Geometry

Theory Sheet

GEOMETRY
Complete Theory
USEFUL for SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO
& MTS

INDEX
1 LINES & ANGLES: ......................................... 3
ANGLE .................................................... 3
TYPES OF ANGLES: ................................ 3
WHEN A TRANSVERSAL INTERSECTS TWO
PARALLEL LINES: ..................................................... 3
Geometry
Theory Sheet
REGULAR OCTAGON :- .............................. 19
5 CIRCLE :- ................................................... 20
SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE :- ............................ 20
ALTERNATE SEGMENT THEOREM :- .............. 21
TANGENTS FROM EXTERNAL POINTS :- .......... 22
DIRECT COMMON TANGENT :- .................... 22
TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENT :- ............. 22
FOR EXTERNALLY TOUCHING CIRCLES :-......... 22

2 TRIANGLES : ................................................ 4
TYPES OF TRIANGLES: ................................. 4
ON THE BASIS OF SIDES – ......................................... 4
ON THE BASIS OF ANGLES: ........................................ 4
CONDITION FOR FORMATION OF A TRIANGLE: - 5
PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE:- ....................... 5
CONGRUENT TRIANGLE:.............................. 5
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENCE OF ............. 6
TRIANGLES: ........................................................... 6
SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES: .......................... 6
MPT (MID-POINT THEOREM) : .................... 7
BPT (BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM) : ... 7
INEQUALITY RELATIONS IN A TRIANGLE: ......... 7
ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM: ....................... 7
CENTROID: ............................................... 8
CIRCUMCENTER :-...................................... 9
INCENTER:- .............................................. 9
EX-CENTER :- .......................................... 10
ORTHOCENTER:- ..................................... 10
SINE RULE :- ........................................... 11
COSINE RULE :- ....................................... 11
EXPRESSION FOR AREA :- ........................... 11
HOW TO FIND LENGTH OF CEVIAN – STEWART’S
THEOREM ........................................................... 11
CEVA’S THEOREM :- ................................. 11
ROUTH THEOREM:................................... 12
STANDARD EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE :- .......... 12
RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE :- ....................... 12
MASS POINT GEOMETRY:- ........................ 13
3 QUADRILATERAL :- .................................... 14
RECTANGLE :- ......................................... 15
SQUARE :-.............................................. 15
PARALLELOGRAM :- ................................. 15
RHOMBUS :-........................................... 16
TRAPEZIUM :- ......................................... 17
KITE :- ................................................... 17
4 POLYGON :-............................................... 17
REGULAR POLYGON :- .............................. 18
REGULAR HEXAGON :- .............................. 18
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
1 LINES & ANGLES:
viii) Adjacent Angles:
Angle Two angles are called adjacent angles
Every angle has a measure. The unit of if they have:
angle measure is a standard angle § the same vertex,
called a "degree". § a common arm, and
1 degree = 1° = 60 minutes § Uncommon arms
i.e., 60' are on
1' = 60 seconds i.e., 60" either side of the
common arm.
e.g., ÐADB & ÐCDB are adjacent
TYPES OF ANGLES: angles.
i) An angle whose measure is 90° is
called a right angle. i.e., q = 90° ix) Linear pair of Angles:
ii) An angle whose measure is less than Two adjacent
90° is called an acute angle. angles are said to
form a linear pair of
i.e., 0° < q < 90°
angles, if their non-
iii) An angle whose measure is more than common arms are
90° but less than 180° is called an two opposite rays.
obtuse angle. i.e.,if ÐAOC + ÐBOC = 180°,
i.e., 90° < q < 180° then ÐAOC & ÐBOC form a linear
iv) An angle whose measure is 180° is pair.
called a straight angle.
x) Vertically Opposite Angles:
Two angles are called a pair
of vertically opposite
v) An angle whose measure is more than angles, if their arms form
180° is called a reflex angle. two pairs of opposite rays.
i.e., 180° < q < 360° i.e., ÐAOC & ÐDOB are
vertically opposite. Also,
vi) Complementary Angle: ÐAOD & ÐCOB are
Two angles, whose sum is 90°, are vertically opposite.
called complementary angles
If, Ðx + Ðy = 90° # If two lines intersect, then vertically
Ðx & Ðy are called complementary opposite angles are equal. Here, ÐAOC =
angles. ÐDOB & ÐAOD = ÐCOB
e.g., (40°, 50°), (45°, 45°), (35°, 55°), etc When a transversal intersects
two parallel lines:
vii) Supplementary Angles:
Two angles, whose sum measures
180°, are called the supplementary
angles.
If, Ðp + Ðq = 180°
Ðp & Ðq are called supplementary
angles.
e.g., (120°, 60°), (100° 80°), etc
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Here, iii) Equilateral Triangle:
L7 = L5 A triangle in which all
L6 = L8 vertically three sides are equal is
L1 = L3 opposite angles called an equilateral
L2 = L4 triangle.
i.e., DABC is equilateral,
L3 = L5 if a = b = c
L2 = L8 →Corresponding angles
L1 = L7 On the basis of angles:
L4 = L6
iv) Acute Triangle: -
A triangle with all three internal angles
L3 = L7
less than 90° i.e., all three internal
L2 = L6 → Alternate angles
L1 = L5 RaMo Mantra :-
L4 = L8 If a, b & c are the sides of a triangle,
such that c > b, c > a
L7 + L2 = 180° And, a2 + b2 > c2
L3 + L6 = 180° → Sum of consecutive => Triangle is an acute triangle
interior angles is 180°
angles are acute
2 TRIANGLES :
v) Right Triangle: -
Types of Triangles: A triangle with one angle that
On the basis of sides – measures 90° is called a right
triangle.
i) Scalene Triangle: -
DABC is right triangle, if ÐC = 90°
A triangle with
3 unequal
sides is called
a scalene RaMo Mantra :
triangle. If a, b & c are the sides of a triangle,
e.g.,In DABC, such that, c > a, c > b
for a ¹ b ¹ c, and 𝑎! + 𝑏! = 𝑐 !
DABC is scalene then, Triangle is called right angled
triangle.
ii) Isosceles Triangle: vi) Obtuse Triangle:
A triangle with (at least) two equal A triangle with one angle greater than
sides is 90° i.e., obtuse angle, is known as an
called an obtuse angled triangle.
isosceles
RaMo Mantra :
triangle.
If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle
e.g., If a, b &
such that c > a, c > b, and
c are the sides
and 𝑎! + 𝑏! < 𝑐 !
of DABC and a ¹ c = b, then
then, Triangle is called obtuse angled
DABC is isosceles triangle.
triangle.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Condition for formation of a iii) If the bisectors of
angles ÐABC and an
triangle: -
ÐACB of a triangle
The formation of a triangle is
ABC meet at a point
possible if the sum of the lengths of
O,
any two sides of a triangle is always
then,
greater than the length of third side. ÐA
OR ÐBOC = 90° + 2
The difference of the lengths of any
two side of a triangle is always
smaller than the length of the third iv) If sides AB and AC of
side. a DABC are produced
i.e., if DABC is a triangle with sides a, to P and Q
b and c, then respectively and if
a + b > c and |𝑎 − 𝑏| < 𝑐 the bisectors of ÐPBC
b+c>a |𝑏 − 𝑐| < 𝑎 and ÐQCB intersect
c+a>b |𝑐 − 𝑎| < 𝑏 at O, then:
ÐA
ÐBOC = 90° −
Generalisation: For a DABC with sides a, 2

b and c
(𝟏) |𝑏 − 𝑐| < 𝑎 < |𝑏 + 𝑐|
(𝟐) |𝑎 − 𝑐| < 𝑏 < |𝑎 + 𝑐| v) The angle between
(𝟑) |𝑏 − 𝑎| < 𝑐 < |𝑎 + 𝑏| internal bisector of
one base angle and
Properties of a triangle:- the external
i) Angle sum property: - bisector of the
The sum of the other base angle of
three internal a triangle is equal to one-half of the
angles of a vertical angle.
"
triangle is i.e., In adjacent fig., ÐBPC = !ÐBAC
always 180°.
i.e., In DABC, ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180°
vi) In D PQR,
PS is the bisector
ii) Exterior angle property: - of ÐQPR, & PT ^
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal QR.
to the sum of the opposite interior Then
angles. |Ð/0Ð1|
i.e., In DABC, ÐTPS =
2
ÐACD =ÐCAB + ÐCBA
Ð1 = Ð2 + Ð3 Congruent Triangle:
OR Two triangles are congruent if and only
Ext. ÐC = ÐA + ÐB if one of them can be made to
superimpose on the other so as to
cover it exactly. Corresponding
elements of congruent triangles are
equal.
If DABC @ D DEF, then

=> AB = DE; BC = EF; AC = DF

 Geometry
Theory Sheet
=> ÐA = ÐD; ÐB = ÐE; ÐC = ÐF

Sufficient conditions for

congruence of triangles:
§ SAS (Side-Angle-Side):
§ (RHS) Right angle – Hypotenuse –
Two triangles are congruent if two sides
Side:
and the included angle of one triangle
Two right triangles are congruent if
are equal to the corresponding sides
the hypotenuse and one side of one
and the included angle of the other
triangle are respectively equal to the
triangle.
hypotenuse and one side of the other
triangle.

§ ASA (Angle-Side-Angle):
Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the included side of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding Similarity of Triangles:
two angles and the included side of Two triangles, DABC and D PQR, are
other triangle. similar if and only if corresponding
angles have the same measures.
OR
If and only if the lengths of
corresponding sides are
proportional.

§ AAS (Angle-Angle-Side):
RaMo Mantra :
If any two angles and non-included
If D ABC ~ D PQR, then
side of one triangle are equal to the !" !% "%
corresponding angles and side of → #$ = #& = $&
another triangle, the two triangles are This is equivalent to saying that one
congruent. triangle is an enlargement or
diminution of the other.

So, if D ABC ~ D PQR, then

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 ℎ 𝑀 𝑅 𝑟 𝑃 D
= 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅 = ℎ1 = 𝑀1 = 𝑅1 = 𝑟1 = 𝑃1 = 3D1
2 2 2 2 2 2

§ SSS (Side-Side-Side): where h1 is height, R1 is circumradius,

Two triangles are congruent if the
three sides of one triangle are equal
to the corresponding three sides of
the other triangle.
M1 is median, r1 is inradius, P1 is
perimeter and D, is area of DABC.
and h2 is height, R2 is circumradius, M2
is median, P2 is perimeter, r2 is
inradius and D2 is area of DPQR.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
OR
→ Simply, every corresponding ratio !3 !4
=
will be equal. 3" 4%

→ Criteria for similarity of triangles, Inequality Relations in a

i) AAA OR AA ii) SSS
iii) SAS Triangle:

→ Every congruent triangles are In DABC,

similar triangles. If ÐB = ÐC, then b = c
But converse is not always true. If ÐB > ÐC, then b > c
If ÐB < ÐC, then b < c
MPT (Mid-point theorem) :
The line segment joining the mid-
points of any two sides of a triangle Angle Bisector Theorem:
is parallel to the third side and equal i) In D ABC,
to half of it. AD is the
angle
If PQ || BC & P bisector of
is the ÐBAC, then
midpoint of #$ #&
= %&
AB and Q is $%

the midpoint
of AC.
ii) In D ABC, if AD is an angle bisector of
Then, 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐵𝐶
" ext.ÐA, then
! !" !%
"3
= 3%
Converse is also true:

→ The line drawn through the mid-

point of one side of a triangle,
parallel to another side, intersects,
the third side at its mid-point.

'()'(D+,-) 1
ð '()'(D/0-)
=2

BPT (Basic Proportionality

Theorem) :
If DE || BC, then

D ABC ~ D ADE,

!3 !4 34
= !% = "%
!"

Also,

Centroid:
i) The point in which the three medians
of the triangle intersect is known as
the centroid of a triangle.
ii) The median is a line that joins the
midpoint of a side and the opposite
vertex of the triangle.
iii) The centroid of the triangle divides the
median in the ratio of 2 : 1.
Centroid always lies inside
triangle
In DABC, if G is the
centroid of triangle,
then
AG : GD = 2 : 1
BG : GE = 2 : 1
CG : FG = 2 : 1
iv) Median divides the triangle into two
parts of equal area. Here,
area(DABD) = area(DADC)
area(DBCF) = area(DACF)
area(DABE) = area(DCBE)
Geometry
Theory Sheet
• 4{AD+BE+CF} > 3{AB + BC + CA}
• 4{AD2 + BE2 + CF2} = 3{AB2 + BC2 +
CA2}
• 4{Area of triangle formed by
medians (as sides)} = 3{area of
DABC}
i.e. 4{area of triangle with sides CF,
BE & AD}
= 3{area of DABC}
the
In Simple terms:
• 4 [ åmedians] > 3 [ å sides]
• 4[ å(medians)2] = 3 [ å (sides)2]
• 4 {Area of triangle formed by
medians} = 3 {Area of DABC}
v) Formula for length of Medians :-
!
89:;<= >?@ A2(B" CD " )0<"
"
!
>?@"A2(>E" C>F " )0EF "

RaMo Mantra :
With respect to
centroid,
triangle is vi) If medians intersect at 90° :-
divided into
three parts of → 5BC2 = AB2 + AC2
equal area i.e.,
the centroid → 5a2 = b2 + c2
divides the triangle in three equal
parts
i.e. Area (AGB) = Area (AGC) = Area
(BGC)

All three
medians vii) Relation of Medians in
divide the a right triangle:
triangle
4(AL² + BM²) = 5AB²
into 6
equal
parts.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Circumcenter :- Incenter:-
i) Intersection point of
all the angle bisectors
of a triangle is known
as incenter.
It is equidistant from
all the sides of the
triangle.

ii) Radius of incircle is known as inradius

"r".
∆
𝑟 = . , where D is the area of the
i) The circumcenter of a triangle is triangle & “s” is semi perimeter.
defined as the point where the
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of ∠#
iii) ∠𝐵𝐼𝐶 = 90° +
that particular triangle intersects. !

PC=QC= RC = circumradius (R) iv) Incenter always lies inside the triangle.

ii) Here, ÐQCR = 2(ÐQPR) v) In right angle D,

QCB0R
!"#
𝑟= 2
iii) Circumradius(R) =
$D
where a, b and c are the sides of a 𝑝 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
triangle and 'D' is the area of triangle. 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
ℎ − ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑠
.
iv) R =
/ 0123
. 7 9
v)
456 3
= 456 8 = 456 : = 2R

vi) Location of circumcenter: -

• The circumcenter of an acute
triangle is inside the triangle.

• The circumcenter of an obtuse

triangle is outside the triangle.
3< 7>9 8= 38
• The circumcenter of a right-angled vi)
<=
= .
; =: = 3:
triangle is on the hypotenuse.
vii) Distance between circumcenter(R) &
It is the midpoint of hypotenuse. incenter(r).
'()*+,-./, 1,-2+'
So, R = !
in right 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √𝑅/ − 2𝑟𝑅
triangle
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Ex-center :- Orthocenter:-
The intersection point of internal angle The point where the three altitudes of
bisector of one angle and bisectors of a triangle intersect is Orthocenter.
other two opposite exterior angles. The orthocenter is not always inside
the triangle. If the triangle is obtuse,
it will be outside.

Here, "H" is
orthocenter.

i) ÐBHC = 180° - ÐA
ÐAHC = 180° - ÐB
ÐAHB = 180° - ÐC

ii) D BFH ~ D CEH

BH ´ HE = CH ´ HF
Also,

BH ´ HE = CH ´ HF = AH ´ HD

iii) FH = FF1; HE = EE1; HD = DD1

Ð!
i) ÐBEC= 90° -
"
iv) BD ´ DC = AD ´ DH
ii) ex-radii : BE ´ EH = CE ´ EA
D D D
ra = ; rb = ; rc = CF ´ FH = AF ´ FB
#$% #$& #$'
() #()$&)()$') v) (AB + BC + CA) > (AD + CF + BC)
iii) ra = )$% = ! #$% å sides > å Altitudes
%,&,'
where, s = vi) Location of orthocenter:
"
• Inside in acute triangle
• Outside if it is an obtuse triangle
iv) D (area) = "𝑟 𝑟% 𝑟& 𝑟'
• At right vertex if it is a right triangle

RaMo Mantra :
v) 𝑟% + 𝑟& + 𝑟' = 4R + r
→BD2 = CD ´ AD
>E ´ ST
vi) 𝑟% 𝑟& + 𝑟& 𝑟' + 𝑟' 𝑟% = s2 →BD =
>F
!"0
→AD = ;
!%
vii) 𝑟% + 𝑟& + 𝑟' = (4R + r) –
" " " 2
"% 0
2s 2 CD =
!%

→AD : CD = AB2 : BC2

 Geometry
Theory Sheet
U U U "
Area of triangle = ! ac sin B
→ " = <" + B"
Q "
Area of triangle = ! ab sin C
"
Relation between Orthocenter, Area of triangle = ! bc sin A
centroid and circumcenter: "
∴ Area of triangle = ! ´ xy sin q
In any triangle, orthocenter, centroid and
circumcenter are co-linear and centroid
By heron’s formula,
divides the line in 2:1 as in figure.
Area of triangle = A𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

How to find length of cevian –

Stewart’s Theorem
i) Stewart's theorem :-
Sine Rule :-
Here, AD = d
' 8 9
= 567 " = 567 % = 2R (known as
567 !
cevian)
Cosine Rule :- Cevian is any
line from the
vertex to the
base opposite
to it.

b²m + c²n = a(d² + mn)

If cevian is median :-
-
So, d = "2(𝑏 " + 𝑐 " ) − 𝑎"
!: "# : $%: "
cos A =
&!# if cevian is angle bisector :-
%: "# : $!:
cos B = &'
d = 2!&,' 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)
&%#
!: " %: $# : %,&,'
cos C = where s =
"
&%! and side of length a is divided in the
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA proportion b : c
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cosB Ceva’s Theorem :-
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC

Expression for area :-

Perimeter = a+b+c
Semi perimeter
45657
(s) = !

"
Area (D) = !
´
height ´ base
Generally,
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
In ∆ABC, let AD, BE and CF are the cevians RaMo Mantra :
(i.e., any line from vertex to opposite If side = 2
base), then Perimeter = 6
Height = √3
𝐴𝐹 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 # &
× × =1 R= ,r=
√% √%
𝐹𝐵 𝐷𝐶 𝐸𝐴
Area = √3 sq.
Routh Theorem: unit.

• All angle bisectors, all medians,

all ^ bisectors & all altitudes are
same.

• All 4 types of center are on same

point.

• If length of perpendiculars on
sides from any point inside the
equilateral are P1, P2 and P3.
If in ∆ABC, points D, E and F lie on
Then, side is given by :-
segments BC, CA and AB, then writing –

𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐹
= 𝑥 ; = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝑧
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹
The area of the triangle formed by the
cevians AD, BE and CF is:

= area of ∆ABC ×
(./0$-)0 2
6(./,/,-)(/0,0,-)(0.,.,-)7 𝑎= (𝑃! + 𝑃" + 𝑃# )
√3
Standard Equilateral Triangle => P1+ P2+ P3 = h
:- Right angled Triangle :-
"
Perimeter = 3a • Area = ´ p ´ b
!
)568'
√2 " • r=
Area = 𝑎 '
!
3 • R=
!
√2
height = " a • 2(r + R) = p +b
%
R= , • Area of triangle =
√2
% s(s – hypotenuse)
r =" 2
√ Area of triangle = s(s - 2R) or
Area of triangle = s(s - 2m) {m is the
area(circumcircle) : area(incircle) shortest median}
=4:1
• If, Area = 6 sq. unit
and Perimeter = 12
units, then
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
r = 1 unit, R = 2.5 unit
• For isosceles triangle :-
R:r=5:2
4²
• Special right angled triangle: - height; h = !@
circumradius;
4!
R=
√<4! 86 !
b =

4
@ A(2𝑅 + 𝑎)(2𝑅 − 𝑎)

Mass Point Geometry:-

m₁x = m₂y
𝑚! 𝑥
=
𝑚" 𝑦
Let’s take an example to understand -

Q. In a ∆ABC, side BC is divided by D in

the ratio of 5:2 and BA is divided by E in
• Pythagoras triplets for right angled a ratio 3:4 as shown in the figure. Find
triangle :- the ratios in which F divides the cevians
We can generate by using these AD & CE i.e.,EF:FC = ?,DF:FA = ?
2m, m2 + 1, m2 – 1
2xy, x2 + y2, x2 – y2
(3, 4, 5)
(6, 8, 10)
(5, 12, 13)
(7, 24, 25)
(8, 15, 17) Sol.

(9, 40, 41) Step-1: In order to

(11, 60, 61) have D as the
(12, 35, 37) balancing point of
(13, 84, 85) BC.
(16, 63, 65)
(20, 21, 29) We assign a mass
of 2 kg to B and 5
• Isosceles-right triangle :- kg to C.
P = perimeter = a(2+√2)
"
area = ! a2
9!
= !(;5<√!) Step-2: Now mass at D-
)!
= <
(3 − 2√2)
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
2kg +5kg=7kg, i.e.,7kg at D. • If d1,d2 are the
diagonals :
"
area = ! d1 d2 sinq
where q is the angle at
which diagonals
intersect.
• If diagonals intersect at 90°.
𝐴𝐵! + 𝐶𝐷! = 𝐵𝐶 ! + 𝐴𝐷²

Step-3: Now on side AB, to have E as a • If a circle touches all

balancing point, we assign weight on A the sides of quad.
A
ABCD, then
= 2 × < 𝑘𝑔 Sum of opposite
A sides is equal.
= 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐴
! => AB+CD = BC + AD

• O is the center of the

circle,
(Not the intersection point of
diagonals),then
=>ÐAOB + ÐCOD = ÐDOA + ÐBOC

• Cyclic quadrilateral :-
Step-4: Now mass at E. If all the vertex of quadrilateral are
A on the circle,
= a2 + !b 𝑘𝑔
Quadrilateral is
B called cyclic
= 𝑘𝑔
! Here, ÐA + ÐC = 180°
Step-5: Now the ratio of DF:FA to have F ÐB + ÐD = 180°
AC ´ BD = AB ´ CD +
as balancing point
BC ´ AD
A
DF : FA = : 7 = 3:14
!
• If one diagonal
B
And, EF : FC = 5: ! = 10:7 bisects other:
D DPC ~ D APB
3 Quadrilateral :- D DPA ~ D CPB

• ÐA + ÐB + ÐC + ÐD = 360° AB ´ AD = BC ´ CD
• Area(ABCD) =
"
AC(h1 + h2) • Quadrilateral
!
• If four sides formed by joining
a, b, c and d the mid-points of
are given, the pairs of
then consecutive sides of
area(ABCD) = a quadrilateral is a
A(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) parallelogram.
where, s =
456575C PQRS is a || gm.
!
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Rectangle :- • area(AOB) = area(BOC) =
"
AB = DC;AD = BC; AC = BD area(COD) = area(DOA) = < a2
ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = ÐD = 90° • R = OA = OC &
OM = r
4√! 4
=> R : r = :!
!
= √2 : 1

• Diagonals AC & BD bisect each

other.
Parallelogram :-
• Diagonals divide rectangle into • AB || CD; AB = CD
four equal parts. • BC || AD; AD = BC
• area(DABC) = area(D BCD) = • ÐA = ÐC; ÐB = ÐD
"
area(D ABD) = area(D ACD) = (D • ÐA + ÐB = ÐC + ÐD
!
= ÐC + ÐB = ÐA +
ABCD)
ÐD = 180°
• area(D OAB) = area(D OBC) =
• AC ¹ BD, but bisect each other.
area(D OCD) = area(DOAD) =
" • area of D ABC = D BCD = D ABD =
(ABCD) "
< D ACD = (ABCD)
If P is any !
• area(D AOB) = area(D BOC) =
point inside "
area(DCOD) = area(D DOA) =
the <

rectangle. area(ABCD)
AP2 + CP2 = BP2 + PD2 • area(ABCD) = height ´ base
• Quadrilateral formed by joining • area( ||gm ABCD) = AD ´ AB sin
the mid- ÐDAB
points of In a ||gm, the bisectors
the of any two consecutive
consecutive angles intersect at right
sides of a angle.
rectangle is a rhombus. ÐAPB = 90°

Square :- ii) The angle bisectors of

a parallelogram form
• AB = BC= CD = DA = a
a rectangle.
PQRS is a rectangle.

iii) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its

opposite sides are equal.

iv) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its

• ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = ÐD = 90° opposite angles are equal.
• AC = BD = a√2
v) If diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect
• area = a2
each other, then the quadrilateral is a ||
• Diagonals bisect each other at 90°
gm.
• O is mid point of diagonals.
• Square has all the properties of
rectangle.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
vi) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if its xii) If A, B, C and D are the midpoints of PS,
one pair of opposite sides are equal PQ, QR & RS respectively, then
"
and parallel. Area ( || gm ABCD) = < area
(PQRS)
vii) If the diagonals of a || gm are equal and "
(ABCD) Perimeter = !(PQRS)
intersect at 90°, the || gm is a square.

viii) area of || gm = (s – a) (s – b), where s is

semiperimeter.

ix) If P is any point inside || gm, then

xiii) AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = 2(AB2 + BC2)
= 2[2(BO2 + CO2)]
= (2B0)2 + (2CO)2
= AC2 + BD2
So,å (diagonals)2 =
å(sides)2
Area(D APD) + area(D BPC)
= area(D APB) + area(D PDC)
"
= area( || gm) Rhombus :-
!

• AB = BC = CD
x) If ABCD is a || gm, then
" = DA,
Area of shaded region = ( || gm area)
!

• AC is not
equal to DB,
{but bisect
each other at
90°}

• Diagonals bisect the vertex angle.

"
xi) Area of shaded region = (area of || "
!
• Area = height ´ base = ! ´ d1 ´ d2
gm)
• 4a2 = d12 + d22
"
a = ! 3𝑑" ! + 𝑑! !

• A ||gm is a rhombus if adjacent

sides are equal.

• Diagonal divides the rhombus into

4 congruent right triangles.

• Quadrilateral formed by
mid points of sides of a
rhombus is a rectangle.
Here ABCD is a rhombus.
and PQRS is a rectangle.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
vi) Isosceles trapezium :-
Trapezium :- • ÐA + ÐD = ÐB + ÐC = 180°

i) AB | | CD, ÐA + ÐD = ÐB + ÐC = 180° • ÐA + ÐC =
"
Area = ! h (AB + CD) ÐB + ÐD =

180°

• Isosceles trapezium is a cyclic

quadrilateral

• AC = BD
area
ii) • ÐA = ÐB; ÐC = ÐD
area area
area • AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2AB.CD

iii) 𝐴𝐶 ! = 𝐴𝐷! + 𝐴𝐵. 𝐶𝐷

• Only isosceles trapezium can be

inscribed in a circle.
Kite :-
• Two pair of adjacent
sides will be equal.
• Larger diagonal
• D AOB ~ D COD perpendicularly bisect
the shorter diagonal.
"
• AO ´ DO = CO ´ BO • Area =! d1 ´ d2
• d1, d2 are the diagonals.
• AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2AB.CD • Larger diagonal divides kite in 2
congruent Ds.
• If E & F are the mid points of • A convex kite always inscribes a
diagonals circle.
"
𝐸𝐹 = ! [𝐴𝐵 − 𝐶𝐷]
4 Polygon :-
iv) P is the mid point of AD. • A region bounded by many lines.
Q is the mid point of BC. • Sum of internal angles =
(n – 2) ´ 180°,where n is
the number of sides.
• Sum of external angles of
polygon = 360°
-(-8A)
"
𝑃𝑄 = ! [𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐷] • Number of diagonals =
!
A;E°
• Each internal angle = a180° − b
-
A;E°
D
v) PQ=D5-´longer side(AB) • Each external angle =
-
-
+ D5-´shorter side (DC) ;7<.>7?@A (CDE)
• =
AB<.>7?@A E
Note: m towards
shorter side
(Here, it is CD)
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Regular Polygon :- Regular Hexagon :-
No. Number of sides = 6
Each Int.
of Each å interior angles =
åInt. åExt. ext. :
sides int. 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
720°;
( ) ext. each interior angle =
(n) 𝒏
120°
3 180° 60° 360° 120° 1:2 Each exterior angle
= 60°
4 360° 90° 360° 90° 1:1

5 540° 108° 360° 72° 3:2 • area = 6 ´ area of eq. D

√A A √A
• area = 6 a < 𝑎! b = 𝑎!
!
6 720° 120° 360° 60° 2:1
• Circumradius = a
√A
360° 360° • In-radius = a
7 900° 900°/7 5:2 !
/7 • d1 = AC = EC = AE = FB = BD = DF =
8 1080° 135° 360° 45° 3:1 a√3 {smaller diagonals}

9 1260° 140° 360° 40° 7:2 • d2 = AD = BE = CF = 2a {larger

diagonals}
10 1440° 144° 360° 36° 4:1
• d1 : d2 = √3 : 2
• For standard value, with side = 2,
v General formula for a regular Area 6√3 sq. unit
polygon :- [n-sided] Perimeter = 12
$J p • Area of hexagon, when (d1;smaller
• Area = n % cot "&# diagonal is given)
At n = 3, A=
√A 2
d1
√A !
Area of Equilateral triangle = <
a2 • Area of hexagon when (d2 ;larger
At n = 4, diagonal is given)
Square area = a2 A=
A√A
d22
L
At n = 6,
A √A 2
v Divisions in equal area :-
Area of regular hexagon = !
a
• 3 equal area division :
v Circum radius :-
4 p
Rn = ! cosec aKb

v Inradius :-
4 p
rn = ! cot aKb
• 6 equal area division :
v Side :-
p
a= 2r tan aKb
"LE°
a = 2R sin -

v Area :-
p
= nr2 tan aKb
!p
= nR2 sina b
K

• 6 equal area division :

 Geometry
Theory Sheet
=> Circumcircle : area of hexagon :
Incircle
A√ A 2 A4!
= pa2 : a : p
! <
= 4p : 6√2 : 3p

v Regular Hexagon from equilateral

• 2 equal area division :
D :-
= Area of hexagon :
area of equilateral D
ABC
=6 : 9
=2 : 3
• 12 equal area division :

Regular Octagon :-

• 4 equal area division :

• 24 equal area division :

Octagon area = 1 square + 4
rectangles + 4 triangles
"
= 2 ´ 2 + 4 ´ 2 ´ √2 + 4 ´ ! √2 ´ √2
= 4 + 8√2 + 4
Area = 8(1+√2)
= 2 ´ 22(1+√2)

Area = 2a2(1+√2)

• Side of square ABCD

Special Case- x = a(1+√2)
• Inradius(r) : Circumradius(R) = √3 : 2
• Side of octagon
=> Incircle : a = x (√2-1)
Circumcircle = 3 : 4
' ()*+(-./+0 (2.$0+) !4√"
= ()*+()&&+0 (2.$0+) =
$ !
M!
= 3 + 2√2
4!
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
4! Major arc :-
= 3 - 2√2
M!
A major arc of a circle is the
• Number of collection of points of the circle that
diagonals = lie on or outside a central angle.
20 DC in major arc.

• a (side of
Segment of a circle :-
octagon)
d1 = HF =
Chord PQ
aA2 + √2
divides the
d2 = HE = a(1+√2)
circle into two
d3 = HD = a√2(A2 + √2 ) parts, each
"
d1 : d2 = 2# : A1 + √2 part is called a
segment of
" " $
d1:d2:d3 = 2# : (1 + √2)! : 2# circle.

• Segment containing minor arc is

called minor segment
5 Circle :-
• Segment containing major arc is
"A circle is
called major segment
the locus of
a point
• The major and minor segments of a
which
circle are called the alternate
moves in a
segments of each other.
plane in
such a way
• The perpendicular
that its
from the centre of a
distance from a given fixed point in
circle to a chord
the plane is always constant"
bisects the chord.
Ø OB = OA = radius
Ø AB is diameter.
Ø Diameter = 2 ´ radius • There is one and only
Ø CD is chord. one circle passing through 3 non-
Ø CR is secant line. collinear points.
Ø AB is the largest chord.
ARC : A continuous piece of a circle • Equal chords of a
is called an arc of the circle. CD is circle are
an arc. equidistant from
centre.
Minor arc :-
A minor arc of a circle in the
collection of those points of the
circle that lie on or inside a central
angle. • Equal chords of a circle subtend
CD is minor arc. equal angles at centre.
DC is major arc.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
• 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 × 𝑃𝐷

• If a chord
subtends 2q at • 𝑃𝑇 ! = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵
centre of a
circle, it will
subtend q at
circumference.

• Any chord
subtends equal
• Tangent
angle at
point
circumference
in the same
segment.

• Angle in
semicircle is 90°

"
• ∠𝐴𝑃𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝑃𝐷 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)
!

Alternate segment Theorem :-

The angle between a chord and a
tangent through one of the end
points of
the chord is
equal to the
angle in the
alternate
segment.

"
• ÐAPC =! |𝑦 − 𝑥|
• 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 × 𝑃𝐷
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Tangents from external points
:- For Externally touching circles
PA = PB :-
Here, D OPA @ D OPB PQ = 2√𝑟" 𝑟! ,
PM = MQ = MR = √𝑟" 𝑟!

Direct common tangent :-

Here, length of uuuuuu
𝐶" 𝐶! = d
DCT = A𝑑! − (𝑟" − 𝑟! )!
• PAC1 ~ D PBC2 ~ D PCC3
!√#F #: (1 ,(0
=
!$#: #G (0 ,(2
r22 = r1r3
𝑟! = A𝑟" 𝑟A

• r1, r2, r3, r4… are in GP.

r2 = A𝑟" 𝑟A

Transverse common tangent :-

TCT = A𝑑! − (𝑟" + 𝑟! )!
Here, d > (𝑟" + 𝑟! )

• When two circles are away,

Maximum number of tangents = 4
Minimum number of tangents = 0

• When two circles touch externally,

Maximum number of tangents = 3
Minimum number of tangents = 1

• When two circles cut each other :-

Maximum number of tangents = 2
Minimum number of tangents = 0
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
PQ + QM = PR + RM
• When two circles touch internally,
Maximum number of tangents = 1
Minimum number of tangents = 1

• PA = PB, AQ = QB, PQ ^ AB
4 ´ N
D PAQ @ D PBQ such that PA = 6
D PAO @ D PBO
ÐAOP = ÐBOP
• Perimeter of D PQR = PA + PB

• in fig., if l || m, then Ð DOE = 90°

• ∠𝑃𝐴𝑄 + ∠𝑃𝐵𝑄 = 180°

• Perimeter of
DABC = 2(x + y
+ z)
• AB + CD = AC +
BD
• AF + BD + CE
= AE + CD + BF
"
= !(Perimeter
of DABC)
2 2 2
• PQ = XY - AB

" " "

• = + ,where a,b,c are radii
√7 √4 √6

• PA = PB,QA = QM & RM = RB
So, PQ + QA = PR + RB
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
• Radius of the
smaller circle
4
:- • r = ";
!
a=a − 1b 𝑟
√A
• Radius of
larger circle
(outer circle)
!
b=a + 1b 𝑟 • r=;
4
√A

• 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 2𝑟

• a = √2 − 1)𝑟 • r=
A4

{smaller L

circle}
b = (√2+1)r
{outer circle}
• If two chords of a circle of lengths 2a
and 2b are mutually perpendicular
and the distance of the point at
which the chords intersect from the
centre of the circle is c.

then radius of circle ‘r’ is given by,

• r = (√2 – 1)R 6$J 47J 48²
r=
"

• r = (√2 − 1)! a
r = (3 − 2√2)a

4
• r = (√2 − 1)! !