TOPIC/ TITLE Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

Mendelian Genetics
GRADE LEVEL 8
TIME ALLOTMENT 60 minutes ( 1 hour)
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The learners should be able to Discuss meiosis as one of the processes producing genetic
variations of the Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance.
CONTENT STANDARDS
The learners demonstrate understanding on the importance of variation in plant and animal
breeding.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES AND OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
(Week 3 S8LT-IVf-18)
In this lesson, you are expected to:
 Familiarize yourself using a Punnett Square to determine offspring genotypes and
phenotypes
 Understand the differences between genotypes and phenotypes
 Calculate percent of different genotype combinations from the use of a Punnett
Square
 recognize the terms of dominance and recessive as they are concerned with the use
of a Punnett Square.

PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES MATERIALS

A. Opening Prayer
B. Greetings
C. Reminders regarding rules to be followed in class
concerning safe, secured and healthy learning
environment
(so class, just some reminders regarding the rules to be
followed in my class. always wear your facemask, disinfect
from time to time by washing your hands or by using
alcohol and always observe physical distancing)
D. Checking of Attendance

Indicator 4: Establish safe and secure learning environments to

enhance learning through the consistent implementation of
policies, guidelines and procedures.

ELICIT (5 minutes) MATERIALS

Before we begin with our lesson for today, we will do our first
activity entitled “Mirror! Mirror on the wall! Am I handsome, PowerPoint
beautiful, short or tall?  Presentation, Pictures
from Google
I want everybody to please lend me your ears and listen carefully
with the instructions I will be giving to you. I know all of you are
bringing your own cellphones. Try to open your cellphone and
open your camera. Then, try to describe yourself based on what
you saw.

(The learners can identify as many physical traits as they can, such
as the color of the hair, the shape of the face, body built, color of
the skin etc.)

So class, those you have listed physical traits or characteristics

were based on what you have observed using your eyes. Right?
And these traits are referred as phenotype.

*Possible Answer: Straight hair, pointed nose, round shape face,

white color of the skin.

Indicator 5: Maintain learning environments that promote

fairness, respect and care to encourage learning.

ENGAGE ( 5 minutes) MATERIALS

Let us now proceed to our next activity entitled Guess who? Self-learning Modules
For the mechanics of our activity, you are going to identify the pages
following pictures I will be showing to you. You will guess the right
answer to the question being asked.

1st Picture

2nd Picture

3rd Picture

How did you find our activity, class?

EXPLORE ( 20 minutes) MATERIALS

Gregor Mendel – the father of Genetics.

He’s the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of PowerPoint
science of genetics. Presentation, Pictures
Identified specific traits in the garden pea and studied them from from Google
one generation to another.

Mendel’s Conclusion

Law of Segregation – Two alleles for each trait separate when

gametes form; Parents pass only one allele for each trait to each
offspring.

Law of Independent Assortment – Genes for different traits are

inherited independently of each other.

Dominant Vs. Recessive

Dominant - Masks the other trait; the trait that shows if present
Represented by a capital letter R

Recessive – An organism with a recessive allele for a particular

trait will only exhibit that trait when the dominant allele is not
present; Will only show if both alleles are present.
Represented by a lower case letter r

Dominant & Recessive

PRACTICE:
H – straight hair, h - curly hair

HH - Represent offspring with straight hair

Hh - Represent offspring with straight hair
hh - Represents offspring with curly hair
Genotype – The genetic makeup of an organism; The gene (or
allele) combination an organism has. Example: Tt, ss, GG, Ww

Phenotype – The physical characteristics of an organism; The way

an organism looks.Example: Curly hair, straight hair,
blue eyes, tall, green

Homozygous Vs. Heterozygous

Homozygous – Term used to refer to an organism that has two

identical alleles for a particular trait (TT or tt)

Heterozygous - Term used to refer to an organism that has two

different alleles for the same trait (Tt)

PUNNET SQUARE

Examples of Phenotype & Genotype

Punnett Square – Diagram showing the gene combinations that

might result from a genetic cross.

Used to calculate the probability of inheriting a particular trait.

Probability – The chance that a given event will occur.
How to Complete a PUNNETT SQUARE?

Y-Yellow
y-white
Genotype:
1:2:1
(YY:Yy:yy)

Phenotype:
3 Yellow
1 White

Drawing of a PUNNETT SQUARE

For this example, we will use Mendel’s second experiment:

F1 offspring X F1 offspring = ?

1. Determine what symbols to use:

Dominant = Tall = B
Recessive = Short = b

2. Write out the genetic cross using symbols

F1 offspring x F1 offspring = ?
Bb x Bb =?

3. Draw a Punnett Square.

4. Add the genotypes from the genetic cross above. Use 1 letter
per square

5. Put the symbol on top into the squares below it.

6. Put the symbol on the left side into the squares next to it.
7.List the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
8. Calculate the probability of the phenotypes and genotypes

Did you understand it? Now, in order to understand the topic

clearly. Let us have some exercises. Are you ready?
Indicator 3: Use effective verbal and non-verbal classroom
communication strategies to support learner understanding,
participation, engagement and achievement.

EXPLAIN ( 10 minutes) MATERIALS

TRY IT NOW!
Give the genotype and phenotype for the following cross:
Self-learning Module
MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)

1. Set Up Punnett Square (put one parent on the top and the
other along the side)
MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)

2. Complete the Punnett Square.

MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)

3. Write the Phenotype and Genotype

MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)

Indicator 2: Display proficient use of Mother Tongue, Filipino

and English to facilitate teaching and learning.

Indicator 7: Apply a range of successful strategies that maintain

learning environments that motivate learners to work
productively by assuming responsibility for their own learning.

ELABORATE ( 5 minutes) MATERIALS

Give the genotype and phenotype for the following cross:
Rr x rr
Self-learning Modules
(R = Brown, r = blue)
Set Up Punnett Square (put one parent on the top and the other
along the side)
Rr x rr
(R = Brown, r = blue)

Complete the Punnett Square.

Rr x rr
(R = Brown, r = blue)
3. Write the Phenotype and Genotype
Rr x rr
(R = Brown, r = blue)

Indicator 6: Maintain learning environments that nurture and

inspire learners to participate, cooperate and collaborate in
continued learning.

EXTEND ( 5 minutes) MATERIALS

Let us have another activity.
1.In cabbage butterflies, White wings are dominant to yellow Pen and Paper
wings. If a Ww butterfly is crossed with a ww
butterfly what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring and the percent chance for each?

2.In rabbits, black fur is dominant to white fur. If you cross a Ff

male with a ff female, what are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? What is the percent
chance for each type?

A Punnett square helps scientists predict the possible genotypes

and phenotypes of offspring when they know the genotypes of
the parents. The phenotype is the physical appearance of an
organism and the genotype is the inherited combination of alleles.

Understanding genetic factors and genetic disorders is important

in learning more about promoting health and preventing disease.
Some genetic changes have been associated with an increased
risk of having a child with a birth defect or developmental
disability or developing diseases such as cancer or heart disease.

Research has shown that genetic influence on personality traits,

such as extroversion, neuroticism, openness to new experiences,
and conscientiousness, is about 40 to 50%. In fact, it is believed
all psychological traits are influenced by heredity to some
degree

Indicator 1: Apply knowledge of content within and across

curriculum teaching areas.
Indicator 8: Design, adapt and implement teaching strategies
that are responsive to learners with disabilities, giftedness and
talents.

EVALUATE (10 minutes) MATERIALS

Directions: Self-learning Modules
Read carefully the following questions. Choose the letter
of the best answer on each question. Write your answers on a
sheet of paper.

1. Both husband and wife are heterozygous for having

dimples, even their children have dimples too. This particular
observable characteristic is called _______.

a. Genotype
b. Genus
c. Phenotype
d. Species

2. It is the combination of alleles, situated on corresponding

chromosomes that determines a specific trait of an individual.
a. genotype
b. genus
c. phenotype
d. species

3. When two parents of heterozygous genes of curly hair are

crossed, what percent of their offspring (F1) would have curly
hair?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%

4. It applies the rules of probability to predict the possible

outcomes of a monohybrid cross and their expected frequencies
a. Punnet Square
b. Punet Square
c. Pannet Square
d. Punnett Square

5. Pedro is heterozygous. If B is for brown hair, and b is for blonde

hair, what is Pedro’s phenotype?

a. black hair
b. blonde hair
c. brown hair
d. brown and blonde

REFERENCES
 Self-learning Module in Science 8 Quarter 4: Heredity:
Inheritance and Variation of Traits Mendelian Genetics
  Google Images
Materials Used
 Instructional Materials such as PowerPoint presentation,
pictures, printed materials, pen and paper.
 ICT Integrated Materials such as laptop and projector.
Integration Across Other Disciplines
 Interdisciplinary – Psychology (genetic influence on
personality traits, such as extroversion, neuroticism,
openness to new experiences, and conscientiousness, is
about 40 to 50%.
 In fact, it is believed all psychological traits are influenced
by heredity to some degree