The classical period of public administration is a theoretical framework that emerged in the late 19th

and early 20th centuries. It is associated with the works of early public administration scholars such as
Woodrow Wilson, Frederick Winslow Taylor, and Henri Fayol. The classical period is characterized by an
emphasis on efficiency and rationality in the management of public organizations. It emphasizes the use
of scientific management techniques, such as time and motion study, to improve organizational
performance. Additionally, the classical approach emphasizes the importance of clear lines of authority,
division of labor, and rules and regulations in promoting efficiency and coordination within
organizations. The classical period is considered the foundation of modern public administration, and
many of its principles continue to be applied today.

Modern Public Administration is a theoretical framework that emerged in the mid-20th century as a
response to the limitations of the classical approach to public administration. The modern approach
emphasizes the importance of democratic values, such as accountability, transparency, and citizen
participation, in the functioning of public organizations.

One of the key features of the modern approach is a focus on public-policy making and implementation.
This approach emphasizes the need for public administrators to engage in policy analysis, advocacy, and
the development of policy alternatives in order to make informed decisions.

Another important aspect of the modern approach is the emphasis on the role of the public
administrator as a "public servant" rather than a mere "bureaucrat". This approach emphasizes the
importance of ethics and values in public service and encourages public servants to act in the public
interest.

The modern approach also emphasizes the role of professional expertise in public administration and
the importance of ongoing education and training for public servants. Additionally, it stresses the need
for public organizations to be adaptive and responsive to changing social, economic, and political
conditions.

Overall, the modern approach to public administration emphasizes the importance of democratic values
and the need for public organizations to be responsive, efficient, and effective in serving the public
interest.

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Development administration is a subfield of public administration that deals with the planning,
implementation, and evaluation of programs and policies aimed at promoting economic and social
development. It is often associated with developing countries, but the concepts and practices of
development administration are also relevant to developed countries.

Development administration includes a range of activities such as:

 Formulating and implementing policies and programs aimed at improving the standard of living
of citizens
  Managing and coordinating large-scale development projects such as infrastructure,
industrialization and agricultural development

 Promoting private sector development and entrepreneurship

 Managing natural resources and environmental conservation

 Building capacity of government institutions to deliver essential services and promote good
governance.

Development administration also requires coordination and cooperation among different sectors and
stakeholders such as government agencies, international organizations, NGOs, and private sector actors.

Development administration is often considered as a multidisciplinary field which draws on various

disciplines such as economics, sociology, political science and management to address the complex
challenges of development.

New Public Administration (NPA) is a theoretical framework that emerged in 1960s to 1970s as a
critique of the traditional approaches to public administration. It is characterized by a focus on public
participation, community empowerment, and citizen-centered governance.

NPA emphasizes the importance of involving citizens and stakeholders in the decision-making process of
public organizations. This approach promotes the idea of "co-production" of public services, where
citizens and public organizations work together to identify and address the needs of the community.

NPA also emphasizes the importance of decentralization and the devolution of power from central
government to local communities and organizations. This approach encourages the participation of
citizens and local organizations in the design and delivery of public services, which is seen as a way to
improve the responsiveness and effectiveness of public organizations.

Additionally, NPA emphasizes the importance of network governance, where public organizations work
with a variety of partners and stakeholders, such as NGOs and private sector actors, to deliver public
services.

Overall, NPA is seen as a more progressive and participatory approach to public administration, which
emphasizes the importance of citizen engagement and empowerment in the governance process.

New Public Management (NPM) is a management approach that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as a
response to the perceived shortcomings of traditional public administration. It is characterized by an
emphasis on private sector management techniques, such as competition, market-based mechanisms,
and performance-based accountability, in the public sector.

NPM emphasizes the importance of using market-based mechanisms, such as privatization, outsourcing,
and performance-based contracts, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public organizations.
This approach aims to create a more "business-like" environment in the public sector, where
organizations are held accountable for achieving specific performance targets.
NPM also emphasizes the importance of decentralization, giving more autonomy and discretion to
managers and front-line employees, as well as the use of information technology to improve the
delivery of services.

Another aspect of NPM is the increased focus on results and performance, which is intended to make
public organizations more accountable to citizens and taxpayers. This is often achieved through the use
of performance measurement and management systems, such as performance indicators and targets.

Overall, NPM is seen as a more market-oriented and results-driven approach to public management,
which emphasizes the use of private sector management techniques to improve the performance and
efficiency of public organizations.

Reinventing Government is a management approach that emerged in the 1990s in response to the
perceived shortcomings of traditional public administration and the New Public Management (NPM)
approach. It is characterized by a focus on creating a more customer-focused, results-oriented, and
entrepreneurial government.

Reinventing Government emphasizes the importance of creating a more customer-focused government,

which is responsive to the needs of citizens and businesses. This approach promotes the idea of
"customer service" in the public sector, where public organizations are held accountable for meeting the
needs of their customers.

It also emphasizes the importance of results-oriented management, where public organizations are held
accountable for achieving specific performance targets. This approach is intended to make government
more efficient, effective and accountable.

Additionally, Reinventing Government emphasizes the importance of creating a more entrepreneurial

government, which is able to adapt to changing social, economic and political conditions. This is often
achieved through the use of innovative management techniques, such as strategic planning,
performance management, and information technology.

Reinventing Government is often associated with the work of David Osborne and Ted Gaebler's book
"Reinventing Government" (1992) and the Clinton Administration's National Performance Review in the
United States, which aimed to reduce the size and cost of government while increasing its effectiveness
and responsiveness.

Public Administration (PA) as governance refers to the use of principles and practices of public
administration to manage the affairs of a state or organization. This can include the implementation of
policies and laws, the management of resources, and the delivery of services to citizens or members.

PA as governance is a process that involves the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies
and programs aimed at achieving the goals and objectives of the government. This can include managing
the budget and financial resources, overseeing the delivery of public services, and ensuring compliance
with laws and regulations.
In addition, PA as governance also involves working with other government agencies and stakeholders
to achieve shared goals and improve the overall functioning of the government. This can include
coordinating with other agencies to deliver services more efficiently and effectively, and working with
community groups and other organizations to address issues of public concern.

PA as governance is essential for the effective and efficient functioning of government, as it helps to
ensure that public resources are used in a manner that is fair, responsible, and accountable to the
citizens. It also plays a crucial role in promoting transparency and good governance