the roots of the equation:
Manually:
x2-2x-3 = 0
x2+x -3x-3 = 0
(x-3)(x+1)=0
x= +3
x= -1
In MATLAB
p=[1 -2 -3];
roots(p)
ans =
+3
-1
OR
roots([1 -2 -3])
ans =
+3
-1
Evaluate the Polynomial:
If the Polynomial Equation is:

F(x)=x3+6x-3=0
F(x)=x3+0x2+6x-3=0
Coefficients are [1 0 6 -3]
Evaluating by x=2
v=[1 0 6 -3];
polyval(v,2)
ans =
17
Evaluating by x=3
v=[1 0 6 -3];
polyval(v,3)
ans =
42

Iqra University
Page 46
MATRICES
Manual
A =[2 3;1 4]
IN MATLAB
A=[2 3;1 4];
A^-1
A=
2
1
3
4
ans =
0.8000 -0.6000
-0.2000 0.4000
Inverse of A:
A-1 =Adj A|A|
Adj A = 4
-3
-1
|A| = (4x2)-(-1x-3)
|A| = 8-3
|A| = 5
A-1 = 4 -3-1 25
Iqra University
Page 47
A-1 =
0.8000 -0.6000
-0.2000
0.4000
Manual
IN MATLAB
A=[2 3;1 4]
A=[2 3;1 4];
A=
B=[9;3];
2
1
3
4
B=[9;3]
Iqra University
X=A^-1*B
X=
Page 48
B=
5.4000
9
-0.6000
X =[X1;X2]
X=
X1
X2
AX=B
X=A-1 B
X=
X1= 5.4000
X2= -0.6000

Iqra University
Page 49
PROGRAMMING IN MATLAB
Programming is defined as list of instructions.
We create M-file for algorithm of any program.
F5 is used as a shortcut key to run a program.
Steps for writing & running a program:

1. Click new & go to the M-file.
2. Write algorithm of any program,
3. Save it using Ctrl-S or by clicking save button after assigning file name.
4. Go to the Matlab command window and type the file name.

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Page 50
Example:
Go to M-file & write program.

clc
x=0:0.0001:10
save & file name E.g. (Sine1.m)
Go to Matlab Command Window & type file name E.g. (Sine1).
Assigning Comments:
Go to M-file & write program.

% (Write anything for comments).
E.g.: % Hey how are you buddy?
Save it by assigning any file name E.g. (buddy.m).
Go to Matlab Command Window & type file name E.g. (help
buddy).
Function [x1, x2] =quadratic (a,b,c)
[x1,x2] Output Arguments

(a,b,c) Input Arguments

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Page 51
Program 1: (Plotting Sine wave):
Go to M-file & write algorithm of program.

x=0:0.00001:10;
y=sin(x);
plot(x,y)
Save it by assigning file name (a1.m).
Go to the Matlab command window and type the file name (a1).
Solution is:
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
10
Program 2: (Quadratic Equation Solver):

x=-bb2-4ac2a
We are going to solve a quadratic equation by quadratic formula algorithm.

function[x1,x2]=quadratic(a,b,c);
a=2;
b=3;
c=4;
d=sqrt(b^2-4*a*c);
x1=(-b+d)/(2*a)
x2=(-b-d)/(2*a)
Save it by assigning file name (quadratic.m).

Go to the Matlab command window and type the file name (quadratic).
Solution is:

Iqra University
Page 52
x1 =
-0.7500 + 1.1990i
x2 =
-0.7500 - 1.1990i
Program 3: (Displaying a using for-loop):
a=1;
for i=[1:10];
a=a+i;
disp(a)
end
Solution is:
a1
2
4
7
11
16
22
29
37
46
56
Program 4: (Displaying a using for-loop):

for i=1:10;
a(i)=i*i
end
Solution is:
a1
a=
1
a=
1 4
a=
1 4
a=
1 4
a=
1 4
a=
1 4
a=
9
9
16
16
25
16
25

Iqra University
36
Page 53
1
a=
1
a=
1
a=
1
16
25
36
49
16
25
36
49
64
16
25
36
49
64
81
16
25
36
49
64
81 100
Program 5: (Plotting sine wave using No. of cycles & frequency):

f=input('enter frequency');
n=input('enter n.o of cycles');
t=(0:0.0001:n/f);
y=sin(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,y)
Solution is:
a1
enter frequency3
3)
enter n.o of cycles3
(No. of Frequencies are

(No. of Cycles are 3)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Program 6: (Plotting sine & cosine waves using while-loop ):

x=0:0.1:10;
while(1>0)
a=menu('sine cosine',1,2,3,4,5);
plot(x,sin(x))
if (a==2)
plot(x,cos(x))
elseif(a==3)
stem(x,sin(x))

Iqra University
Page 54
elseif(a==4)
stem(x,cos(x))
elseif(a==5)
break
end
end
A table will appear (Sine Cosine) containing numbers from 1-5.
Solution is:
By pressing 1:
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
10
By pressing 2:
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
10
By pressing 3:
1
0.8
0.6
By pressing 4:
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
Prepared
by:Hayat Wali
-0.4
Iqra University
-0.6
Page 55
-0.8
-1
10
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
10
10
By pressing 5: (Program ended)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Program 7: (Displaying random numbers):

t=rand(1);
if t>0.75;
s=0
elseif t<0.25;

Iqra University
Page 56
s=1
else
a=1-2*(t-0.25)
end
Program 8: (Displaying Tables of 1,2,3,4,5):

clc
while(1>0)
a=menu('table',1,2,3,4,5);
if(a==1)
for s=1:10
z=1*s;
disp('1X');disp(s);disp('=');disp(z);
end
end
if(a==2)
for s=1:10
z=2*s;
disp('2x');disp(s);disp('=');disp(z);
end
end
if(a==3)
for s=1:10
z=3*s;
end
end
if(a==4)
for s=1:10
z=4*s;
end
end
if(a==5)
break
end
end

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Page 57
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

USING MATLAB
CREATING SIGNALS (IN DISCREATE TIME):
Impulse function:
x=[1:11];
y=[1 zeros(1,10)];
stem(x,y)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
11
Unit step function:

x=[1:11];
y=[ones(1,11)];
stem(x,y)

Iqra University
Page 58
1
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0
10
11
10
x=[1:10];
y=[0,0 ones(1,8)];
stem(x,y)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Exponential function (Decaying):

n=1:10;
x=0.5.^n;
stem(n,x)

Iqra University
Page 59
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
10
Exponential function (Increasing):

n=0:10;
x=2.^n;
stem(n,x)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
10
CREATING SIGNALS (IN CONTINUOUS TIME):

Unit step function:
t=ones(1,100);
plot(t)
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60

Iqra University
70
80
90
100
Page 60
Exponential function (Increasing):

t=1:0.001:10;
y=exp(t);
plot(t,y)
4
2.5
x 10
1.5
0.5
10
Exponential function (Decaying):

t=1:0.001:10;
y=exp(-t);
plot(t,y)
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
10
CONVOLUTION
Method #1(On command window)
X[n] =0.5n u[n]
H[n]=1
Y[n]=?
0n4
Input:
n=0:10;
x=0.5.^n;
stem(n,x)
Iqra University
Page 61
Input x[n]
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Impulse Response:
h=ones(1,5);
h=[h ones(1,5)];
stem(h)
Impulse Response h[n]

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0
1
0
.1
2
4
6
8
Convolution:
y=conv(x,h);
stem(y)

Iqra University
Page 62
8
6
4
0
1
2
Y[n]
2
4
6
8
.0
2
4
6
8
Method #2(By programming)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
The laplace transform of a signal x(t),
Iqra University
Page 63
X(t) X(s)=- xte-st dt

H(s) = T.F =OutputInput
H(s) = T.F =S2-1S2+2S-3
S2+2S-3=0
S2+3S-S-3 =
S2-1
S2=1
S= 1
=0
S (S +3)-1(S +3)
(S -1)( S +3) = 0
S=1;S=-3
=0
IN MATLAB:
For Equation:
For Roots:
o=[1 0 -1];
i=[1 2 -3];
Z1=roots(o)
Z1 =
1
-1
P1=roots(i)
P1 =
-3
1
h=tf(o,i)
Transfer function:
s^2 - 1
------------s^2 + 2 s - 3
For plotting S-plane:

o=[1 0 -1];
i=[1 2 -3];
h=tf(o,i);
Z1=roots(o);
Output
Input
Transfer function
Zeros

Iqra University
Page 64
P1=roots(i);
pzmap(Z1,P1)
Poles
S-plane Map
Po le - Z e ro Ma p
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Imaginary Axis
0.2
0
- 0 .2
- 0 .4
- 0 .6
- 0 .8
-1
-3
-2 .5
-2
-1 .5
-1
- 0 .5
0 .5
Re a l A x is
For plotting S-plane using Sgrid:

Iqra University
Page 65
o=[1 0 -1];
i=[1 2 -3];
h=tf(o,i);
Z1=roots(o);
P1=roots(i);
pzmap(Z1,P1)
sgrid
Output
Input
Transfer function
Zeros
Poles
S-plane Map
Po le - Z e ro Ma p
1
0 .92
0.8
0.8 6
0 .7 6
1 .5
0.8 6
0 .7 6
0 .5 8
0 .35
0 .9 6
0.6
0 .9 8 4
0.4
Imaginary Axis
0.2
0 .9 9 6
3
0
- 0 .2
2 .5
0 .5
0 .9 9 6
- 0 .4
0 .9 8 4
- 0 .6
- 0 .8
0 .9 6
0 .92
-1
-3
-2 .5
-2
-1 .5
0 .5 8
-1
0 .35
- 0 .5
0 .5
Re a l A x is
For viewing samples of audio file:

a=wavread(file location',samples)
E.g.: a=wavread('C:\WINDOWS\Media\tada',2000)
MATLAB SOUND:
Iqra University
Page 66
t=0:1/8192:1;
x=cos(2*pi*400*t);
soundsc(x,8198)
For Noise:
t=0:1/8192:1;
x=cos(2*pi*400*t);
soundsc(x,8000)
noise=randn(8192,1);
soundsc(noise,8000)
SIMULINK
X(t)=Acos(wt+)
A Gain
Cos Trigonometric function
W Frequency
T Time
Iqra University
Page 67
Phase difference
dxdy=(-2x+1) dx
dx=-2x+1dx
X=-2x22+x+c
X=-x2+x+c
X(k)=e(k-3)+2.2x(k-1)-1.57x(k-2)+0.3x(k-3)
For 0k8

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Page 68

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Basic Matlab Operations

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BASIC MATLAB OPERATIONS

FOR ELEMENTS MULTIPLICATION:

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

a=[2 4;5 6];

a=[2 4;5 6];

FOR MAXIMUM ROW:

FOR MINIMUM ROW:

FOR MAXIMUM ELEMENT:

FOR MINIMUM ELEMENT:

FOR SPECIFIC COLUMN:

a=[1 2 4 7;4 5 8 7;4 1 4 4];

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLOTING

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

PLOTING WITH (Sine & Exponential)

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

(linspace is used for equal spacing b/w each number)

(3Rows, 3columns & 1st fig)

(3Rows, 3columns & 1st fig)

(3Rows, 3columns & 4th fig)

(grid on is used for lining in graph)

(title is used for assigning a Title)

Multi sine plot

x=[1000 10000 100000];

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

10; ylim -10

UTILITIES OF PLOT TOOLS:

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Substitute Values (In Radian):

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

Higher Order Derivatives:

(1 Represents for 1st Derivative)

(2 Represents for 2nd Derivative)

(3 Represents for 3rd Derivative)

(4 Represents for 4th Derivative)

(syms is Short-cut for constructing symbolic objects.)

(Putting x=2 in the answer)

(Putting x=2 after differentiate Tanx)

(Putting x=1 after differentiate Sinx)

(Putting x=36 after differentiate Cosx)

(Putting x=3/2 in the answer)

(Putting x=3/2 after differentiating Tan(x^6-3*x+5) )

(Integrate sin(x^5+x^3) ) & (0-

(Integrate sin(x^5+x^3) ) & (0-

(x>2 shows (1) the areas where x is greater than 2 otherwise 0)

(x>1 shows (1) the areas where x is greater than 1 otherwise 0)

Prepared by:Hayat Wali

(Locating position at 2 in column)