LEARNING OUTCOME NO.

1:
OBEY TRAFFIC SIGNS AND ROAD MARKERS

Contents:
1. Traffic signs and symbols
2. Road markers

Assessment Criteria
 Traffic signs and road markers are identified and followed in
accordance with concerned traffic authorities.

Conditions

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1. Light Vehicle
2. Ample space with traffic signs and symbols for driving and
maneuvering the vehicle, persons to act as passengers and traffic
enforcer
3. Well lighted and ventilated room with table and chairs for
written/oral assessment

Assessment Methods:

1. Interview
2. Demonstration
3. Written test

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
Obeying and Page 1 of
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 Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome No.1:
Obey Traffic Signs and Road Markers
Learning Activities Special Instructions
 Read Information Sheet 3.1-1 Read and understand the
“Traffic signs and symbols” information sheet provided and
 Answer Self-Check 3.1-1 browse to internet for more sample
guide. Check yourself by answering
 Compare answer with Answer Key the self-check and by performing
3.1-1 the task sheet. You must complete
all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.
 Read Information Sheet 3.1-2 Read and understand the
“Road Markers” information sheet and task sheet in
order to generate a correct and
concrete result. Browse to internet
for more video sample/tutorials
guide. Check yourself by answering
the self-check and by performing
the task sheet. You must complete
all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.
 Answer Self-Check 3.1-2

 Compare answer with Answer Key

3.1-2

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 Information Sheet 3.1-1
Traffic Signs and Symbols

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to understand
traffic signs correctly and properly according to their shape and color.

INTRODUCTION
To get a DRIVER'S LICENSE in the Philippines, you need to pass
the LTO (Land Transportation Office) Driver's License Exam. And part of
that exam is identifying the traffic signs and road signs in the Philippines. If
you want to pass the exam and get a high score, you need to study the
common traffic/road signs in the Philippines. These traffic signs are the
signs that you see erected at the side or above the road. Be aware of these
signs when you drive or travel in the road.

Traffic Signs

Traffic signs provide a very important role in traffic rules and

regulations, their enforcement and control. In fact, as a whole, the drivers to
understand, interpret and obey traffic signs correctly and properly is the
essence “ROAD DISCIPLINE”. Most violations consist of conscious disregard
of failure to act in accordance to the message being conveyed by traffic
signs.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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 Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03
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Purpose of Traffic Signs

Traffic signs are devices place along, beside, or above a highway,

roadway, pathway, or other route to guide, warn, and regulate the flow of
traffic, including motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, equestrians, and
other travellers. They are placed where necessary for safety and proper
regulations of traffic.

Standard Sign Colours and Their meanings

Red – exclusively for STOP and YIELD signs, multiway supplemental plates,
DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs, for legend or symbols on certain
regulatory signs.

Black – used as background for ONE WAY, night speed limit, and inspection
station signs, and as message colour on signs with white, yellow, or orange
background.

Orange – used as background colour for construction and maintenance

signs.

Yellow - used as background colour for warning signs (except construction

and maintenance signs), and school crossing warning signs.

Brown – used as background colour for guide and information signs related
to points of recreational or cultural interest.

Green – used as background colour for guide signs and mileposts, and as a
message colour on permissive regulation and parking signs.

Blue – used as background colour for informative signs and route marker.

Standard Signs Shapes and Their meanings

Traffic signs convey information to travellers through their shape,

colour, message, and placement.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Standard sign shapes and their respective meanings:

Octagon – exclusively for STOP signs

Equilateral Triangle, Pointing down – exclusively for YIELD signs

Circle – for REGULATORY signs

Pennant – for NO PASSING ZONE signs

Rectangle – used for INFORMATIVE signs

Square / Rectangle (horizontal) – used for GUIDE signs

Trapezoid – used for RECREATIONAL AREA GUIDE signs

Pentagon – used for SCHOOL WARNING signs

Crossbuck – used for RAILROAD CROSSING signs

Types and Meanings of Traffic Signs

1. INFORMATIVE SIGNS

Informative signs are intended to guide road users while they are
travelling and to provide them with other useful information.

Shape : rectangle or circle

Colour : blue background with black or white markings

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2. DIRECTIONAL SIGNS

Directional signs give spatial or directional instructions for the driver

to take..

Shape : circle
Colour : blue background with white markings

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3. REGULATORY SIGNS

These signs are intended to inform road users of special obligation – to

actually perform or not perform a specified act.

Shape : circle
Colour : red border with white background and black markings

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03
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4. DANGER / WARNING SIGNS

Danger warning signs are intended to warn road users of a danger on

the road and to inform of its nature.

Shape : triangle
Colour : red border with black markings

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 SELF-CHECK 3.1-1
MULTIPLE CHOICE and Identification

Directions: Select the best and most probable answer for each number,
write the answer on your answer sheet.

1. Signs that gives direction to the driver.

a. Directional sign b. Regulatory sign c. Danger sign d. All of
the above
2. Traffic signs provide a very important role in traffic rules and
regulations, their enforcement and control.

a. Traffic signs b. Road markings c. Traffic light d. all of the

above
3. Used for RECREATIONAL AREA GUIDE signs

a. Trapezoid b. Square c. Circle d. octagon

4. Used for SCHOOL WARNING signs

a. Pentagon b. Triangle c. Circle d. Rectangle

5. What is the color used for warning signs

a. Blue b. green c. black d. red border with black

markings

6. 7. 8.

9. 10.
Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03
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 ANSWER KEY 3.1-1

MULTIPLE CHOICE and Identification

1. A
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. No u turn
7. Men at work
8. Traffic light ahead
9. Maximum speed limit
10. Do Not Enter

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 Information Sheet 3.1-2
Road Markers
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to understand
the road markers and their meanings.

INTRODUCTION
Reading road markings is an important skill for new drivers, yet it's
one that even veteran drivers seem to lack. Perhaps it's because our road
signage and markings seem to be in a perpetual state of flux, and even the
authorities painting them often seem puzzled by where they should actually
go.

Road marking is any kind of device or material that is used on

a road surface in order to convey official information; they are commonly
placed with road marking machines (or road marking equipment,
pavement marking equipment).

Solid white shoulder line

This denotes the edge of the roadway. Any asphalt or concrete surface
beyond this line should not be used during the normal operation of your
vehicle.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Diagonal white lines
An area filled with diagonal white lines and bordered by solid white
lines is not considered part of the roadway, and vehicles are expected to stay
off unless there is an emergency. These areas are often used to ease the flow
of traffic where roads diverge or intersect.

Broken white center line or lane divider

This denotes the center of a two-lane road, or marks the division
between lanes on multi-lane roads. It is a reminder to stay in your lane.
Straddling the line is illegal and punishable under the law. As the line is
“broken,” however, this means it is legal to cross it when overtaking or
changing lanes. Bear in mind that vehicles continuing in a straight line
within their lane automatically have right of way, so wait your turn.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Solid white center line
This is often used to divide traffic on a two-way multi-lane road. As
this is a solid line, you are discouraged from overtaking over it unless the
way is absolutely clear.

Solid white double center line

You are forbidden from overtaking over this line, but you may make
left turns over it, provided the way is clear. Remember, however, that
oncoming traffic still automatically has right of way .
 

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Solid yellow double center line
 As we noted a while back, this line indicates that it is unsafe to
overtake at any time. It is often found around blind curves or in areas where
fast-moving two-way traffic meets on an undivided road

Mixed center line/solid yellow with broken yellow or white line

  This indicates that only one side can overtake--the side with the
broken line. This is often found entering curves where the view is obstructed
coming from one direction, but is clear from the opposite side.  

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Solid white lane divider
These are often found near intersections, and are reminders to stay in
lane. As a practice, if you're turning at an intersection, it's best to get into
the turning lane 50m before the intersection, while the lane divider is still
broken.

Directional arrows
When combined with solid white lane dividers, they indicate which
directions you are allowed to go within a lane. If the arrow points forward
only, you cannot make a turn from that lane. If it points forward and to the
side, you can either go straight or turn. If it points only to the side, you
must turn within that lane. Ignoring these arrows might just get you a
ticket, or worse, get you into an accident.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Broken blue lane divider
This indicates the motorbike lane along major thoroughfares. The
broken line indicates that you can move into and out of it, but the lane is
preferentially for motorbikes.

Solid yellow lane divider

This indicates the bus lane on EDSA, but can also be used to indicate
bicycle lanes in some areas. Bicycle lanes may also be indicated by solid
white lines on the side of the road.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Broken yellow lane divider
 This indicates areas where you can merge into the bus lane in preparation
for turning off EDSA.

Mixed double lane divider/solid yellow with broken yellow or white line
This indicates that traffic on the solid yellow side cannot cross lanes,
while traffic on the other side may do so if the way is clear. This is often
used where smaller arteries merge into main roads or where feeder roads
merge onto the highway.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Rumble strips
These tightly spaced horizontal white lines not only give your car's
suspension a bit of a workout, they also indicate hazards ahead, such as
dangerous curves or merging traffic.

Solid white horizontal line

This indicates where you must stop at a stoplight or stop sign.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Zebra crossing
This indicates a pedestrian crossing zone. Stopping over this at a red
light is a traffic violation, so make sure to pay attention to those light timers.

The yellow box

This box indicates the part of the intersection that must--by law--be
kept open at all times. Even if you have a green light, if the traffic is stopped
on the other side ahead, it's best to wait until there's enough space for you
to clear the yellow box. Even in the absence of a light, the yellow box must
be kept clear.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 SELF-CHECK 3.1-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE/IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Select the best and most probable answer for each number,
write the answer on your answer sheet.
1. This box indicates the part of the intersection that must--by law--be
kept open at all times.

a. The yellow box b. Solid box c. Zebra d. Crossing

2. This indicates where you must stop at a stoplight or stop sign.
a. Solid white horizontal line
b. Solid yellow
c. Crossing
d. The yellow box
3. Any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order
to convey official information

a. Road markings b. traffic signs c. Traffic lights d. All of the above

4. These tightly spaced horizontal white lines not only give your car's
suspension a bit of a workout, they also indicate hazards ahead, such
as dangerous curves or merging traffic.
a. Rumbling strips
b. Pedestrian crossing
c. Warning sign
d. All of the above
5. This indicates the motorbike lane along major thoroughfares. get a
good night's sleep before heading off on a long trip
a. Broken blue road divider
b. Solid white road divider
c. Broken yellow
d. All of the above

6. 7. 8.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.1-2

MULTIPLE CHOICES/IDENTIFICATION

1. A
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. Solid white shoulder line
7. Diagonal white lines
8. Solid white center line

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2
OBEY TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATIONS

Contents:
1. Traffic rules and regulations
2. Traffic violations and penalties

Assessment Criteria
1. Traffic rules and regulations are identified and followed in accordance
with concerned traffic authorities.
2. License and registrations are maintained as prescribed by law.
3. Driver outfit/attire is worn as prescribed by law.

Conditions
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
1. Light Vehicle
2. Ample space with traffic signs and symbols for driving and
maneuvering the vehicle, persons to act as passengers and traffic
enforcer
3. Well lighted and ventilated room with table and chairs for
written/oral assessment

Assessment Methods:

1. Interview
2. Written test
3. Demonstration

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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 Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03
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 Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 2
Obey traffic rules and regulations

Learning Activities Special Instructions

 Read information sheet 3.2-1 Read and understand the
“Traffic rules and regulations” information sheet provided and
browse to internet for more sample
guide. Check yourself by answering
the self-check and by performing
the task sheet. You must complete
all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.
 Answer self check 3.2-1 Read and understand the
information sheet provided and
 Compare with answer key 3.2-1 browse to internet for more sample
guide. Check yourself by answering
 Read information sheet 3.2-2 the self-check and by performing
“Traffic violations and the task sheet. You must complete
penalties” all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.
 Answer self check 3.2-2

 Compare with answer key 3.2-2

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 Information Sheet 3.2-1
Traffic Rules and Regulations

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to understand

the important of traffic rules and regulation before driving a vehicle.

INTRODUCTION

Traffic laws are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles,

while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may
have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic.

ROAD RIGHT OF WAY

First Time Vehicle Rule

All intersections without “stop” or “yield” signs, slow down and
prepare to stop. Yield to the vehicles already in the intersection or about to
enter it.

Same Time Vehicle Rule

All intersections without “stop” or “yield” signs, yield to the vehicle on
your right if it has reached the intersection as the same time as your vehicle.

Stop Signs
Stop at any limit line or crosswalk. Yield to all approaching vehicles
on the through street, go only when it is safe for you to cross. Approaching
vehicles should slow down and allow you to get across safely.

Left Turn
Signal left turn and yield to approaching traffic until it is completely
safe to finish the turn.

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Rotunda
Vehicles around the rotunda have the right of way over vehicles which
are just about to enter.

Merging with Traffic

When entering a highway from a driveway, yield the right of way to
traffic on the highway. Never insist on taking the right of way if the drivers
are not following the rules. Let them have the right of way even if it belongs
to you to prevent possible accidents. However do not always insist on other
going ahead of you, the slowing and stopping may delay the flow of traffic.

Exception to the Right of Way Rule

a. The driver of a vehicle entering a highway from a private road or
driveway shall yield the right of way to all vehicles approaching on
such a highway.
b. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of way to
police or fire department vehicles and ambulances when such vehicles
are operated on official business and the drivers thereof sound audible
signal of their approach.
c. The driver of a vehicle entering a through highway or a stop
intersection shall yield the right of way to all vehicles approaching in
either direction on such through highway. Provided that nothing in
this subsection shall be construed as relieving the driver of any
vehicle being operated on a through highway from the duty of driving
with due regard for the safety of vehicle entering such through
highway nor as protecting the said driver from the consequence of an
arbitrary exercise of such right of way.

Yield Sign
When you approach a corner marked with a yield sign or a flashing
yellow light, follow this rule:
The driver of a vehicle approaching a yield sign shall, in obedience to
such sign, slow down to a speed reasonable for the existing conditions and
shall yield the right of way to any vehicle in the intersection or approaching
on another highway so closely as to constitute a hazard during the time
such driver is moving across or within the intersection.

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Stop Sign
A flashing red light means the as a stop sign.
Except when directed to proceed by a police officer or traffic control
signal, every driver of a vehicle approaching a stop intersection indicated by
a stop sign shall stop as required and, after having stopped, shall yield the
right of way to any vehicle which has entered the intersection from another
highway or which is approaching so closely on said highway as to constitute
an immediate hazard during the time such driver is moving across or within
the intersection.

Intersection Equipped with Traffic Signals

At regulated intersections, obey the instructions of any official traffic
control device applicable to the intersection.

Overtaking and Passing

The law places the responsibility on the driver of the passing car. If
the driver makes mistakes in passing/overtaking, that driver is held liable.

Three important points to remember in passing:

1. It is illegal to speed up when being passed. Continue at the same
speed, or reduce your speed.
2. Help other drivers to pass safely. Move to the right side of your lane to
give the other driver more room and better view ahead.
3. Show the passing driver the same courtesy that you would expect
from other drivers.

When Not To Pass:

1. At no passing zone marked by signs or by solid yellow line lanes or
double solid yellow lines which indicates no passing.
2. On blind curves where you would not able to see upcoming cars.
Always in your own lane on any curve, out of the way of oncoming
traffic.
3. On going uphill, passing is not allowed from 700 to 1000 feet from the
top of a hill.

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4. At intersections or railroad crossings where other vehicles or
pedestrians may suddenly appear or unless such intersection is
controlled by traffic signal.
5. Near a bridge or underpass that may cut off a road shoulder. You or
the car passed might need to use the shoulder road in case emergency
arises.

TURNING
In turning, obey traffic signs and signals and yield the right of way to
pedestrians and vehicles in the intersection.
Give the signal before making turns changing lanes or moving right or
left to warn motorists about the intention of getting the right position on the
road.

Points to Remember In Making Turns:

1. Reduce speed in anticipation of making turn.
2. Look behind and on both sides to see where other vehicles maybe
before changing lanes, then signal intention.
3. Move into the proper lane as soon as possible. The faster the traffic is
moving, the sooner reaching for the proper lane for making turn.

RIGHT TURN
Turn into the right hand lane when entering a roadway. Check traffic
approaching from the left. Follow the general curve of the curb while making
the right turn. Stay as close as possible to the curb.

LEFT TURN
Point the wheels straight ahead until actually starting to turn.
Complete the turn into any lane that is lawfully open. Look behind for traffic
and check for blind spot. When the way is clear, move into the left-hand
lane keeping immediately to the right of the centerline. Make left turn from
right of point where the centerline meets the intersecting street.

U – TURNS
U – turns are hazardous and are prohibited in some areas. When
doing “U” turns, start turning from the extreme right side of the roadway.
Check for traffic on both direction and make the proper turn signal. When
the way is clear, turn the steering wheel sharply to the left while moving
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slowly forward. When the wheels are turned completely left, continue driving
forward slowly until close to the left curb or edge of roadway.

PARKING / BACKING
A motor vehicle is considered parked after a full stop on the shoulder
of the road or in a parking lot, with the engine and ignition stopped and
handbrake on.
Places Where Parking is Prohibited:
1. Parking is prohibited in a highway in such a manner as to obstruct.
a. A side walk
b. A crosswalk
c. An entrance to the highway to or from a private road or lane
d. An entrance – way for vehicles to pass between the highway and
land adjoining the highway.
2. Within three meters of a point at the edge of the roadway.
3. Within four meters nearest a fire hydrant.
4. On or within 100 meters of a bridge, over or under or cross the
highway.
5. Within 10 meters of the nearest rail or railway crossing.
6. In any area where signs prohibiting parking are displayed.
7. Within an intersection on a highway or if the intersection is controlled
by a traffic signal.
8. Within six meters of a point at the edge of the roadway and nearest to
a public entrance to a hotel, theater or public hall while open to the
public.
9. On all places where “no parking” signs are posted.

PARKING ON HILLS
When a car is parked on a hill, take precautions to make sure it stays
there. A car not properly parked on a hill could roll down.

PARKING HEADED UPHILL

When parking headed uphill, turn front wheels from the curb and let
your vehicle roll back few inches until the rear of one front wheel gently
touches the curb. Then set the parking brake. If there is no curb, turn the
wheels towards the side of the road so the car will not roll away from the
center of the road if the brake fails.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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Regulations
PARKING HEADED DOWNHILL

When parking headed downhill, turn front wheels into the curb or
toward the side of the road. When parking on a sloping driveway, turn the
wheels so that the car will not roll into the street if the brake fails. Always
set parking brakes. Leave the vehicle in gear.

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 SELF CHECK 3.2-1
Essay
Instruction: explain the following sentences.

1. When parking downhill with a curb, you must:

2. Whenever you park, remember to:

3. When parking uphill with a curb, you should:

4. If you are backing out a driveway, always drive back into the:

5. If the driver is turning left, he must:

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 ANSWER KEY 3.2-1

ESSAY
1. Turn your wheels to curb
2. Turn off the engine and engage the hand brake
3. Turn wheels from the curb
4. Nearest lane
5. Yield to approaching cars

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.2-2
Traffic Violations and Penalties

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able: to
1. Know different traffic violations and fines based on LTO.

Introduction
Anong violation ko?

That is a common defense mechanism of most drivers who go against

road rules but would like to dodge fines and penalties.  Does it work?  Well,
sometimes it does (with the help of a few hundred bucks).  But most of the
time, traffic enforcers choose to slap you with a ticket and worse, confiscate
your driver’s license.

Being apprehended for a traffic violation is not such a bad thing.  We

all need to learn a lesson or two in order not to commit the same errors in
the future, don’t we?  What’s not good about the whole ticket-
tubos hullabaloo is when the erring driver is made to pay more than what
the law prescribed for his violation.  Has this happened to you before?
Arguing with corrupt enforcers will not get you anywhere.  Unless you know
better than them, you will always end up on the losing end.  So to help
drivers avoid paying more than what their violation requires, we researched
on the LTO-approved rates for traffic and administrative violations’ fines and
penalties.

Remember, knowledge is power.

The Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)

Kagawarán ng Transportasyón at Komunikasyón promulgated a Joint
Administrative Order No. 2014-01 dated June 02, 2014 to the Land
Transportation Office (Tanggapan ng Transportasyong-Lupa-LTO) for
implementation of the revised schedule of fines & penalties for violations of
laws, rules, regulations governing land transportation services as follows; 

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LTO Fines and Penalties

Based on DOTC JAO NO. 2014-01

VIOLATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH

LICENSING

DRIVING WITHOUT A VALID Php 3,000.00

DRIVER’S LICENSE/CONDUCTOR’S
PERMIT

DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE USED Php 10,000.00

IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME
UPON CONVICTION BY A REGULAR
COURT OF COMPETENT
JURISDICTION

COMMISSION OF A CRIME IN THE Php 10,000.00

COURSE OF APPREHENSION UPON
CONVICTION BY A REGULAR COURT
OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION

DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE

UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS
AND/OR SIMILAR SUBSTANCE
UPON FINAL CONVICTION BY A
REGULAR COURT OF COMPETENT
JURISDICTION (SECTION 12, R.A.
10586)

RECKLESS DRIVING First offense – Php

2,000.00
Second offense – Php
3,000.00
Subsequent offense –
Php 10,000.00

SUBMISSION OF FAKE DOCUMENTS Php 3,000.00

IN RELATION TO THE APPLICATION
FOR A DRIVER’S LICENSE (NEW/
RENEWAL)

FAILURE TO WEAR SEAT BELT First offense – Php

DEVICE THE PRESCRIBED 1,000.00
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 Second offense – Php
2,000.00
Third offense – Php
5,000.00

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 FAILURE TO WEAR THE STANDARD PROTECTIVE First
MOTORCYCLE HELMET OR FAILURE TO offense –
REQUIRE THE BACK RIDER TO WEAR THE Php
STANDARD PROTECTIVE MOTORCYCLE HELMET, 1,500.00
UNDER R.A. 10054 Second
offense –
Php
3,000.00
Third
offense –
Php
5,000.00

FAILURE TO CARRY DRIVER’S LICENSE, Php

CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION OR OFFICIAL ‘ 1,000 00
RECEIPT WHILE DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE

ALL OTHER VIOLATIONS OF TRAFFIC RULES AND Php

REGULATIONS 1,000.00

This includes the following traffic violations:

1. Parking

1. In an intersection

2. Within 5 meters of the intersection

3. 4 meters from the driveway entrance

4. Within 4 meters from a fire hydrant

5. In front of a private driveway

6. On the roadway side of any unmoving or parked

MV at the curb or edge of the highway

7. At any place where signs of prohibitions have been

installed

8. Disregarding Traffic Signs

9. Allowing passengers on top or cover of a motor

vehicle except in a truck helper

10. Failure to provide canvass cover to cargos or

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 freight of trucks requiring the same

11. Permitting passenger to ride on running board,

step board or mudguard of MV while the same in
motion.

12. Failure to dim headlights when approaching

another motor vehicle

13. Driving in a place not intended for traffic or into

place not allowed for parking

14. Hitching or permitting a person or a bicycle,

motorcycle, tricycle or skate roller to hitch to a
motor vehicle

15. Driving against traffic- failure to pass to the

right when meeting persons or vehicles coming
towards him

16. Illegal turn- failure to conduct the motor vehicle

to the right of the intersection of the highway when
turning to the left in going from one highway to
another.

17. Illegal overtaking- failure to pass to the left

when overtaking persons or vehicles going to the
same direction except when there are two or more
lanes for the movement of traffic in one direction

18. Overtaking at unsafe distance- failure to pass at

a safe distance to the left of another motor vehicle
when overtaking that vehicle

19. Cutting an overtaken vehicle- driving to the right

side of the highway after overtaking before his
motor vehicle is safely clear of such overtaken
vehicle.

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20. Failure to give way to an overtaking vehicle
failure to give way to another vehicle approaching
from the rear that wishes to overtake his vehicle
when the former has given suitable and audible
signal.

21. Increasing speed when being overtaken

increasing the speed of the motor vehicle before the
overtaking vehicle has completely passed.

22. Overtaking when left side is not visible or clear

of oncoming traffic- driving to the left side of the
center line of a highway in overtaking or passing
another vehicle proceeding in the same direction
where the left side is not clearly visible and is not
free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance to
pass in safely.

23. Overtaking upon a crest of a grade overtaking or

passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction when approaching the crest of a grade.

24. Overtaking upon a curve- overtaking or passing

another vehicle proceeding in the same direction
upon a curve in a highway where the driver’s view
along the highway is obstructed within a distance
of 500 feet ahead.

25. Overtaking at any railway grade crossing

overtaking or passing another vehicle proceeding in
the same direction at any railway grade crossing.

26. Overtaking at an intersection- overtaking or

passing another vehicle in the same direction at
any intersection of highways except on a highway
having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in
one direction where the driver of a vehicle may
overtake another vehicle on the right.
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27. Overtaking on “men working” or “caution” signs-
overtaking or passing or attempting to overtake or
pass another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction between warning or caution signs
indicating that men are working on a highway.

28. Overtaking at no overtaking zone overtaking or

passing or attempting to overtake or pass another
vehicle proceeding in the same direction in any “no
passing or overtaking” zone.
29. Failure to yield the right of way- failure of the
vehicle on the left to yield the right of way to the
vehicle on the right when these vehicles approach
or enter an intersection at approximately the same
time.

30. Failure to yield the right of way- failure of a

vehicle approaching but not having entered an
intersection to yield the right of way to a vehicle
within such intersection or turning therein to the
left across the line of travel of the first mentioned
vehicle when such vehicle has given a plainly
visible signal of intention to turn.

31. Failure to yield the right of way- failure of the

driver of any vehicle upon a highway within a
business or residential district to yield the right of
way to a pedestrian crossing such highway within a
crosswalk except at intersection where the
movement of traffic is regulated by a peace officer
or by traffic signal.

32. Failure to stop before traversing a “through

highway” or railroad crossing- failure of the driver
of a vehicle upon a highway to bring to a full stop
such vehicle before traversing any “through
highway” or railroad crossing.

33. Failure to yield right of way- failure of a vehicle

entering a highway from a private road or driver
upon a highway to yield the right of way to all
vehicles approaching on such highway.

34. Failure to yield right of way to ambulance, police

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 or fire department vehicles- failure of a driver upon
a highway to yield the right of way to police or fire
department vehicles and ambulances when such
vehicles are operated on official business and the
drivers thereof sound audible signal or their
approach.

35. Failure to yield right of way at a “through

highway” or a “stop intersection”- failure of a
vehicle entering a “through highway” or a “stop
intersection” to yield right of way to all vehicles
approaching in either direction on such “through
highway”.

36. Failure to give proper signal- failure to give the

appropriate signal before starting, stopping or
turning from a direct line.

37. Illegal turn- failure of the driver of a motor

vehicle intending to run to the right at an
intersection to approach such intersection in the
lane for traffic nearest to be right-hand side of the
highway and, in turning, to keep as close as
possible to the right-hand curve or edge of the
highway.

38. Illegal turn- failure of the driver of a vehicle

intending to turn to the left, to approach such
intersection in the lane for traffic to the right of and
nearest to the center line of the highway, and in,
turning to pass to the left of the center of the
intersection except upon highway laned for traffic
and upon one-way highway.

39. Failure to stop motor and notch handbrake of

motor vehicle when unattended- failure to turn off
the ignition switch and stop the motor and notch
effectively the handbrake when parking a motor
vehicle unattended on any highway.

40. Unsafe towing

41. Obstruction- obstructing the free passage of

other vehicles on the highway while discharging or
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 taking passengers or loading and unloading freight,
or driving a motor vehicle in such a manner as to
obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle.

42. MC carrying more passengers other than the

back rider or cargo other than the saddle bags and
luggage carriers.

43. Refusal to render service to the public or convey

passenger to destination.

44. Overcharging/Undercharging of fare.

45. No franchise/Certificate of Public Convenience

or evidence of franchise presented during
apprehension or carried inside the motor vehicle.

46. Fraud and falsities such as presentation of fake

and spurious CPC, OR/CR, plates, stickers and
tags.

47. Operating the unit/s with defective parts and

accessories.

48. Failure to provide fare discount to those entitled

under existing laws and pertinent Memorandum
Circulars of the LTFRB.

49. Fast, tampered, defective taximeter or operating

without or with an old seal taximeter.

50. Tampered, broken, joined, reconnected, fake or

altered sealing wire.

51. No sign board.

52. Pick and Drop of Passengers outside the

terminal.

53. Carrying of illegal and/or prohibited cargoes.

54. Failure to provide fire extinguisher and required

“STOP and GO” signage for use of each vehicle.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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55. Trip cutting.

56. Failure to display fare matrix.

57. Breach of franchise conditions under 2011

Revised Terms and Conditions of CPC not
otherwise herein provided

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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VIOLATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH MOTOR VEHICLE
REGISTRATION/RENEWAL/OPERATION

DRIVING AN UNREGISTERED MOTOR Php 10,000.00

VEHICLE

UNAUTHORIZED MODIFICATION MOTOR Php 5,000.00

VEHICLE

OPERATING A RIGHT HAND DRIVE Php 50,000.00

MOTOR VEHICLE

MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATING WITHOUT Php 5,000.00

OR WITH
DEFECTIVE/IMPROPER/UNAUTHORIZED
ACCESSORIES, DEVICES, EQUIPMENT
AND PARTS

FAILURE TO ATTACH OR IMPROPER Php 5,000.00

ATTACHMENT/TAMPERING OF
AUTHORIZED MOTOR VEHICLE LICENSE
PLATES AND/OR THIRD PLATE STICKER

SMOKE BELCHING (Section 46, R.A. 8749) a) First Offense- a

fine not to exceed
Two Thousand
Pesos
(Php2,000.00)
b) Second
Offense- a fine
not to exceed
Four Thousand
Pesos
(Php4,000.00);
and
c) Third Offense-
one (1) year
suspension of the
Motor Vehicle
Registration
(MVR) and a fine
not more than Six
Thousand Pesos
(Php6,000.00)

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 d) Succeeding
Offense
suspension of MV
Registration for
one (1) year

FRAUD IN RELATION TO THE Php 3,000.00

REGISTRATION OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE
AND/OR ITS RENEWAL

ALL OTHER VIOLATION IN CONNECTION Php 2,000.00

WITH MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION/
RENEWAL/ OPERATION

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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 SELF-CHECK 3.2-2

ENUMERATION
Directions: List down or enumerate what is asked each number.

1. List down atleast 10 violations.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.2-2
ENUMERATION

1. Disregarding Traffic Signs

2. Allowing passengers on top or cover of a motor vehicle except in a

truck helper

3. Failure to provide canvass cover to cargos or freight of trucks

requiring the same

4. Permitting passenger to ride on running board, step board or

mudguard of MV while the same in motion.

5. Failure to dim headlights when approaching another motor vehicle

6. Driving in a place not intended for traffic or into place not allowed for
parking

7. Hitching or permitting a person or a bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle or

skate roller to hitch to a motor vehicle

8. Driving against traffic- failure to pass to the right when meeting

persons or vehicles coming towards him

9. Illegal turn- failure to conduct the motor vehicle to the right of the
intersection of the highway when turning to the left in going from one
highway to another.

10. Illegal overtaking- failure to pass to the left when overtaking

persons or vehicles going to the same direction except when there are
two or more lanes for the movement of traffic in one direction

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3:
PRACTICE ROAD COURTESY

Contents:
1. Driver’s code of ethics

Assessment Criteria
1. Positive work values are demonstrated as per code of ethics of drivers
2. Complaints are responded and handled with respect based on driver's
code of ethics
3. Reminders are conveyed to passengers politely.

Conditions

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1. Light Vehicle
2. Ample space with traffic signs and symbols for driving and
maneuvering the vehicle, persons to act as passengers and traffic
enforcer
3. Well lighted and ventilated room with table and chairs for
written/oral assessment

Assessment Methods:

1. Interview
2. Demonstration
3. Written test

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 Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome No.3:
Practice Road Courtesy

Learning Activities Special Instructions

 Read Information Sheet 3.3-1 Read and understand the
“Driver’s code of ethics” information sheet provided and
browse to internet for more sample
guide. Check yourself by answering
the self-check and by performing
the task sheet. You must complete
all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.
 Answer Self-Check 3.3-1 Read and understand the
information sheet and task sheet in
 Compare answer with Answer Key order to generate a correct and
3.3-1 concrete result. Browse to internet
for more video sample/tutorials
guide. Check yourself by answering
the self-check and by performing
the task sheet. You must complete
all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.

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 Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03
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 Information Sheet 3.3-1
Driver’s Code of Ethics

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

INTRODUCTION

Everybody needs to learn and practice respect for each other's rights
on the road and extend courtesy to everyone so we can have order in our
streets

ROAD COURTESY

A. Other Motorists

1.) Give proper signals to other motorists. It is very vital to signal your
intention of stopping, passing, turning, left or right, or slowing down
to warm other drivers.
2.) In parking, wait for vacant spaces and give consideration to those who
came first. Park orderly to give enough space to those incoming
vehicles who would also be parking.
3.) Extend assistance to other drivers who happen to have vehicle trouble
along the road.
4.) Give way to vehicles who would like to overtake your path, although
you know that you have the right-of-way.
5.) Give proper courtesy to motorcyclists, bicyclists and other road users.
6.) Check your distance with other vehicles. Avoid tail-gaiting.

B. Passengers
Drivers should be courteous and considerate to their passengers.
1.) Be careful while driving. Follow strictly traffic signs and signals to
avoid delay once apprehended.
2.) Do not slam your brakes or press your pedals too hard. Your
passenger might not be able to hold themselves and may smash inside
your vehicle.

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3.) Be sure your passengers have stepped-out of your vehicle safely before
starting to move.
4.) To taxi drivers, be honest to your passengers. Do not drive with fast
meters and always give them their exact change.
5.) Do not smoke while driving.
6.) To public utility or for hire drivers, avoid trip cutting.

The Role of Passengers

1.) Passengers should never do anything to interfere with the driver and
as much as possible do not distract him while he is driving.
2.) In looking for a street name or address, the passenger must assist the
driver and do the searching.
3.) The passenger must handle the paying or change in approaching a toll
booth.
4.) Passengers should discourage the driver from reckless behavior.
5.) If the driver's decision is impaired by anger, alcohol or by any other
reason, the passenger may decide to risk a friendship or may refuse to
ride the car he is driving.

C. Pedestrians
Drivers have special obligations to pedestrians.
1.) Children. They often forget the dangers of traffic when playing
on sidewalks. They run into the street without
thinking. Be alert.
2.) Older People. Them may not see or hear very well and may not
move of the way quickly, so give them time to cross.
3.) Handicapped People.  Visually handicapped people crossing
the roads with white cane are pedestrians. The
same are for persons confined in wheel chairs while
crossing the streets. They should be given the
greatest possible caution and attention. When you
see handicapped people crossing the road, do not
honk your horns.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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DRIVING MANNERS

1. Signal when switching or changing lanes

Signal, as the name implies, is used to send the right information to

the car behind you that you are changing lanes. I agree with TopGear
Philippines’ analysis of a Filipino driver:  “selfish me-first attitude,” because
it happens to us regularly.

The usual scenario is when we signal ahead of time, they gas up (so
we can’t get in). Isn’t that frustrating?!

Is it really hard to flick the switch up or down?

2. Know what crosswalk means and Respect the Pedestrian Lanes 

There are cities like San Juan,that follow this

rule. An ordinance called Pedestrian Safety Ordinance of San Juan City was
approved by the San Juan City Council last 2013. Motorists caught will be
penalized.

While I appreciate your giving us traffic enforcers or people risking

their own lives and act as a human shield for pedestrians to cross smoothly,
wouldn’t it be awesome if all cities have an ordinance like this?

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 Pedestrians, on the other hand, MUST know WHERE and WHEN TO
CROSS! I see people crossing anywhere, even if there’s a footbridge available
for them.

It was built (and paid for) for a reason, so let’s utilize it!

3. Give way to the Village Homeowners

Due to the heavy traffic motorists endure every day, there are villages
that allow vehicles to pass through to ease congestion. For example,
Multinational Village and BF Homes.

While there’s nothing wrong going through these alternative routes, if

you see a car turning into his village, slow down and let him pass.  After all,
that’s the main purpose of having speed bumps. (But, that’s just us, being
defensive drivers)

4. NO to grid locking 

Grid locking in the US is a major violation. You get a ticket as it is

considered a moving violation, so you get a point on your driver’s license
and your insurance goes up.

Clearly, in the Philippines, grid-locking is a sign of selfishness and

foolishness.

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 Honestly, I really don’t get why they block the intersection when
there’s no way out!

5. Fix your brake lights

While driving with proper distance is a mandatory rule, fixing your

brake lights is extremely helpful.  These lights are essential so you won’t get
rear-ended.

Read related article: Netizen Shares Photo of a Truck Driving Along

Coastal Road with a Broken Tail Lights

If I get paid for counting vehicles with broken brake lights or no brake

lights at all, I’d be rich!! 

6. Pull to the side if you need to answer a call or text someone

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7. Learn when to let cars merge 

Sometimes, if not most of the time, when you let one car in, 5 cars try
to get in also.  Hence, let them merge one or two cars at a time.  If there’s no
car behind you, let them merge. Otherwise, go back to my no. 1 courtesy,
which is to switch lanes appropriately.

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 Usually, some drivers signal when they are already in the lane, which
is absolutely rude.

Alternatively, if you are running late, you tend to be an aggressive

driver. So, just try to leave home earlier.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

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8. Be mindful of your speed limit.

I am glad that there are rules now about the speed limit. Please see below:

Cavitex Minimum Speed 60kph

Maximum Speed For Cars 100kph
Maximum Speed For Trucks and Buses 80kph
North Luzon Expressway Minimum Speed 60kph
Maximum Speed For Cars 100kph
Maximum Speed For Trucks and Buses 80kph
Skyway Minimum Speed 60kph
Maximum Speed For Cars 100kph
Maximum Speed For Trucks and Buses 80kph
South Luzon Expressway Minimum Speed 60kph
Maximum Speed For Cars 100kph
Maximum Speed For Trucks and Buses 80kph
STAR Tollway Minimum Speed 60kph
Maximum Speed For Cars 100kph
Maximum Speed For Trucks and Buses 80kph
Subic-Clark-Tarac Expressway Minimum Speed 60kph
Maximum Speed 100kph
Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway Minimum Speed 60kph
Maximum Speed 100kph

The speed limit at Macapagal Blvd is also observed.

However, there are still few who ignore this, especially, motorcycles! As a

result, the number of reckless driving is increasing.

One thing is for sure, we are not all saints. But, we try to pick the lesser of
two evils. There’s no easy way to go about it.

Everything will change, if everyone has the right attitude and discipline.  In
time, driving would be more fun in the Philippines.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
Obeying and Page 60 of
TESDA PTC-
Observing Traffic Prepared by: 72
TESDA Trainers
DN
Rules &
Regulations
 Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03
DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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 Self - Check 3.3-1

True or False/Enumeration

Instruction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the
statement is wrong, write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. Accelerate when someone would like to overtake you.

2. Give proper courtesy to motorcyclists, bicyclists and other road users.
3. Check your distance with other vehicles. Avoid tail-gaiting.
4. To public utility or for hire drivers, avoid trip cutting.
5. Don’t mind of your speed limit.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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 Answer Key 3.3-1

TRUE OR FALSE

1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 4:
RESPECT TRAFFIC ENFORCERS AND OTHER TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT UNIT

Contents:
1. Different traffic enforcers

Assessment Criteria
1. Traffic authority instructions are complied as prescribed by law.
2. Traffic violation tickets/receipts issued by Traffic enforcers are
accepted and appropriate action is taken

Conditions

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1. Light Vehicle
2. Ample space with traffic signs and symbols for driving and
maneuvering the vehicle, persons to act as passengers and traffic
enforcer
3. Well lighted and ventilated room with table and chairs for
written/oral assessment

Assessment Methods:

1. Interview
2. Demonstration
3. Written test

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
Obeying and Page 64 of
TESDA PTC-
Observing Traffic Prepared by: 72
TESDA Trainers
DN
Rules &
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 Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03
DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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 Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome No.3:
Respect Traffic Enforcers and Other Traffic Management Unit

Learning Activities Special Instructions

 Read Information Sheet 3.4-1 Read and understand the
“Different traffic enforcer” information sheet provided and
browse to internet for more sample
guide. Check yourself by answering
the self-check and by performing
the task sheet. You must complete
all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.
 Answer Self-Check 3.4-1 Read and understand the
information sheet and task sheet in
 Compare answer with Answer Key order to generate a correct and
3.4-1 concrete result. Browse to internet
for more video sample/tutorials
guide. Check yourself by answering
the self-check and by performing
the task sheet. You must complete
all the requirements before
proceeding to the next activity.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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 Information Sheet 3.4-1
Different Traffic Enforcers

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

INTRODUCTION
A traffic enforcer is someone who enforcers traffic rules and safety
standards. At times they may also be called highway patrol officer. They
detailed within neighborhoods or local police station or any nearby posts.
These days, there are even imaginative and creative traffic enforcers who do
different gimmicks to catch the attention of the people on the road and make
them follow rules and traffic regulations cheerfully as with the dancing
traffic police. It may also be a way to ease the stress and tension while on
the road especially during traffic and rush hours.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
Obeying and Page 67 of
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Traffic police or traffic officers,
- Often referred to colloquially as traffic cops, are police officers who
usually wear a white hat and direct traffic or serve in a traffic or roads
policing unit enforcing rules of the road. Traffic police include officers who
patrol major roads and also police who address traffic infractions on other
roads. It has been noted that:
...traffic police, who are regarded as peripheral to most police forces,
participate in both authoritative intervention and symbolic justice. Perhaps
alone of all the assignments, traffic police are full-service police. They are
different from the rest, however, because their work is limited to a particular
venue — namely, public thoroughfares — and to particular people —
namely, those who operate motor vehicles. But in terms of work, traffic
police are detectives as well as patrol officers

Traffic Enforcer Job Responsibilities

 Make sure that traffic rules and regulations are followed by all drivers,
passengers and pedestrians
 Help pedestrians, especially the aged and children to cross the street (at
times)
 Help people who might have lost their way
 Observe and advice traffic violators
 Catch traffic violators and issue appropriate tickets or penalties
 Respond and attend to traffic emergencies promptly
 Call other departments if cases and situations come to worse
 Report to superiors as required
 Educate people on traffic safety and health
 Keep a record of all traffic violations, traffic incidents and other traffic
related situations
 Maintain an approachable personality so people in need would not
hesitate to ask for help or would not be intimidated and shy off
 Circulate hand-outs or public information flyers if the station has some
new things or information for all the people out in the streets

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
Obeying and Page 68 of
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DUTIES OF A TRAFFIC OFFICER

Traffic officers help keep roads and and walkways free of congestion
so regular traffic, emergency vehicles and pedestrians can move about
safely. Depending on the location, they patrol on foot, by bicycle or in
vehicles. Traffic officers typically need a high school diploma or the
equivalent, along with a valid driver's license, and they also receive on-the-
job training and class instruction. Among other duties, traffic officers
enforce parking regulations and issue various citations, such as for illegal
parking.

Warnings, Citations and Impounding

Sometimes traffic officers issue a warning before issuing a citation.
They also check vehicles that are parked in metered parking spots to see if
they have been there beyond the time limit. If so, they issue a warning or
citation, or in extreme cases, impound the vehicle. Traffic officers are also
responsible for impounding vehicles that are illegally parked or abandoned.

Directing Traffic
Traffic officers are responsible for directing traffic during parades,
road work or accidents. Sometimes traffic officers direct pedestrian foot
traffic. They may assume the responsibility of the crossing guard if one is
not present. Traffic officers may also control crowds during emergencies to
make sure fire and rescue workers can get to the scene safely.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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Other Duties
Traffic officers may be asked to testify in court regarding parking
violations or citations. They are usually required to keep a daily log of events
during their shift. This log should include all citations, complaints received
and any special situations. Traffic officers may write reports about any
problems they typically encounter and make recommendations for changes.

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
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 Self Check 3.4-1

Enumeration
Instruction: List down and enumerate the ff questions.

1. What are the duties and responsibilities of traffic enforcer?

(give at least 10)

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
Obeying and Page 71 of
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 Answer Key 3.4-1

TRUE OR FALSE

 Make sure that traffic rules and regulations are followed by all drivers,
passengers and pedestrians
 Help pedestrians, especially the aged and children to cross the street (at
times)
 Help people who might have lost their way
 Observe and advice traffic violators
 Catch traffic violators and issue appropriate tickets or penalties
 Respond and attend to traffic emergencies promptly
 Call other departments if cases and situations come to worse
 Report to superiors as required
 Educate people on traffic safety and health
 Keep a record of all traffic violations, traffic incidents and other traffic
related situations

Date Prepared: Document No. CBLM-03

DRIVING NC II Issued by:
June 2022
Obeying and Page 72 of
TESDA PTC-
Observing Traffic Prepared by: 72
TESDA Trainers
DN
Rules &
Regulations