• Pangea Drift Theory

• Oceans of the world

• Lines of Globe
•The theory was proposed by geophysicist and meteorologist
Alfred Wegener in 1912
•Continental drift was a revolutionary theory explaining that
continents shift position on Earth's surface
•Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single
landmass called Pangea
•Idea of continental drift were based on several lines of evidence:
fit of continent, paleoclimate indicators, truncated geologic
features, and fossils
• Arctic Ocean
• Antarctic / Southern Ocean
• Indian Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean
• Pacific Ocean
•Smallest of the world’s oceans, centering
approximately on the North Pole.
•Earth's northernmost body of water.
•It encircles the Arctic, and flows beneath it. Most
of the Arctic Ocean is covered by ice throughout
the year—although that is starting to change as
temperatures climb.
• The word “Arctic” comes from the Greek word
“Arktikos”, meaning “near the Bear”.
• Covers approximately one-sixteenth of Earth’s total
ocean area.
• Has a crucial impact on Earth’s climate.
• It pulls in waters from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian
Oceans, helping drive a global circulation system
known as the conveyor belt, which transports heat
around the planet.
• Cold, dense water that sinks to the ocean floor off
Antarctica also helps store carbon in the deep ocean.
• Was named Southern Ocean because of its current.
• Covers approximately one-fifth of the total
ocean area of the world.
• Forty per cent of the world’s offshore oil
production takes place in the Indian Ocean
basin.
• Named after the country India
• Covers approximately one-fifth of Earth’s surface
• Separate the continents of Europe and Africa to the
east from those of North and South America to the
west.
• The ocean’s name, derived from Greek mythology,
means the “Sea of Atlas.”
• It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean.
• 60° S parallel in the south to the Arctic in the north
and lying between the continents of Asia and
Australia on the west and North America and South
America on the east.
• Largest, occupying about one-third of the surface of
the globe.
• Mariana Trench—also the greatest depth found in
any ocean.
• Called “Pacifico” by Ferdinand Magellan which
means “peaceful”.
• Meridians
• Parallel
• Longitude
• Latitude
• The prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude,
the starting point for measuring distance both
east and west around Earth.
• The 0° longitude that passes through Greenwich,
near London is considered a standard, and all
the time of all other zones are calculated
accordingly.
The Tropic of Cancer was named because at
the time of its naming, the sun was
positioned in the Cancer constellation
during the June solstice. Likewise, the Tropic
of Capricorn was named because the sun
was in the constellation Capricorn during the
December solstice.
• GMT
• International Date Line
• Seasons of Solstice and Equinox
• International Time Zones
What is GMT?
 What is GMT?
The "Greenwich Mean Time"
refers to the time zone at the zero
degree of longitude that runs
through the London suburb of
Greenwich and takes its name from
it. It is also called the zero meridian.
Every 15° longitude represents one
hour's difference in time: (24 x 15 =
360, the degrees of a circle).
International Date Line
 The International Date Line (IDL)
is an imaginary line on Earth's surface defining the boundary
between one day and the next.
The International Date Line is the boundary where each
calendar day starts and is also known as the
“Line of Demarcation” because it separates
two calendar dates:
When you cross the date line traveling east, you subtract a day,
and if you cross the line traveling west, you add a day.
 International Time Zones
We have 24 different time zones in the world. Because
the Earth rotates 360° every 24 hours, each time zone
is 15° longitude apart from the other. (360÷24=15)

Gaining and losing time

When you move to the right, you gain time.
In other words, for every time zone that you move towards
the right, you add one hour.
But when you head toward the left, you lose an hour.
Why Are Some Time Zone Lines Not Straight?
Time zone lines are not always straight in order to accommodate the
desires of nations within the boundaries of the zone.
The irregularity is mainly due to political factors and has nothing to
do with geography or any other natural cause.
Many countries in South America deflect time zone lines around their
boundaries so that the entire nation is within the same time zone.
Some nations not only deflect the lines around their borders but ignore any
lines passing within their borders entirely.
For example, China, which is about as wide as the continental United States,
only has one time zone. Countries to the north and south of China follow the
regular 15-degree-wide time zone lines, with some deflection.
Top five countries with most
number of time zones:
• France - 12
• United States of America - 11
• Russia - 11
• United Kingdom - 9
• Australia - 8