PDF Webinar Q1.3 2020 Stainless Steel Special Alloys March EN

STAINLESS STEEL
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Occasion: Webinar
Date: 24th march 2020
Present: Peter Scheldeman
A GRAINGER COMPANY
CORROSION RESISTANT STAINLESS STEEL
• According to ISO 3506-1
• 3 material groups based on their metallurgical structure:
• Austenitic A (most used for fasteners)
• Martensitic C
• Ferritic F
• Common characteristic: Cr content of min. 12%
• The chromium (Cr) builds a skin of oxide at the surface, giving a higher
corrosion resistance (passivation)
• With a chromium contents of 12% and more the skin of oxide is fully closed
and the material below is protected against corroding influences
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AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
• After the manufacturing process the formation of the skin of oxide at the
surface is accelerated through passivation in nitric acid
• More important: due to passivating in nitric acid, residues of steel and other
strange metal particles are removed
• According to ISO 3506-1

• “for maximum corrosion resistance, passivation is recommended”
• Corrosion resistance will vary, depending on Cr % in proportion to other

elements, e.g. Nickel (Ni), Molybdenum (Mo), Titanium (Ti), …
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MATERIAL GRADES AUSTENITIC SS
• Corrosion resistance : 5 steel grades :
• A1, A2, A4:

• most common used
• will give risk of inter granular corrosion at elevated temperatures
• A3, A5:
• new grades, A3 is rarely used but A5 is gaining in popularity
• stabilized steels with A2 resp. A4 properties
• addition of elements like Titanium (Ti), Niobium (Ni),
Tantalum (Ta) reduces the risk of inter granular corrosion
at elevated temperatures
• Steel grade A1
• Especially designed for machining (free cutting) due to high sulfur (S) and
phosphorus (P) content
• Due to high sulfur content lower corrosion resistance
• Steel grade A2
• Most frequently used, also called 18/8 (= Cr/Ni percentage)
• Good corrosion resistance in most applications
• Not suitable in environments with non-oxidizing acids or with
chloride content (i.e. swimming pools and sea water)
• Steel grade A4
• Often called 18/10
• “acid proof” due to Molybdenum (Mo)
• To a certain extent also suitable in an environment with chloride content
• Frequently used by the food industry and by the ship-building industry
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
comparable stainless
grade C% Si% Mn% P% S% Cr% Mo% Ni% steel types
DIN AISI ISO
A1 0,12 1 2 0,2 0,15-0,35 16-19 0,7 8-10 1.4305 303 17
A2 0,1 1 2 0,05 0,03 15-20 - 8-11 1.4301 304 11
A4 0,08 1 2 0,045 0,03 16-18,5 2-3 10-15 1.4401 316 20
• A1 = AISI 303
• A2 = AISI 304 (= ASTM A193 B8)
• A4 = AISI 316 (= ASTM A194 B8M)
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Austenitic stainless steels :
• Cannot be hardened and tempered
• Can also not be case hardened
• self tapping screws, self cutting screws, thread forming screws,
self drilling screws
• It can only be strengthened by cold forming

• Increasing the mechanical properties considerably
• 3 property classes for bolts and screws:
Bolts and Screws

Property
Manufacturing method
class
50 Machined: free cut or hot pressed
70 Cold forged: the most universal and applied property class
Extra cold forged: the highest property class, having obtained

80 mechanical values by extra cold deformation
Stainless steel Property Bolts and screws Nuts type 1
class
0.2% yield strength Elongation at fracture Proof load value

Tensile strength Rm1)
Steel group Steel grade Rp0.21) A2) Sp min.
min. MPa
min. MPa min. mm MPa
50 500 210 0,6d 500
Austenitic A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 70 700 450 0,4d 700
80 800 600 0,3d 800

1)
Values are calculated on the nominal stress area (ref. Thread sizes tables)
2)
Determined according to ISO 3506-1 on the actual screw length and not on a prepared test piece.
Stainless property class 80 bolts can often replace 8.8 steel bolts !
FASTENER : STRENGTH AND CORROSION RESISTANCE..
• Strength
• possible property classes : 50, 70 and 80
• Corrosion resistance
• possible material grades A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5
Common stock combinations:

Property class 50 in A1
SHEAR STRESS
• Due to insufficient clamping it might happen that bolts are loaded cross wise
• At those shear loads, bolts have to be calculated (checked) on shear stresses
• The relation between shear stress τB and tensile strength Rm is mentioned in
the table below
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR NUTS
m ≥ 0,8d 50 70 80
proofload
500 700 800
(N/mm2)
0,5d ≤ m < 0,8d 025 035 040
proofload
250 350 400
(N/mm2)
HEAT / COLD RESISTANCE
• High temperatures
0,2% yield strength, in % of value at room temperature
grade
+ 100 ºC + 200 ºC + 300 ºC + 400 ºC
A2, A3, A4, A5 85% 80% 75% 70%
only applicable to property classes 70 and 80 !
• Low temperatures
grade lower limits of temperature at continuous operation
A2, A3 - 200 ºC
bolts and screws - 60 ºC
A4, A5
studs - 200 ºC
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
• Fasteners from austenitic stainless steel are normally non magnetic
• However………
• After cold working some magnetic properties may be evident
• With respect to magnetism material grade A4 is less susceptible than A2
PRODUCT MARKINGS
DIN 976-1 threaded rods:

• A2 - 70 = painted
traffic green
• A4 - 70 = painted
crimson
GALLING (SEIZING)
• When tightening bolt and nut, very
high friction forces are introduced
between the screw threads causing:
• heat generation
• cold welding in the thread
• Due to the great ductility of the

material, micro welding will occur
• Small pieces will break out the

material causing extra friction and
the bolt and nut will get unshakable
tightened
GALLING (SEIZING)
• Conditions to avoid galling:

• Products shall be clean, especially in the screw thread
• Products shall be free of burs, strange metal parts, chips, sand etc.
• No damages in the screw thread
• Clamping surfaces must be parallel
• One side clamping must be avoided (prevailing torque nuts)
• Tightening
• as uniformly as possible and at low speed
• not to use impact wrenches
RECOMMENDATIONS TO REDUCE GALLING (SEIZING)
Special lubricants can be used:
Chromium or Nickel containing greases (no copper containing lubricants) :
Molykote® P-37
Loctite 8009 Heavy duty Anti-Seize
Use nuts and prevailing torque nuts with anti friction coatings
for example: Metalform, Combiflon, Gleitmo, Lubo
SAFE SWIMMING…
CHLORIDE INDUCED STRESS CORROSION
1. Tensile stress
2. Chloride environment
3. Damp environment
4. Elevated temperature
• Even for A2 (304) and A4 (316)
SWIMMING POOL : APPLICATIONS BY AREA
• To make sure that fasteners used in hazardous areas of the swimming pool are
selected in the correct materials, swimming pools can be divided in different
influential areas:
• AREA A
• The basin itself and its immediate surroundings (the so-called splash zone,
within 1 meter vertically and 1 meter horizontally from the basin).
• AREA B
• The space outside area A, but within the basin area.
• All other areas in direct open contact with the swimming pool atmosphere.
• AREA C
• All areas outside the pool area that are in no way connected to the atmosphere
of the basin area.
SWIMMING POOL : APPLICATIONS BY AREA
Conditions:
1.Restrict application to easily accessible locations, in order to allow direct visual inspection.
2.Recognizability by using unique visible markings on every part.
3.Traceability by recording the origin of the product, the location where it is used (photos and layout schematics) and
material certificates.
4.Apply plain parts only (no coating/paint).
5.Only apply when no risk for physical injuries exist in case of failure.
RESISTANT STAINLESS STEELS
• Chloride induced stress corrosion resistant stainless steels
(Super austenitic)
• 1.4529(X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7, A8)
• 1.4547(X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7, 254SMO®)
• 1.4565(X2CrNiMnMoN25-18-6-5)
• All these types are Corrosion Resistance Class CRC V (Very

strong)
CORROSION RESISTANCE CLASS
Fabory stock:
• A1 = 1.4305
• A2 = 1.4301
• A4 = 1.4401
• A5 = 1.4571
• D6 = 1.4462
• A8 = 1.4529
FABORY SPECIAL STAINLESS STEELS
• Next to A1, A2 and A4 stainless steel fasteners, we also have the
following types available:
• 1.4571 (X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2, A5, stabilized Mo-austenitic), Corrosion

Resistance Class CRC III (Medium)
• 1.4462 (X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, D6, standard duplex), Corrosion Resistance
Class CRC IV (Strong)
• 1.4529 (X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7, A8, super austenitic), Corrosion
Resistance Class CRC V (Very strong)
• The above mentioned alloys are all included in the European Standards
EN 10028-7 and EN 10088-2.
1.4571 (A5) STABILIZED MO-AUSTENITIC
• This alloy is essentially a standard A4 stainless steel type with titanium. The
addition of titanium is made to reduce the risk of intergranular corrosion (IC)
following heating in the temperature range 425-815 °C (e.g. welding). Alloy
1.4571 has a high corrosion resistance and is assigned CRC III (medium). The
presence of titanium gives some improvement to the mechanical strength,
especially at elevated temperatures above 600 °C.
• This specific material is used in various applications like:
• Apparatus and pipeline construction
• Building industry
• Chemical industry
• Food technology Tensile strength : 500 MPa
• Mechanical engineering Yield strength Rp0,2 : 200 MPa
• Shipbuilding
1.4462 (D6) STANDARD DUPLEX
• Duplex stainless steels are extremely corrosion resistant, work hardenable
alloys. They possess a microstructure consisting of a mixture of austenite and
ferrite phases. Therefore, characteristics of both austenitic and ferritic stainless
steels are present in duplex stainless steels, duplex is e.g. magnetic.

• Chemical industry, Oil and gas industry
• Petrochemical process plants, Seawater desalination plants
• Offshore engineering, Pulp and paper industry
• Pollution and -monitoring systems, Transport industry
Tensile strength : 650 MPa

Yield strength Rp0,2 : 450 MPa
1.4529 (A8) SUPER AUSTENITIC
• This highly corrosion resistant stainless steel grade is a so-called super
austenitic stainless steel and offers, due to its high molybdenum concentration,
particularly good resistance to chloride induced stress corrosion and to local
occurrences of corrosion such as pitting or crevice corrosion.
• Tunnel construction, Construction of indoor swimming pools, Chemical
industry
• Offshore engineering and shipbuilding, Parking deck construction
• Parts for FGD (flue gas desulphurization) / ventilation systems
• Condenser pipes and pipe work systems in power plants with heavily
contaminated cooling water
• Fire extinguishing systems, sea water filtration, hydraulics and injection
systems
Tensile strength : 500 MPa
Yield strength Rp0,2 : 200 MPa
29
QUESTIONS ?
For further information

please contact :
technology@fabory.com
30
Thank you for your
attention
& see you soon !
A GRAINGER COMPANY 31

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STAINLESS STEEL

passcode : 261 587 4537

• Common characteristic: Cr content of min. 12%

• According to ISO 3506-1

• Corrosion resistance will vary, depending on Cr % in proportion to other

• A1, A2, A4:

A1 0,12 1 2 0,2 0,15-0,35 16-19 0,7 8-10 1.4305 303 17

A2 0,1 1 2 0,05 0,03 15-20 - 8-11 1.4301 304 11

A4 0,08 1 2 0,045 0,03 16-18,5 2-3 10-15 1.4401 316 20

• It can only be strengthened by cold forming

Bolts and Screws

50 Machined: free cut or hot pressed

70 Cold forged: the most universal and applied property class

Extra cold forged: the highest property class, having obtained

0.2% yield strength Elongation at fracture Proof load value

50 500 210 0,6d 500

Austenitic A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 70 700 450 0,4d 700

80 800 600 0,3d 800

Common stock combinations:

0,5d ≤ m < 0,8d 025 035 040

A2, A3, A4, A5 85% 80% 75% 70%

only applicable to property classes 70 and 80 !

DIN 976-1 threaded rods:

• Due to the great ductility of the

• Small pieces will break out the

• Conditions to avoid galling:

• Even for A2 (304) and A4 (316)

• All these types are Corrosion Resistance Class CRC V (Very

• 1.4571 (X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2, A5, stabilized Mo-austenitic), Corrosion

• This specific material is used in various applications like:

Tensile strength : 650 MPa

For further information

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