ATOMIC STRUCTURE

KEY CONCEPT

1. Works Related with Scientists

Sr. Charge Mass

Particle Symbol Nature Discovered by
No. (in esu) × 10 –10
(in amu)
1. Electron e– – 4.8029 0.0005486 J.J. Thomson
2. Proton p+ + + 4.8029 1.0072 Goldstein
3. Neutron n 0 1.0090 Chadwick
4. Positron e+, 1e0, + + + 4.8029 0.0005486 Anderson (1932)
5. Neutrino  0 0 < 0.00002 Pauli
Chamberlain Sugri and

6. Anti-proton p– – 4.8029 1.00787

Weighland (1955)
7. Photon h 0 0 0 Planck
8. Graviton G 0 0 0
9. Positive (mu meson) + + + 4.8029 0.1152 Yukawa (1935)
10. Negative(mu meson) – – – 4.8029 0.1152 Yukawa (1935)
11. Positive pi(meson) + + + 4.8029 0.1514
Negative pi(meson
12 – – – 4.8029 0.1514
) Powell (1947)
Neutral pi (meson
13. 0 0 0 0.1454
)

N()  Z2.............. (iii)

2. Ruther ford's -particle scattering
1
experiment N()  .............. (iv)
r2
1 Here,
N()  .............. (i)

sin 4   Z = atomic number of element of metal foil
2
K.E. = K.E. of -particle (initially)
1
N()  .............. (ii)  = Scattering angle
K.E.2
r = Distance of screen from foil
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 3. Radius of Nucleus (xiii) I.E. = 13.6 Z2 eV/atom
(xiv) Number of revolution per sec by an e–
R = R0 A1/3 ......(i)
or R = 1.4 × 10–15 A1/3 metre .......(ii) 0.657  1016 z 2
=
n3
value of R0 can be 1.1 × 10–15 to 1.44 × 10–15 metre.
(xv) Time taken for one revolution
4. Some Formulae Related with Bohr
Model 1.52  10 16 n 3
=
z2
mv 2 Ze2
4. (i)  2 5. Order of wave length & Frequency of
r r electromagnetic radiation
nh
(ii) mvr  Visible zone
2
2Ze2 Cosmic  X UV VR IR Micro Radio
(iii) v  2.188  108 Z/n cm/sec
nh
rays ray rays Zone Zone Wave Wave
n 2h 2  n2  s
(iv) r 2  0.529   Å
4 mZe2  Z   E 
 

 22 mZ 2e 4 PE 6. Hydrogen Spectrum

(v) ET  2 2
 KE 
n h 2
(i) Various Series of spectrum lines :
(vi) Series Spectrum Wave
Transition
 Ze2
of Lines Zone Length
ET   K.E.  P.E.
2r 1. Lyman n2 = 2,3,4, Ultraviolet < 3800 Å
... to n1 = 1
 22 mK 2 Z2e 4
(vii) ET  2. Balmer n2 = 3,4,5 Visible 3800-7800 Å
n 2h 2
... to n1 = 2
(viii) ET = – 21.8 × 10–19 Z2/n2 J/atom 3. Paschen n2 = 4,5,6 Infrared > 7800 Å
= – 13.6 Z2/n2 eV/atom ... to n1 = 3
4. Bracket n2 = 5,6, 7
Z2 " "
= 21.8 × 10–12 erg ... to n1 = 4
n2
5. Pfund n2 = 6, 7, 8
= – 1312 kJ/mol " "
... to n1= 5
(x) E1 < E2< E3 < ...... < E (E = 0) 6. Humphury n2 = 7, 8, 9
" "
(xi) (E2– E1) > (E3–E2) > (E4–E3) > ......., ... to n1 = 6
(ii) Wave number ( ) and wavelength () of
(xii) For H-atom : E1 = –13.6 eV
spectral lines :
E2 = – 3.4 eV
1 1 1
  R H Z2  2  2 
E3 = –1.5 eV   n1 n 2 
E4 = –0.85 eV
2 2 me 4
Here, RH = (RH = Rydberg constant ;
E5 = –0.54 eV ch 3
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 = 109678 cm–1) 8 2 m
(i) 2  + (E–V)  = 0….(i) or
n (n  1) h2
(iii) Total no. of spectrum line =
2
(ii) E = Ĥ …..(ii)

7. In Sommer field Model (b) Plots of radial probability distribution

function (4 r2 R2)
 h   h 
P  = n   & P r = nr  
 2   2  For 1s 

& P = Pr + P or n = nr + n R  Ker / a 0 R 2  K 2e 2r / a 0

Semi major axis a n
= =
Semi minor axis b l (i) (ii)
R R
8. de-Broglie Concept r/a0 r/a0

h h
 

(4r2 2R1s2
(i)
mv p
(iii)
1
(ii) mv 2 = eV (for electron)
2 r/a0
h
(iii) 
2emV For 2s 
12.25
(iv) 
V R
(i)
(Here  is in Å, V is in volt) (for electron)
h
(v) 
2mK.E.
r/a0
12.25
(vi)  (for electron)
K.E.
(Here  is in Å and K.E. is in eV) R2
(ii)

9. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

r/a0
h h
(x) (p)  & (x) (v) 
4r2 R2s2

4 4m
h (iii)
E. t  (For energy and time)
4
h
& .  (For angular motions) r/a0
4
For 3s 
10. Shrodinger Theory

(a) Shrodinger wave equation :

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 11. Nodes
 (i) R  (i) Radial nodes or spherical nodes = n – – 1

(ii) Angular nodes = 

r/a0
(iii) Total nodes = n – 1

12. Quantum arithmetic

R2
 (ii) 
Sub Value Value No. of Max.
shell of l of m orbitals no. of e–
r/a0
s 0 0 1 2

4r2 R2 p 1 0, ±1 3 6
(iii) d 2 0, ±1, ±2 5 10
f 3 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 7 14
r/a0
13. Shape of orbitals
For 2p  R  Krer / 2a0
(i) Boundary surface diagram for 1s orbital.
R
(i)

1s
r/a0
(ii) Boundary surface diagrams of the three 2p
orbitals.
R2 2px 2py
z z
(ii)
x x
r/a0
y y
2pz
z
4r2 R2
(iii) x

y
r/a0
For 3d  (iii) Boundary surface diagrams of the five 3d
orbitals.
R R2
(i) (ii) dxy dxz dyz
z z z

r/a0 r/a0

4r2 R2 x x y x
(iii) y y

(a) (b) (c)

r/a0
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 d x 2  y2
d z2 17. Electron filling principles
z z

(i) Aufbau Principle :

According to this principle, "In the ground
x x state, the atomic orbitals are filled in order of
y y
increasing energies". i.e. in the ground state the
(d) (e) electrons occupy the lowest orbitals available
to them.
14. Some important points Order of filling of e–  1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,
(a) No. of e–s in any subshell = 2(2l +1) 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, ……… ,
5f, 6d, 7p.
(b) No. of orbitals in any subshell = (2l
+1) (ii) Pauli's Exclusion Principle :
(c) Orbital angular momentum of e– According to this principle, "No two electrons
= [l(l+1)] h/2 in an atom can have all the four quantum
(d) Spin angular momentum of e– = numbers n, l, m and s identical”.
[s(s+1)] h/2 (iii) Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity :
(e) No. of Max. e– in any shell = 2n2
According to this rule "Electron pairing will
(f) Max. number of orbitals in any shell = not take place in orbitals of same energy until
n2 all the available orbital of a given sub shell
(g) Max. number of subshell in any shell = contain one electron each with parallel spin".
n
(h) Excited state of e– is always equals to (n–1) 18. Isosters
(i) According to sommerfield no. of elliptical orbit
is equal to (n–1) Substance which have same number of electron
(j) Total nodes = (n – 1) and atoms called Isosters.
(k) Value of l = 0 to (n – 1) eg. CO2 N2O
(l) Penultimate shell = (n – 1)
22 22
(m) Spin multiplicity = 2S + 1
(Here  S = n/2 and n = total no. of unpaired
electrons)

15. Magnetic Moment

Magnetic Moment = n (n+2) B.M,

eh
1 B.M. = , = 9.27 × 10–24 JT–1 ;
4m e
n = total no. of unpaired e–

16. Photo electric effect

1
h= w + mv2 ………………(i)
2
w = h0 (work function)………(ii)

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