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Special Report Series No. 4, Burmese Indigenous Medical Plants Vol 1
Special Report Series No. 4, Burmese Indigenous Medical Plants Vol 1
Special Report Series No. 4, Burmese Indigenous Medical Plants Vol 1
:
BURIITSE ll{D!8t}l0l,S tiltDl0ll{At PLAllIS
By
and
U SprN GweN
Departnefi of PharmacologY
L967
Theprimaryaimofthisworkiseithertoestablishorrefutc
local beliefs tfrro,ret- scientific treatment'
This work also
endeavours to systlilatise tbe classification
of these rePuted
work'
irJil"rro,r. *"ai"i""i flants t9 facilitate further research
have been collected
Specimens of the pir"i,. f"t"a in this paper
pressed into herbarium specimens' The arrangement
"ia
of the specimens and families is done according
to a.new Eysteo
(1959)' primerily
based on ttt" pfrfi"", O, John Hutchison
i herbaceous dicotyledons
;;;;.. of tt " p"r"iti "ult"iiol} of woody of the plant within the
and the -o.to"o,ytJ*'' The species
family are in the alphabetical order'
[-
l
ii
were available
for which specimens
Drawings of all.plants
(StYbYt) ,,. E t
Acacia arabica Willd.
Mart. (Danyin) 7
Pithecollobium'nigeminum
II
Pithecollobium lobatum Benth, (Danyin\
t3
Cassia auriculata Linn. (Peik-thin-Sat)
2t
Cassia glauca Lam. (Pyi-ban-nyo, Pyi-ban-shwe)
2S
Cicer arietinum Linn. (Singaulng'pe) (Kala-pe)
29
Ficus benghal ensis Linn" (Pyi-nyaung)
33
Ficus glomerat a Roxb. (Nyaung-thabye) (Ye-thapan)
37
Ficus religiosa Lzn, (Nyaung-baudi)
4I
M<rrus alba Linn. (Posa)
45
Casearia esculenta Rorb. (Nil)
49
Cephalandta indica Naud. (Kin-bon)
53
Momorclica charantia llzn. (Kyet'hin'ga)
59
Helicteres isora trazz. (Nil)
63
. Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaettn (Le-wa, ThinbawJetpan)
67
Eugenia jambolar-ra Lam. (Thabye phyu, Thabye Kyetche)
73
Eugetra operculata Roxb, (Thabye chin) (Kon'thabyc) "'
79
Vinca rosea Linn' (P an'kartyut, Thinbarvmanyo)
8S
Tecoma starrs /uss. (Phayaungpan)
9t
Vitex glabrata R' Br. (I{tauk-sha, Kyet-le-zan)
95
Tinospora cordifolia (Wiltd') Mrers' (Sin-don-ma-nwe) "'
Tha-gya pin) "' !or
Scoparia dticis Linn. (MahnJay-pin, Dan-ta-thuka'
Nga-yoke-kha) ro5
Anclrographis paniculatus Nees' (Se-ga-gyi'
r09
Adhatoda vasica lrees' (Maya gyi) (Ye-mag5ri)
I I5.
Aeginetia indica Roxb. (Kauk-hlaing-ti) "'
I19
Heliotropium indicum /,rzm. (Sinnhamaung gyi)
123
pinsein)
Ocimum sanctum.Linr. (Pinsein net, Kala
t27
Orthosiphon starnineus Benf}' (Se-cho)
ga)
I3I
Curcuma comosa Roxb. (Nawin ga, Sa-nwin
r35
Allium cepa .Lrzrr. (Kyet-thun-ni)
t39
Zea rr.ayt l.inr. (PYaung)
r43
Kyllinga triceps BortD, (Myet-mon-nhyin) "'
J
ACACIA ARABICA WilId. :
_.4
,
Fro. r. 1tp. 1su'bw)
Acaciaatabica Willd'
a
J
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
USES
'.t a
I
4
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
DESCRIPTION
A middle size tree. Leaves compound, elliptic-lanceolate
or obovate-oblong. Flowers in few-flowered heads, pale-yellow
or cream coloured. Fruit flat, once or twice spiral, reddish-
brown. Family Mimosaceae.
DISTRIBUTION
Bhamo and Victoria Point.
USES
1
The seeds are prescribed in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
1
Plant also used as fish poison.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
Pithecolobine is isolated from the bark and seed of the plant.
Yellowish, amorphous powder or brown, oily mass with narcotic
odour. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether, and petro-
leum ether. Form crystalline salts. 2' 3' 4' 5
o.ot/oyield of B-amyrin has been isolated from the non-
saponifiable fraction of the leaves.6
REFERENCES
r. Cnoena, R. N., S. L. Naven lND I. C' Cnopna- (t956). Glossary.of
Indiai Metli'iial Plants, p. r9.5. New Delhi ; Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research.
z. Tus Mrncr INoBx or Cunutcer-s aNn Dnucs (196o). Seventh edition,
p. 825. Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A. : Merck & C9,, Itq'
g. Piuccr"(r88+). Apoth. Stg. p. ti. In : The Merck Index of Chemicals
an,l Drugs t196o), p.8zs.
4. Gnrsnorr" Gbid." b"r. is, p. ls+r. In : The Merck Index 'tf Chemi'
cals and Drugs (196o), p.825.
5. Mrorrr, Lw:r,s' Fleiit (rgio) 2r, p. 7r. In : The Merch Index of
Chemicals and DvuBs (rq6o), p. 8z-s.
6. Marrai, P. C. (rq6:). T;iterp;noid; II : p-amyrin -*o-rn Pithecollobium
bigeminum Mait (Leguminosae)' Bull- Bot. Sura, India,5, P' 9r'
PITHECOLLOBIUI\{ LOBATUM Benth.
li}-:---::-r
? I N0i4[: '
Frc. z. (Danyin)
"g6r
Pithr,colloLiunr laL:gturr B enrh.
PIT'EIECOLLOBIUM LOB'A'TUM Benth'
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
USES
2
t2
CHBMICAL INVESTIGATION
Pithecolobine is isolated from the bark and seed of the
plant. It is a yellowish, amorphous powder or brown, oily
Lass rvith narcotic odour, soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform,
1'2'3'4
ether, petroleum ether. Forms crystalline salts'
-.\-a-
=\ S. CHzCH (NFUCOOH
Djenko[tc Acrd
Rosettes of needles of various length. Gradually decomp.
3oo-35ooC. ( oc ) D N HClj ;
ze's-65,eo (r./ in r.o
between-
( n )'J-+1.5" @% in r.o N HCI). V*ry sparingly soluble
in cold water. Solubility in boiling water about r in zoo. Readily
soluble in aqueous solutions of alkalies or acids.
Monohydrochloride, CrHrrClNrOnS,
- - ; slender prisms,
in water.
decomp. z5o-3ooo soluble
Dibensoyldjenkolic acid, C21H,2N2O6S2, crystals, m.p.
8z.s-8qo'.
The structure of Djenkolic acid suggested by Yan Veen
and Hyrnans was confirrned synthetically by Du Vigneaud and
Patteisod2 and Armstrong and Du Vigneaud.l3 It is shown
to occur free in the plant.
Cases have been reported^ by the medical units from Upper
Burma and the Arakan division,that excessive intake of fruits
auses (r) severe abdominal pains (z) haematuria and (3) oliguria.
f---+
2INCHES''
DESCRIPTION
Tall muoh shrub. Leaves compould, ^alternate'
branched
stipules- foliaceous'
leaflets oblong-obovate with pointed tips;
at the base on the
reflexed, large, rotuna,it-t"t'ifotm, produceC
-ia" to" ih. peti;i; into a long subulate
point, persistent'
""", oran[e colour' Fruit
Flowers large' bright v.f[* u"in"i witir
dark .brown' deePlv deoressed between
il., flt;; it lrr, ou"tong,
the seeds. Fanrily V'li'ip;';""i' Fioit"ti"g and
fruiting
from FebruarY to SePtember'
DISTRIBUTION
Chiefly found in- the dry regions of
Irrawaddy \ralley'
fuurr-i-u-ruv, Meiktila, ntyit'gyu" u"?
Tu"ttggyi to Yawngshwe'
Often planted.
USES
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
1' 2' 3
Bark contaits t5'z*tg't"/' tanlrin'
REFERENCES
Crroenr (roq6)' GlossarJ oJ In'Jian
r. CHoenr, R' N', S' L' NnvecANDJ'.9:o"rr'i :-Cot'n"ii cf Scientific and Indus-
,],let!icinal t't"-","i' si" Nl*
trial Research '
(rgz8)' Avaranr
z, Sesgecnelqtl Cnouoanr-' K' eNo E' 'Yoc'lNeNoan'r
bark I., y' i:;';;;; riades Chetn'' rz' p' 53-58' tn :
''di"-,riili,qt"r'iti't'iis)'
"'ii'"'"^i'i'
,Die Yor' zz' part 1' p' '872'
Pfianzenstoffe,\o|.I, p. 5o5. In : Gloswry
.Wtrruen, c. (,qls).' oJ
e
"' inrlian Medicinal Pldttts, P. 5+'
C,A,SSI,{ GI,AUCA LOM.
2 TNCHES .'
Pyi'ban-
Burmese name: [{of:gir$$,,fsc5; Pyi-ban-nyo;
shwe.
'Cassre Gr-auca Lam. Encycl. Meth.I. 6+7 ('28+)'
Senna speciosa Roxb. Hort. Beng' 3r nomen (r8r4)'
Senna arborescences ftoxb. Fl. Ind. ii' Z+5 (1824)'
Cassia sieberi Presl,in Ohort. Isis' r'xi' z7z (r828)'
Cassia fastigiata Vahl, Symb. Bot' iti' 57'
'Cassia arborescences Vahl, Symb' Bot'
iii' 56'
Cassia sulphurea DC. ex' Collad' Hist' Cass' 84'
Cassia suffruticosa Koen. ex Roth' Noo' Sp'
Pl' z4'
Cassia surattensis Burm.Fl. Ind' 97'
English colrllnon name: Nil.
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
iI USES
I
Barkaesre and lave reputed for the use in diabetes' also in
1
gonorrhoea.
t
i
22
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES
r. Cnorne,-R..\., F._!,NayeneNo I. C. Cnorna (1956). G/ossarg of In-
dias Medicinal Plarrts, p.
- 54. New Delhi : Cd,uirlii of Scieniifii and
Induttrial Research.
z, Ber. dtsch, chem. Gcs. (r89o). In : Glossaty oJ Initian Medicinal plaab,
p. 54.
(Pvi-ban-nvo' Pvi-ban'shwe)
Plrtc r
- [idr$'df $d"$'"n
Cassia glauca lom'
CICER ARETINUM Linn.
25
CICER ARIETINUM.LTzz.
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
USES
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
Oxalic, acetic, malic and another acid present as - o.oo9
mg. in roo g. seeds. 3'4' 5
Arginine, tyrosine, lysine, eystine and tr5rptophane
6
also present.
Gram contains carotenoids and the oil-soluble vitamins A, D
and E. 7
REFERENCES
r. KI{ANRA, S..j., p. p. i\Ilrnn aNo p. Barrnrrn ( u
pa rati on c ici r arie t;n u Li
1n.j.i; ; ;#;::, I(rs66)
;,, .TX t^rri:\:;:.-
Med. tz (z), p. 6q_to. ry
1
i;;}::!:1;. o"'
t' f (re5o)' p' 5o8' rn : Gtossarv of rndian Medicinat
ro. Wealth qf Indiu (ro+g_Sz), Vol. Il, p. r59.
Medidnul planti,' p. o3. In: Glossury uJ Intlian
ar. Hypocholesterolaemic Effect of
Man. Brit. Med. J. t, .Iengal
(rqOg)- -'*.. : A long
--- Gran 3o,
sterm tudy in
FICUS BENGIIALENSIS rrnn.
a
28
.
l--r--=----l
2INCHES
DESCRIPTION
DISTR,IBUTION
USES
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
Three flavonoid compounds A, B and C have been isolated
from the ethanolic extraci of the bark of this plant. Compounds
a t c identified as different forms of some leucoanthocyanidin,
*hil" B to be leucoanthocyanin (glucoside)'3
"o*pound
3o
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES
r. Caopna, R. N., S. L. Navan aNo I. C. Cnopna (1956). Glossary of
Indian Medicinul Plants, p. rr8. New Delhi : Council of Scientific
and Industrial Researctr,
a. Hail>e-Seyl, Z. (tgzg), p.
p. rt8. 93. In : Glossary of Indiat Medicindl
Plants,
g.
- Bnacuuecuant, H. f), .qNo K. T. Acuslr (r96a). Isolation of orally
effective hypoglycemic compounds from Ficus benqhalensis L, Indian
J. Physiol, Pharmacol. 3, 6o-64. In : Biological Abstract (t966).
Pharniacology 47r 7o*a.
FICUS GLOMERATA Roxb.
Frc. 6. "gr3"r"$, n.1.r"ft (Nyaung-tha-bye, Ye-thaphan)
Ficus glomerata Roxb.
33
DESCRIPTION
to torrch'
An evergreen tree ; young shoots glabrous' rough
Leaves sin"pie, olt"rnui., i'ate-oblong . or elliptic-lanceolate'
on both surfaces'
taoering to a bluntish ooi"i u' the apex, glabrous
fiffi;;:,";;;;;;1;'1fu;;-the receptacri.encroses the mare and
edible' Familir Moraceae'
i;;t flt*"rs, pyriforrn, red when ripe,
DISTRIBUTIOI\T
area'
Wiaety grown in Burma, many seen in Rangoon
USES
from
Bark is given as astringent to cattle rvhen suffering
"Root Fruit used as asiringent,
dnderpest. given in di,sentery.
il;;:" stomachii ca,*i"utiv", monorrhagia and haemoptysis'
.initty juice in piles and diarrhoea'1
REFERENCES
w'
,;j *..
DESCRIPTION
DiSTRIBUTION
Planted in Burma for its religious use'
USES
.
1
Powdered bark used to decrease the blood sugar in
rabbits'
internally
Bark used in gonorrhoea, ancl infusion of bark is given
in scabies.
Fruit possesses laxative action'
Leaves and young shoots given as purgatives'2
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES
r, A:unrxr, S. H. AND Ra5anaMa Rao, M. R. (rq6Z). Studies on a phytos*
terolin from the bark of Ficus religiosa. Indian J. Phatm. zg, gr-4
(Ene) In: Chemical Ahstract (1967), Fharmacodynamics 67, ror65c.
a. CuornA, R. N., S. L. Naven exo I. C. Cnopne (tsS6). Qlgltlry.pf
na;aiMedic:itwt Pla*t*;. p,
- r:i&. Ne{s De1hi: Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research.'
MORUS ALBA tinn.
40
2 rNCr.{ES
DISTRIBUTION
Planied for its economic value'
USES
The leaves possess hypoglycernic-activity'1'2 , , -. ^^:^
Fruit used in f.rr"t, also as remedy for sore throat'
dyspepsla'
melanchoiia
Bark used as purgative and anthelmintic'3'a
o'u
Essential oil present in the plant'
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
constitutents isolated from the leaves are:
Paknitic
-*.p.-'ii--ar;-'
Trace
u.ii, Et' palmitlte^' m'p' z4',o-25'5" *?d
trentriacontane, *'p' 6i'5-68'o"' Isolated
from the
of the mulberry leaves'
ether-soluble fraction oi tt'" WI"OU extract
tube) and a hydroxy-
Funaaric acid, m'p. ztgo*zgf (in a sealed
coumarin, is6late from roo/u NHnoH-soluble frac-
^.p.77-AL",
of I\leOH extract of mulbcrry leaves'o
tion
"'"-bftf"i"genic
acid needles, rn'p' zo7-zog" (EO)l l Ti*"
3rd[Of"orD, ;
( \-;i--is'u"(c, o'e5; +7's% Et oh)'
e''0
ON
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATI
rabbits or.which had
Experiments were carried out on normal
An infusion of
*lloxan ciiabetes o,lti-*""'ury hyperglycemia' anl a
the leaves of white ;ulberry pi"pui.a by percolation
iiqria uf."ttlic extract 1' ' i pt"p"* bV to
repercolation) h::ve
4
+5
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
Myitkyina and Salween
USES
Decoction of root is a popular remedy for diabetes; also used
in piles. Root possesses astringent action, promotes action of
liver.
CHEMICAL INYESTIGATION
Root contains a resin, tannic acid, colouring matter and starch.
Bark contains tannin and a principle allied to cathartic acid.2
The drug obtained from the plant on chemical analysis was
found to contain reducing sugars, glycoside substances and
tannins.s
The following components were isolated: a sterol, m.p.
r3z-r34o ; a substa*ce resembling guttapercha., m. p. 59-6od ;
a flavonoid compound, m.p. 2SS-258o ; a colourless crystalline
compound, neutral and water soluble, crystalline body S, m.p.
r84' and two resins. A reducing sugar present in the drug, has
been identified as arahinose.4
46
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES
r.
-' CxopnA, R. N., S' L. Nevan auo I. C. Cnopna (r9s-6), G-loya.ry of-Indian
--iiiiiilnit Pianti, p. 53. Nerv Delhi: Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research.
a. N,rDxlni,Ir, K. M. (rq27), The Inilian Materia Medica, In: Glonary ot
Indian Medicinal Plants' P. 53.
./
2 INCHES
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
Burma for its edible
Widely cultivated throughout the whole of
value.
USES
the treatment of
The plant is locally reputed to be useful in
diabetes.
----lrri*
from the leaves and roots are used in diabetes and also
1
uppii.a externally in eruptions of skin'
C.HEMICAL INVESTIGATION
Ciremicals extracted from the dry aerial parts of the plant are:
From petroleum ether extract, unsaturated straight chain alcohol
cephalandrol, Cr, Huro, m.p. gr.5_82.5;, a hydrocarbou
"1*gd
tritriacontane -m.pi
Cr" H*, Oq-2i", f-sitosterol was also
isolated.
From alcohol extract of residual drug, I(NO, (4/"), small
quantities of z unknown alkaloids tentatively namedl cepiialand_
rine A and cephalandrine B (separated as picrates, i.p. zr4"
and mp. z68").
. .C.ephalandrol gives a monoacetate, C31 H60 02, m,p. 7r,
ulhich on alkaline hydrolysis returns to cephahndrol.,
REFERENCES
r. Cnorna, B.-M, S.Tt. NAvAR aNn I. C. Cnoenn (1956). Glossar.y of
Indian plan*,
Medicinal p. 72. Nerv D"Xrt , Coui-r6ii of S"i;"tiH;;";
Industrial Research.
z. Cn_orR..r, R. N. axo J. p. Bosn_ (r9_35). indica (Telakucha)
In Diabetes. Ind. J. _ned. nrr:. v5i. _Cephalandra
xtill' p. ,r. il,'Gi;;;;;;-';,f
Indian Medit.inal-plants, p. 72.
3. Indi!,n Med. Gaz. (rgz5), p, zor. In: Glossary o.f Indian Medieinal
Plants, p. 72.
+. Qv3yr;1. KuunA, M.., K. A. K-rrnI,Equt AND M. A. W. MraH (rq6.s). I
of dry aerial parts. Sci. Res. (Dacca. pui.i*ir"i
Uonstttutchts
2, p.?7-3r. In : Chemical Abstract (rg6il. 63, plant Bibchcmistiy
rzoo4h.
t*
i:,,
r;1
4,,
l
tu?,
.&ffi.
.iqqi
kx
.,,
.{
;d* t
#. ;"
-g&ffi
E
a
52
fruits.
USES
The Burmese people use the plant in the treatment of
diabetes.
The drug of the plant showed hypoglycemic action'l and
There
are also other uses.
j,,it" of l"uv"s ale used as ernetic
purgatire; also given in bilious affections'
Fruit and leaves p".t"tt anthelmintic action' useful in piles'
leprosy, jaundice and act as vermifuge'
Root used * J;;;; i" haemorrhoids' 2'3'4'6
'rt" "tir"r
In different prrt* oiih" world it is used as food'
medicine and
vafy according to
€ven arrow poisons,-as its toxic properties
geographical origin.
may induce
Fruits cause severe vomiting, catharsis andand animals'
abortion. fn"y tttft'f tl'both humans
Lotlicar and Rao "un-tu
i.oiut"a from the fruit of the plant the hypo'
i
,g"", " ci"tr"tin which is however too toxic to
be of
;ly;;i"
any use.
T_
54
In folk medicines, the root,
the underground plant, seeds
fruits are irsed for direrent and
Some oi th"se ,r""" ,r",
";;i;H..
cathartic, abortiv+ apfrr"airi""-, .
l"if g"ri., antipyretic, antirheu_
matic, emetic, digestant,
anti-ulcerog;nic, and antimalarial.6
Charantin iso'lated t;;h;p;;;;;i*
was found to Iower
rro* the fruirs of the prant
brooa."gir;;;il* rabbits.la
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
Powdered drug of the plant
contains o.o3g7, alkaloid. It
crystallizes in transparent
thin transparent ,eedl", urra ii"-'fi"rur" *i""irr* iriilrg
needles, the sulfate
f, ff ;.*J0.,
sap onin u',d t.t"#;"r'#' i',i',h"
Momoridicine.is
{ound in the leaves. It is a white, crystal_
line po*,der. Insotu.bte
il;;;; iJir"r.r_ ether ; sot,rble in
acidulated water. ,tcofrot,
alcohot and stightiy sotuble "il;iJrm,- methanol, and amyl
il;;r,r.,.1
,PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION -
Experiments have been carried
isolated from the r*it,
out with the drug of the plant
,ir,";;;ry;I";t.rl
the drug on the sugar- tolerance tests and the effect of
of ,roi*rf rabbits are presented.
There is evidence'tnut tr," i;;;H,.
action on rabbits and that some hypoglycemic
,".rrl.rir"il
crystalline substance extracted when a crude
thus far obtained suggest
r.o* tr," ".rrrrrr"ra
drug is used. Results.
that the arrg
mry have clinical use-
fulness in diaberes rr;ri";;h;;;;;#".;phasize
has not reached the poiniwhe;ffi;"";ssurance that the work
that the drug can be given
posses. i".uu"_rir."
The fruit contain ir#rii*.,
::*t1,ilil'ild;#;t};,"!J"'11"jlli","jJ,Hffi
acuvrty was found in the.seeds. :'"ii";
active than the arcohorig-
Th; juice was more
""rrirfrg.a
was observed in aroxan ""iru"t.-'"lil"lypogrycemic activity
diabetes *itr,
tamide failed to respond.12 -,a ketosis where tolbu-
,... 9**i,t", 5o. .g/kg,.administered orally lowers
Dy +2% at the ath hour, the mean fali blood sugar
It is more potent than tolbutamide l;;"g 5 hours being zgfi.
irr'frypogfy.emic activity,
55
DESCRIPTION
, DISTRIBUTION
USES
REFERENCES
,
l-t-.:1
2INCHES
DESCRIPTION
A tall tree; trunk prickly when young; branches in whorls of
3. Leaves alternate, palmitifid, leaflets 5-8 lanceolate, stipules
filiform. Flowers large, white, appearing with the leaves at the
end of the branches. Fruit fusifirm like a cucumber, capsule
Iined with long white silky hairs. Family Bombacaceae. Flowers
and fruiting in January/February.
DISTRIBUTION
Often planted for its valuable silk cotton throughout Burma.
USES
The juice obtained from the roots is considered a most valuable
cure for diabetes.
Gum used as tonic, astringent, laxative, alterative.
Roots used as diuretic.l
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
Seed resembles cotton seed in composition, but contains
little or no gossypoll2,5 seed contains zo_ z5ofoil.3,a
REFERENCES
t, Cnoen,r, R. N.,S. L. Nayen aro I. C. Cnopne (roc6). Glossaru
of Indian Medicinal Plants,p. 56. New Delhi : Couniil-of Scientifii
and Industrial Research.
l. Grurrrxc, E. P. eNo C. L. Ar-sonnc (r93i). Cornposition of Kapok
seed. Ind. Eng. Chern. 23, p. 9o3-9. In : Chemical Ahstiact,
(r93r). Vol. 25, part 3, p. 4727,
3, Bul!. ingt. trnst, Lond. (19z6), p. r8. In : Glossary o_f Indian Medicinal
Platzts, p. 56.
4. Wegllh ad tldjq. (1948-52), II. p. rr2. In: Glossary oJ Ind,iatt
Medicinal Plants. p, 56.
g. T'he Merch Index of Chemicals and Drugs (196o). Seventh edition,.
p. 496. The Rahway, New jersey: U.S.A., Merck & Co,, Inc.
:Plate llt - "oericcu.56r olol (Thinbaw
-
letPan, Le-wa)
elfiTe ntand ia (linn' ) ertn.'
Go
EUGENIA JAMBOLANA tam. i
Frc. rz. coe$p"r ccd@.rSes,1: (Thabye-phyu, Thabye.kyet chi)
Eugenia jambolana Lam.
67
Syzygium
"ru.
lateriflorum Royle ex Duthie as quoted in H^ook'
Ar;t. In'd.Il. 4gg as quoted in Kew Il' rozT ('BqS)'
"
7,"
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
USES
.Bark_used i"
,h" preparation of astringent, decoctions, garglee
and washes; fresh juice given with goatls milk in diarrh-oea- of
children.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES ,
r. CHorna, R. N:, S. L. Naven, lNo I. C. Ctoena (1956). Glossary of
Indian Medicinal Plants, p. 45. New Delhi : Corancil of Scientific
and Industrial Research.
z. Pharm. j. (rytz), p. 4r+. In : Gloxary of Indian Medicinal plants,
p. 238.
j. J. Amer. Chem. Soc (1916), p. 28o5. In : Glossary cf Indian Medicinal
Plants, p. 238.
.4. Pharm. J^. (rgrg), p. 245, In : Glossary of Indian Medieinal plants,
p. 238.
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
USBS
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
q
Leaves of the plant contain essential oil.
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
I
IJ
REFERENCES
I. C. CnoPn,r Q956.\-'ofGlassotY-of
t' c"oPRA' il,.T;*,'a#i:11 lifl 'NI* b"tiii ctuicil Sciontific
na"tttiul Reseatch'
^.a-'-l Indiat Medicinal
U'^Co' (r93I)' p' 86' In : GlossutY of
z. Ber. Schimmel
Plants, P. 236'
Research.
, *'$-:::),#'2i)a, Ei,::;";ffh""; ;;:;,trl"H'sju..ff1 a, JanuarY
itiF+i-.r..!Fr--f
2 tilCltES
DESCRIPTION
opposite' oblong-lanceolate;
-fto*"tt
Perennial undershrub' Leaves mc'lium size'
ai"*t"a' solitarv'
stioules minutcly
the lcaves' Fruit paired
iliffiT, o".oj",^ittJtg"rt'* the axil of Apocynaccae' Flowering
follicle, slendor, "yri*"a'i1".'-r"*ily
ft"iting the whole year round'
"r,J
DISTRIBUTION
USES
action was
Plant used as remedy for diabetes't {Ynoely"emic
shown in rats by tf'e Lrjor alkaloids of the plant'o
An infusion of leaves adrninistered in
menorrhagia'l
possesses hy1l*"l1]L"
Alkaloid acts as a heart poison'3 and also
antidiuretic6 actlvlty
action.4 New alkaloiat pfnottt diurctic'5a.d choriocarcinoma'?
and also used in o1r*"rt"*;a
'tu;;#;;t
C}IEMICAI. INVESTIGATIOI'{
Aje'nmtt* lnle
::.
1:.i
lJ,,
,\
F}IAR.I\{ACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES
4. ,Sci. and Cult. UgS$, p. 568. Ir: Glossary oJ Indian Medicinal Plants,
P.255.
- SvoBoDA,
S. GonnoN H., Manvrx Gon*reN AND H. Tusr RALMoNo (1964.).
Alkaloids of Vinca rosea (Catharanthus roseus). XXV. Lloydia.
(Cincinnati) 27, 2oj-213. Illua. .Iz: Biological Abstract. (r966).
Pharmacognosy and Pharmacuetical Bot. 47, p, 3344.
rr. Gonrter, Nruss, Svonoo,r ct al. (1959). J, Am, Chem.,Soc. 8r, p. 47+S-
4754, In: The Merch Index o! Chemicals aad Drugs, (tg6o). seventh
edition, p, 25, p, 1642,
r5. Svonooe, GonooN FI. eNo Ar-rEnr J. Bar.xss, Js. (rq5+). Alkaloi'ls of
Vinca rosea XXIV. ,. Pharm, .9cr. sr (ro). t2a7*r, In: Chanical
Abstac t ( r q6 S't. General Biochemistry, 6t, 67 zob.
TECOMA STANS /uss.
84
-%y\.o"
2INCHES
DtrSCRIPTICN
An erect branched, sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrous
shrub. Leaves compound, leaflets 5 or T,lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, margins sharply sertrate. Flowers many in clusters,
yeilow, bet!-shape. Fruir linear, compressed. Fan:ily BiS-
narziaceae. Flowering and fruiting from November to August'
DISTRiBUTION
trVidcly distributed. Often planted in gardens as ornamcntal'
USES
The leaves of this plant possess hypoglycemic properties.l'8
C{-IEMICAI, INVESTIGATION
Trvo aihaloids Eeeosni*e (I) and Tecosta$i&e (II), u'ere
isoiated from the leaves of Tecoma stans. (The structure oi these
two are given as follows:)-
^
r"l
flg
'fl
I! \*p,ee {1
Ii*l't*
-
Ft*qy$ ''" HGH^ear\l
flE'EE
kruJ L *J
EI
ilv?e Mc
1Z
Teeemine 'Tecostaninre
86
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
alkaloids'
Anirral experiment was performed with the two
isolated by
Tecomine (I) and Tecostanine (II) are two alkaloids
Harnmouda and Motawi3, and Hammouda
et al'4' from the
of
leurro. of Tecoma stans. The leaves of the various species
Tecoma have long been used by the natives
in Mexico for the
animals.l
Pliie V
- ocqreEtb$r (Phayaung ban) Tecoma stansJuss.
87
REFERENCE
4. Ha*ruouo,r, Y., I!{. M. Pla'r aun I.n Iv{nN (1963). }. Ann. Pherm. Franc.
21, p.6qq. In: J. Pharm. Sci,55, p. t4iz-r+54.
5:rmr* m
:*,r j:rlirt,:,iir,*#,.:fiJo*,n,,,,;,#:fl"J,,:*"Tf ;
ri:i:i!;;:ffi ;:ij;.i:fi ^x;It1,"'^3l.in:ffi ;il,ftt
i
I DISTRIBUTION
i
Mon_5rwa, Southern
Shan States and Ra
Burma &Iedicar R"."rr"rrin.ffi;c#r:il*aln (planted in the
I
USES J
T'he leaves are used in
the Southern Shan States
treatment of diabetes. for the
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
.
rn
The leaves contain (a).an-essential
oil, (D)phenolic acid insoluble
(c) alkaloids una g1_;;il"";t:"
r,EEaIIIc salt of phenolic
-r'ia!er,
and glycosiie. [4'' compound
The alkaloidal cr
Iffi f ilTl1}:T"lt'fi:S'if*'*6lixli::0"1.,,3*,#;
PHARMACOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION
' 2 INCHES
USES
The stern juice !" useful in diabetes. I Stem is bitter and used
in stomachic, gg gnq$reriodic, and antipyretic; also powdered
and made into *nfusion and used ar alterative and aphrodisiac.
Starch from r.oe{rs aqd sqe{-I is UBpd.gs nutrient, and also in
chronic diarrhoea 4nd chronic dysentery.
Juice of fresh pilpnt pqp$,es9es {iqetlt qcdon and is useful in
gonorrhoea. !
CHEMICAil- INVESSiGATION
Berberine is a bitter substance;3, *'5 ercm contains o.r/" of
a bitter substance and -al-sg,4Irqlhgf ,bitter principle and a neutral
2
substance.
Neutral substance (I), Cr, H* O; m.p. 8z=3o
Bitter principle A (II), C, H* Oro 5HrO, m,p. zz6-8.
Bitter principle B (III), m.p. 186:8.
Jois (Proc. Ind. Sci. Congress, r94r) recentlyisolated trorn the
plant, 3 substances m.p. 7S-7o, B3-+o and r.8ro respectively,
The first two may have heen more or less pure I and the third
may possibly be III, but he did not isolate II. 6
96
Green bark of the fresh stem was stripped off and crushed
which gave crude giloin and giloinin.
Giloin fr'colourless silky needles, m.p. 226-.80, C,n HBq O10
SHrO; ( o )o" 6g'S G% alc. soln.).
Giloinin Itr, m.p. 21s-11o, Cr, Hro Or; ( a )rJ+o" (r%MerCO).
Giloinsterol III, m.p. rgzo, C* H* C, ( o )f2 g2.8. (alc.) 7
Berberine, Cro H* NOr; a yellow needles from ether portion,
m.p. r45o. I Dissolves slowly in water with alkaline ieaction
and behaves as a quaternary base forming salts by replacement
of the OH group. e
A tautomeric pseudobase and an imimo aldehyde form are
indicated. 10, 11, 12
Cro FIrn NOu. 5H2O, long silky yellow needles, can be dried to the
hemipentahydrate at rooo, begiirs to decomposition at rroo.
One gram dissolves in zo ml watei:, roo ml alcohol; much more
'soluble in hot liquids, siightly soluble in acetone, ether, benzene
and chloroform.
Adduct with one mole chloroform; yellow triclinic tablets,
a.p. r45o. trVith one .mole acetone, yellow plates. With
rf mole 1lenzene, yellow scale plates. 13
cH30
Berberine
PHARh{ACOLO GICAL INVESTIGATION
Acute and chronic effect of oral feeding of the agueous,
alcoholic, petroleum ether, ether and ctrloroform extracts have
been observed on fasting blood sugar, glucose tolerance as well as
against epinephrine induced hyperglycaemias in different sets of
experiments on rabbits and albino rats.
\/l arEo7"re5"Sr oEQ"$r of o: r"6"5 lsinaonmanwe,
- Si nngomani, 5i nsamanwe) Tinospora cordifolia (Wi lld.)
Mlers.
97
REFERENCES
r. Krnuxm, K. -R. axo.BesV, B._D:.(r-933). Initian Medicinal plants,yol.
I, p.?8. Allahabad, India: Latii Mi"tian Basu.
z. Cuome,-B. -N,, S._l-. Navan ano I. C. Cuoena (1956), Glossary S
Indian Medicinal Plants, p, a44.
j. Dvnroex,
-W,qnonx
eNo.Hbppri- (rQpg-qC).- pharmacographis Indica, l,
F: 56. In: Glossary of ladian Medicin;i'plants. o. 2LA.
+. Bull. Inst. bot. Buitenz. ggoz). In: Gl<tssary oy iia;ii ruea*inal plants,
p.24+.
5. GapNaN Punussorrau PrNosn aNn SrxsrrsueN Durr (r9:z). Chemi_
cal Examination of Sonre Indian Medicinal plants,'{*.i-".;:-;lil.
-6. _.In: Gloxary ol Indian Medicinal Plunts, p. zq,+.
Bruor', F. Y., N, L. pnarxrxen eNo K.' ir,rnii.lpr (rg+r). Chenrical
lnvestiga-tion of Tinospora cordifolia Miers, T. Uhit,, E;r;i;".,;:;;;--'
.89-gz. In: Chemical-Abstfact -ltg4z). Vol. 16. pari i.iiii.' -V "'
7. A 5g- Leq -_r,'n-R*rauax K rovrar, Ke l iesn C sirvrjea Slr'o-cjii
"- -'Ch;l;;i
l' s wa s
Neru SnenuA AND Salruinneuax Sroorgul (rs+q). r
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
Amellin, isolated from the plant (cf. Science and Culture 7,572\
{rg4t-42) was shown to give relief from diabetes mellitus by oral
administration to 3 patients. The daily dosage was r5-2o mg.
with the simultaneous administration of Ca salts. Experiments
in oitro indicated that amellin can oxidise glucose in the presence
of human plasrna and physiological saline. In the presence of
diabetic plasma, the arnount of oxidation was smaller than with
normal plasma. Polarimetric methods were used to show that
glucose was not changed into its form by amellin in the presence
of human blood or rat muscle tissue. 3
r02
REFERENCES
r. CHorna, _R, N., S. L. Nevan eNo I. C. (rss6).
Indian Medicinal plants, p. zz+. -'N-ewCnopna
6;ldt Council ofGlossant of
and Industrial Research.' ^ ' Scientific
z. Me<led. Pituin, Batauia^(rgg7), p. g3. (rgg9), p. r3S. In:
Indian Medicinal pliws, p. zz4. Glossary ol
"
:;. Nlerrr,,,MaoneB CH.{NoRA (rrr+S.t. The nerv
t""n6rri,J-o."i..Lu i" srriil.'l?'.,ilt*i*Srl",.:ilH,#f
""r.ii".-i.'' fii.'i,"i."
propertics. Ann.-Biochem.,n.pr. I
Abstract (tg45). pharmacologf, p.
ssOi. ", .' ss_.". In : Chemicul
+. .S11'. & Cuh. (r9.qt-42), p. slz. In: Chctnical Abstract (r9q5). phar-
macology, p. j36r.
5. EnreN Arr, Mo. o*, A1r.ro*.B5rnlrarrl, lVIo. (r966).
tions of.Qcoparia dulcis. tii. tf,l"-"i";i;;,. Chemical
unsaporrifiable matter fr.om tfr. oii of tfr"'
Inresriga_
examination of the
"' ;;i"i ;;;;J';;';;; ;i"il:
c em i a i a i''i;;1. Ni;.;il; ;; :"' ifi?
i;:' #;;0, ! "'
h c
#ii:#11i,:;
6. Nera, M. C. ar.ro S. R. BexrnJrn
.(.rS+a). Effect on glycosuria and
lyperglycemia in cases of humin diail;e.. If,-" Ann. Biochem. Exbt.
Y"!..
p.336r.
t, 6:-8+.
p. r",
Ciiiiii'-Ab;,,;;" (.,;;;i".'' iriii,i,i.ii{i,
7. Narn, M. C., M. K. Cnaxnavontv AND S. R. BaNenyrr (1943). Influence
rrr rncreasins hematopoietic activitv in diabeti"'p"iiririi,
Biochem. Eiot. rw"a. "ii-Aili;,tri'aiiiir";'i,;;19.
t p. ,il-i;. fii'*-Ai
Pharmacol,ogy, p. ::16r.
-*1
#e'
d-
Vl I -- 6r -Ei"
.r$ r eor e ,, ru 6r oett. (Mahn-lay-pin,
Thagya pin, Danta-thuka) Seoparia duleis Linn.
AF{DROGRAPIIIS PANICULATA Nees.
r04
2INCHES
DESCRIPTION
An erect branched shrub; branches quadrangular. Leaves
opposite, lanceolate, with wary margin. Fiowers small, white,
arising from the axil of the leaf. Fruit linear-oblong capsule.
Family Acanthaceae. Flowering and fruiting from November to
N,Iarch.
DISTRIBUTION
Upper Burma, Dry or Arid Zone, Southern Shan States, and
Rangoon.
USES
The plant is locally.reputed as an antidiabetic drug plant.
Also used in amoebic dysentery, antipyretic,. and as
haemostatic.r
Plant also used as febrifuge, tonic, alterative, anthelmintic,
and dyspepsia. Infusion of plant in fever.
Roots and leaves also used as stomachic, tonic, and anthel-
mintic. 2
CHBMICAL INVESTIGATION
Bitter principle andrographolide present from o'8-z'5 %. ',n
Androgmpholide, C.n II*,, Os ; crystals, m.p. about zr8" with
decomposition (o) p2u r.eo" in acetic acid. Sparingly soluble
in water ; solubie in acetone, amethanol, chloroform and ether.
Andrographolide, an active principle which is a bitter
diterpene lactone is isolated form the leaves of the plant. Since
the substance is very slightly soluble in water (solubility is only
about 36 mg]6) very soluble sodium salt which retains the same
bitter character was prepared from it. The salt was crystallized
from water in shinning plates.
The above chemical extraction was carried out in the Pharma-
cology Department of the Burma Medical Research Institute,
Rangoon.e
r06
n
l!
(a) R = li*\
llrb
HO
o-to ct-! (b) R=
Andrographo[ide
r;;
Andrographin and panicolin, were isolated from the root of
the plant.
The former is a rnonohydroxytrimethoxyflavone, Cr8 tr{1s Od,
crystalline pigments, orange-yellow, hard needles from EIOH,
m.p. r9o-ro.
The latter is a dihydroxydimethoxyflavone, Cy H.* O.,
pale-yellow fuffy needles frorn CHCla, m.p. 263-4o.
Panicolin gives a diacetate, m.p. r3z-3o.
Alcoholic extract gave a sterol, m.p. r64o (acetate, m.p. r37o),
presumbly s-sitosterol. 7,8
REFERENCES
?.,
o
x
'
[--
2 tNcHES
r.
DiSTRIBUT1ON
Moulmein, Meiktila, Kalaw, Taunggyi, Rangooi, Syrian and
lnsein. '
USES
A non-nitrogenous principle isolated from the leaves possesse*
bypoglycemic action.l
'-Locally
the leaves are pounded. and used as polrldss for fresh
wounds, also externally used in srvelling cases, bleeding of the nose,-
and headache, colic, aithma and dysentery.2 Leaves decoction used-
in menorrhagia, tuberculosis, carminative and as astringent.3
Leaves and roots used in cough, bronchitis, and asthma'
Leaves used in rheumatism, also, as insecticidal. Flowers"
a
leaves and roots nsed as antiseptic.
CHEMiCAL INVESTIGATION
i"uu., contain alkaloid vasicine and smali amount of essential
oil ;5 contains I-peganiae (1-vasicine), Earne as syntehtic
l-peganine.s
Yasicine-Feganine CrrHu NzO; r-Forn'r; Needles frorn
alcohoi. rn,p. zrz". (o) o1a-254o (c:z'44 in CHC13);a o1a-62
r.c:z'4, in alcohol). In dil. HCI this alkaloid is dextrotototary;
CHOH CHOH
Vasicine Vas'K:inone
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
Animai experiments has been carried out with non-nitrogenous
neutral principle isolated from the leaves and shown to
possess
hypoglYcemic activitY.l
vasicinol produces transient hypotension in cats, contraction of
isolated guin&-pig oeart, all of which can be blocked by atropins.
trt also p"ro<iuces slight contraction of isolated guinea-pig tracheal
chain, but antagonises the iristarnine-induced broncho spasm in
il;"r_pig in vIvo. It ehows mild anticholinesterase activity.l0
III
'iiiii
+. Cnoenal i.'Nav.iniHo I. C. Croent (r.e56)'
n.'ir.I s.Dt^.-to r-S6). GlossarY oi
tt -s:^*-t ptrni,
r"-):^.- lvilitii"ii i.n i.a New Delhi:
T)"lhi : Council
Corrncil of Scientific and
I
Industrial Research,
y.'i;;i""-e;;.-s'ii.'(rg.+'"s), p. lrgr trzJt p' !gt' In: Glossarv of
-
"". Indian ilIedicinal Pldnts, P.7'
'p. 384. In: Glossarv of Indian Medicinal
o. arl. it''"i.'iiiii. ci. (r-g;si,-
Plants, p.7.
'nuir*uv,of Chemicals and Drugs (rg6o),,
fi" ruirin'Idex sev-enth edition'
'' -p. ,oq;.
". New Jersei', U.S.A':'Merck & Co', Inc'
s. rJeulo.ii, M.-C.,'ofM: L.-kdARAN; ar'Io M' R. RAIARAMA.n'lo- {t?!-,]:
Fhutn,*otogy a non-tritrogenous neutral principle isolSted trom
{eh;ili; ;;ti"" Niii-. (Acinthaceaei leaves' Planta Med' I3r
;;;:6 ni;.. Oi;v) i,i'-n"gtittr' In: Intemational Pharmtceuti'cal
,i{tt iiti'plii, trdooll' Fhu"ia"og. and l\lted' Plts' Vol' 3, No' 14' -
'M. U f-"^"
o. INarrroan.'fU."C.. *, a"Np M. R. Re;ana'rae R"o (rg6-s)'
'' - Fhut-n"ologv of a non-nitrogcnou,s neuttal principle lsolated trom the
leaves of A.aasica Nees. Planta Med, tg, rg+*799' !It'us' In: '6'cto'
o pical Abstract (rc66), Yol. 47, Pharmacology, p: 7529'.
P. K. aNo S. N. Pnaosex (1964).
";'f 'v;.i.i;;l,
'-' Linlnr,
ro. -uu*i"aPharmacolosical:nvestlgatrons
,"-;k"l;ii-f';; e. N.ees' Ind'i'.8'"9t1, Bio,l', 2-'
)ig-".3. In: Interrufiional Pharmaceutical Abstracts' 1196o1' vol' 3'
No. l. Preliminary Drr-rg Testing'
tr.
-" sot*o,b' H. A:-A*"C. o'-rons"s:qoas1'
-s9ii A clinical trial of a nevr
-I-pi"t..-.ia."g iN" z7+l .- wt-ri."!. ro, 393-395' In: Biological
Abstract (ry66),- 47,Pharmacol., 578r.
AEGINETIA INDICA Roxb'
ot
tt4
,.,j \
c oc e
Ftc. ar, emroio5iad (Kauk-hlaingti)
.A,eginetia indica Rolr&.
ir5
DESCRIPTION
interlaced fibres-
Leafless parasitic annual herb, root of fleshv
Scape very slender, nrlwers few' large' purple with
"rr"a.:
Fruit ffile' Familv or,obanchaceae' Flower-
;;16; ";"i.r. to November'
ing in the rainy season, in the months of ]uly
DISTRIBUTION
USES
of diabetes'1
The plant reputed to be useful in the treatment
REFEREI'{CES
of
'''"[i:u,Xf :,:)H.#H,),*.c'fff :);,"#:;;T;;,nfl :'?:i: IIn
p. 82.
HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM tinn.
TI8
in
ffi
f
!r&
DESCRIPTION
A coarse somewhat succulent annual with stout stem and
ascending branches more or less densely rough spreading hairs'
Leaves alternate or often subopposite ln the younger part, ovate
or ovate-oblong, usually with a few scattered hairs above, minutely
soft hairs beneath, the margins much rvarry' Flowers pale
violet, numerous, densely arranged on the stalk, coiled at the tip.
Fruit deeply z lobed, each lobe compressed, bluntly 4 ribbed,
producedfabove into a short beak. Family Borag'inaceae. Flower-
ing and fruiting frora February to L{ay.
DISTRIBUTION
Often seen widely grown in Burma.
L]SES
CHEMICAI- INVESTIGATION
Alkaloid is present in the plant.s'4 Pyrrolizidiae aikaloid
is present'in the F{eliotropium geaus.s
forroLizidine
126
REFERENefiS
,. CqrpR-A,.R.N.:.9.-.!.-N+$o A*D I.
tndtan Medtchat l,lants, p. tst, e.
CHopEa
New Delhi:
and lhcliidttidl RdSdarc$i.
i. M. Kirtb$pimr Gs6il. poi;imbits ptani
,-
Jri**,_ Planis o,
g!,,cgriada:2t, p. 7s. Engle*doil etjtrd,
fd. ite#
l.l
Hall Inc.
3. Dvrrocx, wanDrr* .lr.o i{cioprn _(18$6:96. p}taiinac,tyiaihfs Indica-
II, p. s2o. In : Gtossary ,t ila;ii'tiira;u;,*"t pl;ri;:;:"n;,""**'
q. Archio der Phmvuzic (
Medicinal Plonts, p.
*.r .i.
e
: -id-
'$!
lX - oEpreert*ffia
indicunn Linn,
(Sin-nhamaung gyil HeliotroPium
r22
DESCRIPTION
Much-branched annual stems and branches usually purplish,
sub-quadrangular, clothed with soft spreading hairs. teaves.
opposite, elliptic-oblong serrate margin, pubescent on both sides,
minutely gland dotted. Flowers purplish in close whorls-
Fruit nutlets, yellow with small black markings. Family Labiatae-
Flowering during the rainy months.
DISTRIBUTION
Maymyo, Minbu, Mandalay, Insein, North Hlairrg Yome
reserves and Rangoon.
USES
The plant has been said to possess oral hypoglycemic factor.r
Leaves used as expectorant. Juice of leaves dropped into tlre
ear as remedy for earache. Root given in decoction as a diapho-
retic in malarial fevers.z
CHEMICAL INVESTIGA'IION
Essential oil present in the plant. o'a
Leaves yieldo.T/" essential oil containingZrs% eugenol, 3'a,o/.
carvacrol, zo,4% methyl eugenol and ry/" caryophyllene.E
Eugeool, Eugenic or Caryophyilic acid ; 4-allyl-z-methoxy
phenol ; allylguaiacol ; C4 Hra Ozi Colourless or pale yellow
liquid, becomes darker and thicker on exposure to air, clove odour
and spicy, pungent taste. dll.o66-t.o7o. b.p. 254". n3
t.S+o-r.S4z. Insoluble in water ; miscible with alcohol,
chloroform, ether, oils : LD* orally in rats ; 2.o S/kg.
'tat
Carvacrol. z-hydroxy-p-cymene;
isopropyl-o-cresol-isoth ymol.
Cro Hr, O; Liquid ; thymol odor. d"zo
a'g76. b.p. 237-48o. Solidify
about oo. Ilo2o r' 5zzg5. trnsoluble
in water ; freely soluble in alcohol
or ether. LD orallY in rabbits;
roo mg/kg.
E*genot
r&J
\rt 13
H
cHtfr%)2
*amsacr*L e ae"yoPhYLLeme
I{EFERENCES
r. AND Ornlrro &lr,nrrNsz-F'ox:ur (rq64)' A.st"rrly of a
'' Lutuv,
- ,lfitt"NYDIA -ral Fiypcrl5crm;c lracroi in F-lbeheca ;a,ro:.ada (o. santturn)
i;i,;;j.-.i,; 6;,' zr2.',,1' ln.: !.ttc.lulicul Abstrcci \.tgfi5)' 46;87.25'
erl, I.C.Criorn'r(r9156),- Gk'ssar.,-cl-Indial
-' -- ilrditir:ci iriar;ts,Irie]'an
a. C".na^Iiift.,Si-.
F. 17g. liew Deliri : ccuncii of scir.irtiilc anil
Inciulttiai f(cscarch.
u. Co. (rgrr). Aprii' p' 87' In: Glossary t$ inCian
"'r, Bi.-*lr;rrorl
hi, di, ir,ci ]'lc'rtts, P' ! ;9'
a. iri,inl.r,rt u' Ci. (rqre). April, p' 95' In : GhtsssrS' of trgdia:t
' Ei.-llttdi.it:, I Il".ris' P- r7g.
',,. rrii.'1,i. srra. Scr, (rqjq)' \'ol' 9A, 7z' lil : Glusrary c-f Incian
M,dicit,cl Plants, P. 179'
' I-'tJ n';iii* t,itex o1 tieniiils-and
*. Drugs.-(t969)' Seventb edition, p' er7
ntI .i.,. F.ah.ray, Nex' Jeisey, t''S'n: i\'Ierck & Co', Inc
r.' Irairs. I nr:nor'rlr (ig4r). Ittii. Chim. itla,(tq6o)' 24, p'' 789'- ln .:.Tlte
Mtrth lr,ccx cJ Chtn'idt ani Druts Scventh edrfron,
7, zt7 and 43g.
$RTEt#S$P{$$fd S'{'"{ft,f{}dE{JS Benrh.
t.
t26
ilur*r." name :
S:oflr $6c5; Se-cho, Myit-shwe. .
OnrnosrpHox SretuNrus Benth, in Wall. Pl, As. Rm. lI.
r5 (r83r).
Ocimum grandiflorum Blame Bijd.8y.
Ocimum longiflorum Ham. in Wall. Cat, 2727.
English common name : Java tea.
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
CHMEMICAL INVESTIGATION
i
REFERENCES
DESCRIPTION
DISTRIBLTTION
T
USES
DESCRIFTION
Perennial, bulb thick, globular. Scape tall, hollow, inflated
base. .Leaves in 2 rows, shorter than the scaPe.
and leafy near the
Inflorescence globular, umbel, many flowered, white. Fruit a
capsule. Farnily Liliaceae. -
t
I DISTRIBUTION
Bxtensively cultivated in Burma for its edible value.
USES
A total extract of dried onion had a potent and prolonged
hypoglycemic effect on artificially induced diabetes inrrats and
."UUiit.t
Onion bulbs are used in flatulence, dysentery, as stimulant,
diuretic, and expectorant.2 :
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
3'a' 5
Essential oil and organic sulphides present in the plant.
Scales contain catechol and protocatechuic acid. 6' r
The whole plant contains o'o5$ essential oil. E' e
Chief constituent of the crude oil is allyl propyl disulphide. 1t
Onion bulb of Allium cepa contains y -glutamyl-$'(pto-1
emyl)-Lcysteine sulphoxide.
In onion, nine different y -glutamfl peptides have been
13
recorded.
J
PHARMACOLOGICAL ITWESTIGATIONS
A total extract of dried onion had a potent and prolonged
hypoglyceqic effect on artificially induced diabetes in rats and
rabbits. A partial ftactionation showed that the active priniciple
was located primarily in r fraction.l
r36
REI'ERENCES
t. Garar-, E. E. euo M. A. Gawau (r96,5). Antidiabetic activity'Numoer
of Egyptian
onion Allium cepa extract. 1. Egypt iVed. Ass. ,Spec, 48,
\4-tS, (8"g.). In : Chemical Abstruct. g967). Pharmacodynamic.
(t6, g3,igzk,
a. Cnoraa, R. N., S. L. Navan euo I. C. Cropn.c (1956). Glossary of Indian
llledieinal Plants, p. tt- rz. New l)eliri: Council of Scientific and
Industriai Research.
3, Phari. Zrg, Bfft, (rScl), p. 3t5., Irt: Gl<,ssary of Indian Medicinal
Pldfi*, p. tt-tz.
4. tser. Schimmel. u, Co. Lpz. QB\<t). April, p. 44. In : Glostary oJ
Indian Medicinal Plantt, p. rr-i2.
5. Arch. Ph{rrn. l}er!. t$ga), p. +S+. trn : Gltlssary of Indian l.Iedicinal
Plants, p. tt-iz,
6. J. bicl. Chem. iry3), p, 379. In: Glcssary t,J lrdian lr'Ieiicinal Pl.ants,
p. r r-r2,
7. Chary. Zbl. (rqg, II, p. :egg. In: (Jiossary o;f Indian MedicintL
Platis, p. rt-tz,
B. Patfu;ns de Fr. Qqfi, p. zzZ. In, : Clitsscry af lw)ian MeJitinal
1'lnnt:, p. tr-iz.
g. Che'm. Abstr. fiqi|1, p.727. In: Glossa';y af Indian Meiiciael Plants,
p. rt-12.
to, J. Agric.,Qes. (r935), p. 847. In: Glossry of Iittlian h{ediciieal Plants,
p. rr_r2.
rr. Krurrrrrarn, iI. ervl E. Manc;i's Jar:neslrn (1936). Pharmacological
trials witlr soine dcrnestic plants. in : Cheitical Abstract, $$3).
Vol. 3r, parr r, p. 3r49.
rz. Fulr-an, Javrs E. AN.; EnNrsi R.. I*ccrx (r9,go). Onion juice and
bacterial gror,vth. )iooJ )\tsearch. g, p. 503-7. In:- Chemical
Abslract. (r9+r). t'ol. 35, part r, p. zoi7.
13. Yrrr,rNnN, ANcew (1962). Chem. Intcrn. Ed. Engt., t, z99*3o6.
ZEA MAYS Linn.
t,
r39
DESCRIPTION
A tall stout annual grass. Leaves broad, flat. Flower stalkr
in different inflorescence on the same plant. Female in the axils
of the lower leaves, tightly enveloped by large membranous bracts.
The st1,le of the female flowers very long, exerted in long silky
tassals from the sheathing bracts. Family Grarnineae. Flowers
and fruits from January to July.
DISTRIBUTION
Planted in Burma up to 6,ooo feet above sea level.
USES
A fermented preparation from the style of the plant I said to
have the strong hypoglycemic effect.l
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Maizeinc acid, fixed
Fresh styles and stigmas contain oil,
resin and mucilage.2
Enzymes present inmaizeare : 3 (r) Phosphohexokinase ;a
(a) Maleases and (3) Amino acid decarboxylase.6
REFERENCES
r. MrNrzrL, E. (rq6f), Hypoglycemic Substances, Bull. Res. Council,
Israel, Sect. E, roz, 235-6. (Eng.) from QZ, ry65 (32), Abstract
No, ra68 In : Chernical Abstract (tg66). Pharmacodynamic 64,
72t29.
z. {he.Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs (tg6o). Seventh edition,
-_p. rrrz. Rahway, New Jersey, USA .'Merck & Co., Inc.
3. PAEgrl K-_M. V. Tnecnv (tg5). Modern Methods of Plnnt Analysis,
Vol, IV, p. 78. Berlin : Springer-Verlag.
4. Axrrnoo, Sar-mraN, IJeNoursrr aNo Baxrn bSSz). I. Biol. Chem,
_ rg7. In : Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Vol. IV, p. 78.
5. Sacrs auo-JrssrN (!gS_r)._l_. Biol. Clrem. rga, z3r.In : Moderi Methoils of
_ Plant Analysis, Vol. IV, p.
- Scxe:,rs, Mrns .lNo Scnerrs (1946). Arch. Biochem. ror
78.
6. 'Vol. 4-5-5. In :
Modern Methods oJ Plant Anaiyiii, IV, p. 78.
IO
KYLLINGA TR.ICEpS Rorb_
r42
- 2lNcHE s
Burmese name :
$.6rig'5' Myet-mon-nhyin'
Kvr,rrNce Tnrcrps Rottb. Deser. €d Ic' :,4, t' 4' fig' 6'
Gni.
Kyllinga monocoephala Nees. in. Wight Contri' 9r (not of
Rottb.).
English common name: Nil'
DtrSCRIPTION
DISTRIBUTION
USES
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPTIY
JounNers
Abbreviated Title. Full Title.
A*.J.Pharm. AmericanJournilofPharmacy. Philadel'
phia.
Anru. Biochem. ExPt. IVIed.. Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental
Medicine. Calcutta.
Ann. Neut York Acad. Sci, Annals of the New York AcademY of
Sciences.
Apoth. Stg. Apotheker Stg.
Apotheherztg. Berl. Apothekerzeitung. Berlin.
Arch. Pharm., Berl. Archiv der Pharmazie' Berlin.
Ber. Beritch.
Ber. dtsch. cltem. Ges. Bericht der Deutschen Chemischen
Gesellschaft. Berlin.
Ber. deut. pharm. Ges. Bericht der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen
Gesellschaft. Berlin.
Ber. Schimmel U. Co. Bericht von Schimmel u. Co., Leipzig,
uber aetherische Oele, Ricchstoffe,
usw. Leipsig.
Biological Abstract Biological Abstract.
Bull. Bot. Suro. India Bulletin of the Botanical Surv:y. India.
Bull. Cal. Sch. TroP. Med. Bulletin of the Calcutta School of
Tropical Medicine.
Bull. imp. Inst., Lond. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute.
London.
Bull. Inst. bot. Buitenz. Bulletin de l'lnstitute botanique de
Buitenzorg. Buitenzorg.
Bull. Res. Council, Israel, Bulletin of the Research Council of
Sect. E. Israel; Section E: ExPerimental
\,Iedicine (Jerusalem).
Bull. Soc. Chim. France ... Bulletin Societe Chimique de France.
Paris.
JounNar.s,-cozld.
E'ull Title'
Abbreviated T':itle'
{ahresber Pha-rm.
Jahresber' Pharm.
J. Agric' Res. ... io,rrnul of Agricultural Research"
Washington.
Journal of the American Chemical
J. Amer. Chem. Soc'
SocietY.' Easton Pa'
tnurlnul of th" A-"tican Pharmaceutical
J. Ant. Pharm. Assac' " Associ.ation. Columbus'
T. Ann. Fharm. Frar'c'
1.A*.Pharm. Franc' Balti-
J. Bial. Chem. iournul of Biological Chemistry'
more.
Journal of the Chemical SocietY'
J. Chetn. Soc. London.
Chernical Society'
J. Chinese Chem. Soc' Journal of the Chinese
Medical Asso-
l.ECyPt.Med. Ass' iorrnul of the EgYPtian
ciation'
Chemical Society"
J. Indian Cheru. Soc. Journal of the Indian
Calcutta'
Institute of Science'
Journal of the Indian
J, Indian Inst. Sci. Bangalore.
Intern. Sor. ['eather '"il;;;; I.,,rr.il of the Intemational So-ciety of
"7.Trades Chem.
rtuatt cheffiists' Lt'ndon'
Sciences'
J. Pkatw. Sci. Journal of Fharmaceutical
of Pharrnacy anC Pharrnaeotrogy'
J. Pharm. Pharmacol' iou.rrr-l
Sci. industr. Res' iourn.l of Scientific and Industrial
J. Research. Delhi'
of Bombay'
unio. Journal of the University
t. BombaY
t+7
JocrnNers.- concld .
N*uq Iwpcx
Burmese frames. Botanical na?nes.
(DO)23()
\ Cicer arieJinum Linn.
I
coc
cDo))8 ()coo3
I
Osimum aanctlr& Linn.
-.CC.
lgcDcoeo Viter glabrata R. Br.
{-c c6
lg,Dqf? .A,lliwn cepa Linn.
:r.rc c e
lcDCDU)C3013
LJ Momordica charuntia Linn.
Co
^cDc3()
I
Cephalandra indica N aud.
crr
fDs33)Gl()
I r. (J Eugenia operculata Ro*D.
coc e
€cDSCDCTJCSCD
JL
Aeginetia indica rRo*6.
cn
-coc)3l3
t!
Andrographis paniculata Nees.
cn
.€osc30l3
A
Curcuma comosa Ro*D.
r-
€?3 lJL
Acacia arabica Willd.
eo
osoJI Orthosiphon stamineus Benth,
c c\
scecDacS(J Cicer arietinum Linn.
coo
.sccLol Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.
cc
€oco)3c1()) Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier'.
Co C
,aoccr)30&(D Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miet s,
c cre
.6ocl3ccfc3tg3 Heliotropium indicttm Linn,
.A.ndrographis paniculata Nees.
.ep:Eoe$ Ficus glomerata Roxb.
cno
G3)fCGUIE
t..-
!rcus rehgrosa Lmn.
c
'6CO?CDOf
JI
Vitex glabrata R. Br.
L-
Pithecollobium lobatum Bmth,
c
3C)C3 Pithecollobium bigeminum Marl.
'3S3)e Scoparia dulcis Linn.
6L
Nerrp INorx.-contd.
(Transliterated )
(Traosliterated)
(Transliterated)
Sin-ngo-mani ... Tinospora cordifolia (WiUd.\ Miers.
Sin-nhamaung-gyi Heliotropit,m indicur,r. Linn.
Sin-sa-manwe ... Tinospora cordifolia (Witld.) Mins-
Su-byu Acacia arabica Willd.
Thabye-chin Eugenia operculata Ror6.
Thabye-kyet-che Eugenia jamb olana Lam.
Thabye phyu Eugenia jamb olana Lam.
Thagya pin Scoparia dulcis Linn.
Thinbaw letpan Ceiba pentan dra (Linn.) Gaertn.
Thinbaw manyo Yinca rosea Linn.
Ye-magyi Adhatoda vasica Nees.
Ye-thaphan .., Ficus gloinerata i?oxb.
I
1
r5.:
Gnrsx*r. Imnx.
Pnor
BOTANICAL NAME
Lcaca Willd. J
adaronii Guill. 3
arabicz Willd. J
sera Willd. .t
I
Blqonia I ,inx.. +9
grandis Linn. f. 49
palnataWalL 49
Casaria Jacq. 45
ehampiouiiThw. 45
esculenta.Ror6. 45
laeoigataDalz, +5
earians Thw. 45
zeylanicaThw. 45
GnNnnel lNonx.-contd.
Pees
EugeniaLiir. 67,?3
androsaemoides Herb. l3
caryophyllifoka Lam. 67
cerasoides Roxb. 73
corticosa Lour. 67
frondosaWall. 67
-Hooheri
F. Muell. 67
jambolana Lam. 67
jambolifera Roxb. 67
neraosaBedd.
obooatumWall. IJ
obtusifolia Roxb. 67,
operculata Roc&. i5
panialaRoxb. IJ
GnxsRAL lNow-contd.
Pees
Helicteres Linn. 59
chrysocalyx Miq. 59
isora Linn. 59
Roxburghii G. Don. 59
H e li ophy tum indicum D C. I19
velutinum DC. II9
Heliotropium Linn. II9
anisophyllum Deauv. I19
indicum Linn. I19
Inga Willd. 8r
annularis Grah. 7
attenuata Grah. II
bigemina Willd.
jiringa Jack. II
KaeringaYoit. II
Inga 7,rt
lobata Grah. II
lucidaWaLl.
Wightiana Grah,
7,
7
l:usticia Linn. r09
Adhatoda Linn. r09
paniculata Burm. r()5
Ky I ling a mono c o eph al a N ees r+3
triceps Rol16. r+3
Lochnera rosea Reichb. 79
Mays Zea Gaertn. r39
Il[ eni sp ermum c or dif o I ium W illd. 95
MimosaLirn. 3
acutifera Blanco. II
adstringens Schum & Thorn J
3rabica Lam. J
bigeminaWilld.
Djaringa Roxb. II
iiringa lack. II
Kaeringa Yoit. II
lycida Wall.
dlotica Lirrr. J
rwpiades Lir,:rr. J
II
r56
GgNTBAI" trraw-contd.
Faor
IVtrornordica .tizz. 53
cbarattia Linn. 5J
humilisWalL
mondelphaRoxb. 49
muricataDC. 53
senegalensis Lamb. 53
Morus Linn. +r
alba Linn. +t
serrataWall. +r
tatarica Linn. 4r
Pithecollobium Mart. 8r
bigeminum Mart. .,.
laterifi.orum Blume ,'. II
lobatum Bentk. II
l
speci.osaRoxb.
o-
o5
Stenolobiwm stazs (L.) Seem.
GrNrnar, lxos-condd.
Peos
67
latuifimurnRoYle
sercosamDC. 73
nodosumMiq. t5
obooatutnWall. IJ
oberculatum Gamble t3
i'ancallaWall. IJ
ool'yanthumThw. 73
bahumWall. IJ
85
WallhhianumPrcsl.
85
Tecoma stans jass. 85
Tecomella slaas Seem'
II9
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd,) Miets'
JI
Triaridum anisoPhYlhon G. Don.
29
Iltostigma affneMiq.
bmghalensis GasP. .'. 3l
religiowmGnP. 79
Yinearcsea Linn.
gre
Yitex Linn. ,.. 9r
bombaciJoli.aWall. ... 9r
Cunninghani Schau. 9I
glabrata R. Br. 9r
PallidaWall.
r39
Zet Limr. r39
albaM;ill. r39
americanaMill.
r39
Mavg Litm.
r39
trgitolit salisb. r39
ztulgaris M.ill.
o)
C.P. Ig I n I
(C I z) I z. | 6s I tx.