26. 09,09 Eece 4OB! Optical Foe Gmmuc} ation, Qoxese eonderpts'+ ee hortrocd ue on Bart peopagation “Hee opties| Roe; Pox optics treo and mode “Hreory SPHeal Arvoeat T pes and ahaesctedieties jheeram- Sion charactedistes Fi be ‘jolts. and les aouplens. Ugh succes’, Bent 2) tthg dedes ‘and Lagevo odes, Petectows 7 PIN prove’ detector, aad avalanche pe photo Actectoos. { Recewero aealysis\ Didet deteotton and ashe ot detection, Moise and (Uritxtiona, Trenemas\on Nenitettone, Choematia dis peesion Non-linear vehngation Amaro weve rincirg and Lesee “eve noises. Ophea) amnprifrect lari and Fikee ame Vier , aPPliesciorgy and trentona Mutti-crannel opel sypternt Foaqueny Di vison, Mula pleading , wavsiergn divishoo mut per: and optic) SOMA Radio on Aero Teghesion Piece optic acess refocok . Tet and Rokerxnse Hecke’ A, Optica! Aer Communtectons? Risinipes and focetie - hn Hisen\oo. 2 Rleew optic Sommuniactonss O@ Rare, 3. Aleo opie Gmmunieation ‘gsleert Grad Tae Qoppee Dac —phad too BD nd WHR TS Porat alae { Unsket ded somagl abe Fivoo optics NLFHS+o SOKHE- Median Fagen Mices-ca ra nconpmien eriewawelened Ad vane 4, Nolea will not be added & Lan Wen Ferne 3, Law Visterstion, ' YU Wensapoession B Ree yeqyrousobe ! 6 Ehadleoaae complectty Dexigrerts . A ae J . & Boren Vv Pree | | ssrime Bo iwhawe | s0onm Oats Sh Wie Nase. . ‘ 1 Sore et wae gn, | Meet & opt @l._ommuniestion: FR \ h ae = 4. Enormous Bandardtn ‘A--the onder of. [ Reiimeic one | ne fioaere (0 Taapeg Bap Fog, | pee al eae eae joo | OT bas Sat atte wegyeste ay fan SSE sa ee | 2. Neng lange Barcasiitn Vows, Tones don ppg i tomn | a Pp Fey | econ! oa | Te enprorty y in aa? = yoo Le te Homie, R= Npx BW. . KE) = Sqelen AMM Tay Koy: 10 AU Brodeating Mie ‘At (see °F ara Secs oii Leek hook pbs. (ken Twang Tas Fag, em eonwa ' wt Oe " 2. eos} pro crane! ‘s 1258 compaced “to - jo Pudlo oe se 8 Hein | rtcrouove and RE commnun'artions Gy “The Kony, he! electro es Pectouen YW Louw “Tx powere waved, Wad Fos “acho and opto! Alice emmuriestoh, = oy BA Ages communicstan': B. Srlt site Mests “a opal Aves 4, Lous Loss (Attenuation) Pee Kn !6000K Channel ea pacts . , A, Noiseless channel > Nyqerst BF wand) , Bit mete = 25 Banduldtn MTG) Bon, ay La, level / hop. a Noisy channel (Srannens rene] @ranrel ma natiy AaB ten Kien es Slog Cash) 3K Find se cpsetly Soe chammel that opeales an between & Mba “be 4MHa and |e which sysh sto -noise xtc \S 2048. et Grog, Cis 8) = 1 roy 1) =406 og. ,(1e04 9) TE. 4M ops. Bre? ‘og & = agi tes” _ GA) = 190 IG, 9 For 4 MO paren AB 219 log “7, = Aoieg SF ui Sd, slenal Coren WOISe ] VO-eAAigral atterustion example. KK ———- 42 8B —_______yJ kay et td Tet t TLD pana ponte: pes Ponty Brampie af ages! wHrenuation & aE eve lenet ed nw TL ae AY Sse fee dGmn equivalent Aeoma—+ —» 93 \comm ——> 20 a med 4uw ——> = 20 aren WS pan dd Pwen A Om Busvyent t y A yw ———> -9079.22. —}- bs 49.22. PP Se BP apr Refiactive \ndexg A -Pundamertal optical pacar Glan mayne. etero 4 a matedal \e the weFeaetive Index . dete tre Gea Sndex & rfeacton) «In Lee space q (gn Quantum Araemy 4 “a Dave travels. at ¢ speed C= SxI0% mst. -—} wove Ancor Doral 112 Roce Lokeaation and Reflecton F Ligh rea act 9 mrodertal exursiry « —? Rall lotewna) nefioction, $7 Fe0 “Tre watto Ate speed of Nght In @ vacuum to that ln mathe is tre \ndex Ff heaton A s+ the material And is gh aint oH al and is given tym 5 [ gptca value An anc too for tr 1.35 Fon acteo 4H foe stliag aes and 242 for emadod . Propagation & Mevidtoral “Rey'sNisiog/! =nes\nq! an, sing! an aon =e & sing! = Ce t ‘ if SHG na 2A ,S104= 9, 5t0 (S-9/) =n, 9 cong! sind = ! onax = 71 0058 Y = 1, [i-snge zu, Jy. ne. ey) ee 7 =e | So, the sme dhe mraxlmurn aqe ath ARH she cy oll be gpaded inside she Soe Is gren aq Snot Fe root Htre dHeane HA sqron Gh tne eFoattve tadlees Ff cox and cladding - “The apantty SMO smray 'S led Numbemical apeatnoc chan aoptal Aken. sre NA Is a meaauree St-the pare lunchl efficiency HA en optical eon. q Hh A Rivero ras N=U%E6 > y= bHB,NA=9 Op wv Qece Pace ogre or Dect oe PRR aE nZank = [L9O* GHD" sore Sm, = 03042 ss! (o.aoud) = ae’. NP yea” [wy Qe . fon ate.13. 09.99 -Lrat Fas 9 Cone Woefoactive Index MEIN and alas \ndex No=ug, And Gy sad 8 ene Ylubiont — SLAG = -4 (14s a me a es @& etn Co: 24) = (4 008 ary! Example: Conside@ multimode 3:19 Aoap Wwe Know , bars, nang The BA may also ke given Sa teers 4 re voclative vedhnactive tndex dfeane te) laohux BSax and ebddieg Retatve nkaatve Tadex athe ounce y 2 2 nine Ang ane foo Azed paz mn, (aayie ; At Bompes © stlie Broce ath @ cone Maneter \orage Fenough -to we considered & tre Ay traow aralysls, ets te Q cx Tite \ndex A imo and 8 andy \ader fh Petersm'ret (a) We camel anae “gt aha Cone oe “te afare .We WA bre Fieve = dine 1 WU -ag78, Ka) Re si ws et (w) Was Jnen¥ = [usp * =°-08 ©) Te seeeptance: angle tn abe & Ie ghen | S&= shToAe shi! 0.0d = HY" Bample% A “typical wntachye. of raetive Index ddkane Fea en optical Fiveo dbsigneiey “foro log Usteere “heamomesion 's Ay + Estmede Abhe qumentes\ aperture aod the solid seem Farce angie W aye Aon tre Hee hen he com Index \s LHS. Motrad, alortade. Hx earheal agi ah come, ated sig Lea ln Rafeac elinin re cen. @ Tre aceptere age \n ala foo tre Bian, Sotutionr N=, (26)? <1.46 Cores)’, a Foe arrell ages Are WIA Acceptecrg angle Ww jie cue Vs = RXOA)7= Root =a 13 ;0q “Tre vedlative aedractive lex défense A peo > asters _ \_ Me q % i n, Nan SARE NT Oe [0.01 = 799, eottsl sae ah cory retnddleg \rtesfage Ge sha! Me sha 0.99 561.9",M4 gw At 2% Mes b es NCTE ore Ys (Aire) 2 = to’ WS Cp Baia Fe PD = 2% x68. sea, BW = \ FO4 MER. At "Dixie & Seotardictony ag ubomrent @ feo nee Teunahig ethoency Crareo 9, eg Shosld Ge as lacge as posibe. WB fom Hign sede ete: Coanduoldt), yy Sho ce as smal) aa poss fae. edhe ander’ oO The “hae acc genrtog dietary AED Ooetts Dine dala twenrfee we is rxbme mont \mpomtent Yn gommonigstion ine Vs. wade a5 ‘srrall as possible the fatrcteation: deh. ‘es. AY peor Orne wig 162, ny $0) ow ai) peactial Peas, Refractive \ndex a Hadag affecy From Hach pe Py on on to 14 fz ~The. classi eal Brew lt doernet Just provide tne wrachantes) Suppert buck Vnorases “Hat lorcet ath GAhe Aion. 10 Vs an essential peor san ot14.09.92 aladdd \ nes 4 EAB]! on gray M1 O-2AM20 nC Dery foo ig ’ Hex, 1@ Xs tre vweadial distxnce deom tre Aeon wae Q's +e onc milus. Total \nteora) vadlecttion Sigle Mode _Fioen- HTH optics) Aree WW Ghich only one oy tyels, slong ane ante of-the Abe 19 called shige mode fi ceo. Opheal Alen con diamrten'_ Sigle Made! Blue Graded Index HO -GOpm, Step Tadex§ ho-6onuim. “The aes Hamar “Aco QUAY oes Amos, 425m Aessfation + opiral ced ae Based on ieFoattt ve WHexgo, QA, S31 Cstep Andes Hbeo. b. ®1 Gnaled todex) Fre“Kk Base on mrodet a S\eqle Hede 1o. Matt) mode 3 Based on medenial A coor’ Q, BHe-Estricary} (soo) b. Plastic GA] d. Ane, Magresieisen A e. 28 SOLAN (Zrecodum Padum lantranium Alumtaium Sotum Eranoide) Riveo! Matedalt dn selecting MAARMG) HO optal Ape, & Fon example! a numkee & Tag Ro-me ts mus} be setietd, 4. Et must ice GH to make tong, Hiedae Aire Foom re rateahal: 2, The material must be -tearspacnt af a peat. ulseo optical caer Jength Ya onder Abe tre Aijac “ro quasi eAiderty 3. Phy steatty compte yreciechals thet have Sight aeons eFeactre lo dices “be the con, A008 SRS must 2 aAallaie Medeor|s ret actly hort raydirnners Vo aasse> and plasten => Fon TU? LAN, Slass_FYeeo9- ; HE The tooyot egrets of ophaliy pian xn aleasen From ustuish optial Bens 9%rtre most tommon is sitiea Gtod) + AWen tag arahegetve Index eh ums ad SBONm, FE To produce trio stl 18 aeeokis Way rove Slighcig, diflont Yatices A ockeaction Pom -he cont and cladding, stthee Sloscire ous oxid te oe vadous oxides Coferavedt se cepa), sech s 203, 2 Se% , or Ho, 2K Seklecd tp sthe atlis, ene Peters Was GaP OF ZO 146 ______ 20 & oe 10%. 20 Popant additte, (mol ”) rede cngsts df-}ne oxWe gies Sky J a dopig concenbrrtton ‘in Alites, gla 1, Gem ‘Si0g com 5 siog eats 2 Fy Op-So com S209 Aladdey , 3. Bog core j B2-Siog dal 4 (AR—E2F, -S\Og tory BOs, Shop alert ‘9 Pastic_ Optical Mart (POA) Coa- Ree laaetaia CPM M AY — Rofioretrated Riyreo CPF) Chawaledsic PMMA POF BPE Pot 9-12 F-0.3mm com Vameivo our ere y A:0mm O2%- 2-60 mm Nomiadialapestu% 9215 or2o0 A tHenogtion (hed 87 Km ad-sta Slistomtion due to oped) tna, digrsl THenuston’y 4, Biew Asowptton tess —9 nelated -to Aner ‘enacted 2 SagHerios loss —>Syrove aartental tsluecunal 3. Radiqtve loss woe raf cottan “Ieiewacapie and macno- Seapic qu et woronn) of “ieee gomehny Se Having loss» Fito rretedal sehneluoot Norge ralcortien le\g in Me s Sitesi seattonkea, FAs dua cto tHe. ‘4s nr C . . vedecton SF wfeactie “ho the Lndex Anorthnuy my SS Md Reigineyeh genes g the satelae Types of leases \ Intrinsic epson fp 1. Plsoopton las Te Schl mse. scattering (8 & P2n OH, —) Te stetng 2. Sartiec\ % less qn Rylergh sectlny Non Vinee sadtentey, E fond eBeckiont, SHmuleted Ramos Paettetey SAnulated ch D Bri laden . __, SeHesing, ®, [2 Mero trending toss G20 = Sound = % = Bxokwand 2. Prva bending less ~ L__5 Haan. denWlas less I Atenustion windov, wheoe atenuchen ts max™ & nod wradoa \s avcidal Fon he. AAenuhon SaKmy edevelergtin Cart) . “Trans mvsslon A Plast windaod !8509™- 20d Wrindod | 1300 nm . ane 1 Goo Am, 4h Boo nm . Age Cpreal Roe atenuchon ass Functlon Svoavelengin aye Ids comnal values ch 0.5 4 Oy, at 1310 nm 4 0-3aB/Km et KHHOAM Too std Shale mites Aloge + i2h 0990 He Consider, a 20-\irn tong optical Aoeo Arab kas an attenuation oh cua asim Xt (Be am. Sappose Wwe ent rho Fad the qatral ostpd poreo Ruy & 20u10 sophal Alben AS Hucched Weto Hee Fheen. Fin 8 Aa)= 10 toql Sab =t0h 1200 x \5 SQ 4 a = —hods P(G0 kw) = 10 77! Gna) = 126 V5 2mwW 212, 6ud- outpd et 2 =30Km 36 Bud @ Oe) = tol (Poe), BS |e - = -9F.e Orox 36)’ Lo wah, £0 ‘pros Selecity semanas hnomete Vy BOK dovin'} Seen o = = Socal Foy, are | Naud \wo Trey i 0 C@A)= ch99f propaggition oak, Y=ete}B Realechog ampitiude -poopyton sig, ae constant, P= Propagation phase constact ef) Re) Rhee 0) | =o O = wi-B2 | > B= Bt | ? =Vp 2 ww | > HH Vp = phase weledsty Jp = _0 Wran APPAR ARO ety = plese concn Group \elodity my 2 © Sa 2 xe , ® Wi Nee Bem, “© Whee, 9 Ys the webct & ‘ge \a Fee Bpre Bram, us assume Propagsti on \wF% doction & 2088 \s aya) to ont Pabting ta value Ap a geh Vor. @ =f p Pome Empoy\ey Vett \n at. tye 22, g ve 288 sas! male das wi_ad 25 one = de fans = 1 exees A ws | = 2 7" CH) aR ae a % grup wFmechve Wilex is i clay Lraee Depeeston = Slot sR Ge Sa tate 0A 4 4S. ne width’aa : (3 a mi 1S, UV~wm_ melenial = > PMS pulse Broadesivs dueto madenigt Mepe Soo. o Noho Pm G Pax Doperson of al SL A gbss Aber -exhrbils tratedal divprason geen Ales “Ix 4 of 0.9% ; Pete oe Aw ciapeasien pocnmeice a “eowelenyln A) 0.8% ur K aestyrrde the vores palse ‘ovadening fa km Fon = good LED sunce with ag PMS ees Satin of Zone attais wavelength Esferate Wo voryy pulse ronda ee Men fon bre Awe Bhan He opti) sore Used ‘sy aa ‘wryecton [aan arth a vaste opectrsl weltn Sala Bo-0012 + cowetengthy A rtmathe te be hagklled Vn Ane ZY : ' 5) | ——_= LA, [__ > 4. Ieexpeesve peste iyechon sroleting ech i +t | welegien mn we aed to Awoniere cennee- p Pguod Schenate dogaamn Sealey 9 muah trode 1 | ery psAices and “eanscelvens, sep Vex Ahee ,muttiwode graded \ex Asn, | ard seqe- ode sep Yadex Roce © tihustrsty, | athe pude Balog Cueto Letesveda! Lacan Ye ay le More on Va mult ireds Aa { fp a2 \ enol Ineaforne (ist) 2d An Wusstertion Uh tre gtd GH gettorm wou f4re lovcsdontns Ng pulser aa tay ce, shea catted slog a Munn. Fea no exeala pple & tans prises daon on an fe YA, must be Wy pti! Rove nk -the ages n less Han the Yael proeal of lhe Erosctorod( Ghengn Depesioxy) prise deoction 7) Pere, Ops oat | TThS aasumes bret -the prise Seay deg to \a dispresion on “te eran} \s° TZ which Uoletote tre Vnput pulse ducetton edhioh is also T. Protrare mom accuacie estimale af the mat mum Bb wate foo AO ofp eptiea) chaneo) Gilh Mispersion at be obic\rod “y conaldenteg «(ye Bret pulse at the oudpet -to have ¢ aussie shape WH an roms aidth of og The. maximum Wik werle Vs gee Sercmtersiet Y Prerav) = 22 viet ro00 —re peere 's, \ He Ruth wrethin Ha bef mati men” ~ “i “eer ot. 2A eo 5 é ari) wee 2160) =A KW speasicns Yong Me dealer. - wy —Aeeo oe {awn IN mea 2908) a CoS en : exon a aad 0189 ¢t oe S09 =e | SSsedencshe peo}, ao LL. Spry f / ane meng ub A ALAR be9 com Inder A 15 wer odves. ! yas w=0, Kea 4 acd WE Oy, Hu) * 0% sn C3) Sane), le LED A Mea aietin of 1.710 16 P/ven-nen. Wve \ndex dence A 4 geercet A em0 orn We readenial lager my th Ure ion te: selCae eee Dederam' nat ON 10! jbo mudstimo bl 3 \nteomedal @speaton. ® LMG putswutckty the oxctput Ht Akm Ree dueo Weemodsl Uszerdion. ®D PMS Putownasn gee oodpak Adio due to Vetta mods} ds Pasion. @Meml) AHI eulseortath @ Bo fh 4m Aen © Max silameke dele voole Hough 1am Reee (fon Se?) ak practice exencrse problema, | eros) cheers tal| | | O Hath mode step Index. o Audden charges Quttimode Graded tinder Bie [ O's peashen ta less a YE. 100 Arey Hatter than step des seg Asin thean tre eas will be | Alone Goadeal change. J Co- pala ci zection A, Bladieatsn Vs gesion — > ¢ roxs- pe omizestion svcpare) gs "SB ec The total wens pulse broader GS Z Ve —_ 6, = (ae at) Rene rcienanige nn cnac= Fos sqe mode Ake tots! dispeasion , By Dre Dut Dag ADp eS nee! Kev! aa Profile Bisgroson Vaseniay — Savesuide Paposan DispecstonDepecsion sects Toswamieion_ Shuchatins “E foo 10 ovcolappicg S ye pate chon en sn yophal ore Vink pre age lot rade C3). \ OK, C-rpaeprets tha rorng \enpse “corp oe Fen tre orenre} Oe a 2 Bren AL \ -+vre Pulse ducation. Maxirnuen Wirt wade, B= 0. lott axe PEN MA hoy 4 cone smkonoblen, \eodoy Aven ord een \ndey drug Tre teri Stine Neo is 25 Km, @) Delemrine lyn wares, pulse wich OL Ane eve cota due -to ony \oterneda) deserter (D Oudpat wens pulaowety pat avn teen Neen, TYE LBB hye 149 Lei 2h km-| Dovsoud mrs eu) } 7 , 4 . Didtn a4 Ahm dskne Cnt ax LX C, [a= 0.0711 | 2 on — Imig = eer bine vo.oy _ Sine = xb" yo.o4 = QoxryonrxKto |g ax | ZHVABIXBRID KVUD as = OG ns kmt- SpA= O00 (2K R RHO = 6.210% geo. = LoLmm. Ae Sn Tyx LXer On, ae 1 5 om jest moth poltt |aeeq eee =. ODMI KORA HIS" rel = ofo ne km! \* Greens = Op ~ LX * an Me Be] Saad _ =o. BHU. Hk el jot xn Oo = Zonm. ~ %| aay o.02% : BKIPXOBHXIO® any Set 2 = 7 THE SD UN f4 + = 981 25 Krilnge!| cbbn Senton (Chap) Mute 92, Ist FLOAT ins dove oder of L6G aleth rotate ladex acffeanee of Uy. The sserce We oo LED of tre altth aby oath of ¢ Q hry HHO am. Tre aedeata! sozcdion cceffarent is te PS/iarenm. Teteom\re t ARMS purse wietth St-tne asctast af dn Bree due to indeoradigk Uispecton, DPS pulsed atthe axhod oh dim Aken due te ‘rtrg-mods) Us pecshon « B.Oveel! RMS Eubeuddtn 4B. a+r sum, Alon: Max allowavie dat. verte Herauh AO km Moe Chow mee) Soluctlon’, = lotro, Om t y = - Lan i A Wo” 2B an Q Vo Sceacalt = Cina + Frieg Mimeo, Weir o Nee date rneje R= 2G0 2, > tds mate R= foo arnple_mote NoeSsceosen cacamexe Co) seeadion (2s) and tok! Bsmaser TAmetee CO) as s4ucction 4 - eee Abe emariion) sae - mate Ano 2g0 7 Bre TEKS! disgrcsion. Dr= Tats) Sspession. | Due Meriectal Digpeaton. 1 Digt Waveguide Aspeacion, eee wh 2027 PR a 8) ae Ne 297 107 ml RsMon Chumetesstio; —} SAM chumeteaistios tor Nas “Hynes a xh Seger make Nien. diay — Bguad Refractive \adex pootle BL stop instore Cspeadon oshited ieee Govid) with ¢ eenversenal ron-skdted poate deagn | Cassvos) tENon-teno Dispewien -SNified Aveo) stp Nagle Diggemson “fbso ei2B24 0,01) /% Optical Sovnee (Light Saye) orn 4. Serhon che & Gerd Melsem -ah-y at The obties| sauce 3s Sten conxydoad to we tre active 2 esa ‘ an optiesl corres Syystern re By nett \s+o MNSSE SESH wegy Wythe chee ols Ae ata creasc. ¢ SPA ceeagy C Ss \ St wkereee ahah | agin te ce aces ce Rushed RO cAWled Wiehe apttes} deen 3S who types ch optiaal Ugha scuree quct @) Wide band coinuous Speer source Qo endesen lam) (DMereehroretia on ccheccnt sasnce Cage Eovesing Diotes (LE DS) Moenochaometia coheant Saunces, CLAsers) apheHNatoo Pog ud ocenartts foe an optical Shen em Hees sonme. 4, A S\22 and wrefigquertion empctilole arty ‘aurerig Nan Seto 20 ap herl leon Aalealray He hare axtpt shold be “ony Doctonals 2. ust ecuoately straak -Hre eleatr'ios| Sngsh agra) to minimize distowhon and neise, Asal pene same Shaula be finese, 2. Shoat ant tage et ceavelersiis ‘ecg tra Free tes en losses and leo Uspeodon & wh defertoos acc efhoent A Pocfeoatsy eapavle of} seg Aenpe Sgr modulation vee 9 wide bandwith ecteralyy - Aram audio Foxgpraney sto Hepes “tne GH, b. Munt cope sdfiaent opfiea! powee tp NO wma SHenuation ‘nm -the ike plus addrtiona) connettom losses and Ihave adequse poxeoto dowe -tne delectoo- 6. Srowld have a rawMmDd spect) kandeditth Cine aicttind bn ondew +o moalmiae dspeedicn | Na sre Aero Tp Buot cago rebrh oaing @ skbie opal oftpuk alich \s lacgly una tected al changes | ‘wn atosert eohditienn, Coan. Hern perschu.cd) | B-dv’s esrrtial Vist Abe youcce 1s companstly enmp and want ravavia i selea-to empote @'tHh coneertlonel “heans nn0ssh.on Heekmiques aUs 09.22 Opiieal_sosnce I Te _po Auncthent FE Doped n-00-p hye semiconductor matemal bby tsett Serves onty as condugton, pu Gescton. TTe make dences ast Eo] ote odI® : is wile |e eo wo anes De Inn [@e e © oe dogs : n ate accept} Ve otk allaas Ane. mere tig aamien to mee doo. endiy sopled Feld oe ca woo fen | dof Pe e a pia | WO A nvere Bias widen He depletion Agen, | |Ronot louadog the booree prot) eth + comcacd Bes alias eapatty emens -to Sthise comes the Spuoction. Dinst QR trdiact Band Gapst ee Ef ln onden fon elecinon —hoaastHen to tee i | pace to op From the conduction band whin | ne cbsonghin oe emisshien Sf phsiyn, es pecth~ i [Nery tooth energy AAS mromemtivm fost we jomemens: At though S prown tan vee conciderae ope, a Uck ce0d morentuen “hg \s AY SHTAll. Serrieenductorn 90¢ classed 92 ert Arc. mand Pp Nodiceet bony. e wrarkoris coperaieg on “ve Alvee A -tre trea 9s 9 functen 4) morantum K. diction wad a 2 loctrons. AEE hoton : enerGy "PCy Valence arc) we momentum 2% Zoorductisn lcd electron; | pion 4A Preton ong, TEs eapagys. WD= Baie pn ay pngtoo 28/4 4 aS ‘ * omaha vK —> = Expat EP&) Aig? 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