RS-274X Extended Gerber Format Specification 201201

The Gerber Format Specification
RS-274X or Extended Gerber

Preface
Gerber files are the de facto standard for PCB image data transfer. Virtually every
PCB design system outputs RS-274X (also known as Extended Gerber or X-Data)
and every PCB front-end engineering system inputs it. Implementations are
thoroughly field-tested and debugged. Its widespread availability allows PCB
professionals to exchange image drill and route securely and efficiently.
The RS-274X format is simple, compact and unequivocal. It is easy to interpret. It
describes an image with very high precision. It is complete: one single file
describes an image. It is portable and easy to debug by its use of printable 7-bit
ASCII characters.
A well-constructed RS-274X file precisely defines the PCB image data and the
functions of the different image elements. Unfortunately, poorly constructed or
simply erroneous RS-274X files also circulate, sometimes leading to unjustified
criticism of the format itself.
Errors may be due to a misunderstanding of the format. With more than 25 years
experience in CAM software we at Ucamco know which areas are most often
misunderstood. This revision of the RS-274X specification explains these areas
more clearly.
Other files are not invalid but poorly constructed. Especially troublesome are
painted or stroked pads and copper planes. Poorly constructed files take longer to
process, require more manual work and increase the risk of errors. This revision of
the RS-274X specification recommends constructions to make RS-274X files safer
and more efficient, and hence fabrication more reliable, faster and cheaper.
A few words must be said about RS-274-D or Standard Gerber. This format was
developed to drive NC machine tools and was used for Gerber vector plotters in the
1960s and 1970s. It is not an image description format. It is amazing that it is still
used. It is like using teletype paper tape to transfer text documents. We call on
industry experts and professional organizations to discourage the use of the
obsolete RS-274-D format.
Although other data transfer formats have come into the market, they have not
displaced RS-274X. The reason is simple. More than 90% of the problems in data
transfer are due not to limitations in the RS-274X format but to poor practices and,
worse, the use of RS-274-D. To quote a PCB manufacturer: “If we would only
receive proper RS-274X files, it would be a perfect world.” The new formats are
more complex and less transparent to the user, and new implementations inevitably
have bugs. Using the common poor practices in the newer and more complex
formats makes matters worse, not better. Fabricators have not adopted the new
formats. RS-274X remains the standard.
The emergence of RS-274X as a standard for image exchange is the result of effort
by many individuals who developed outstanding software for RS-274X files.
Without their dedication the widespread acceptance of RS-274X could not have
been achieved. Ucamco thanks these dedicated individuals.
Karel Tavernier
Managing Director,
Ucamco
RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification iii

January 2012
Revision H
© Copyright Ucamco NV, Gent, Belgium

All rights reserved. This material, information and instructions for use contained herein are the property of Ucamco.
The material, information and instructions are provided on an AS IS basis without warranty of any kind. There are
no warranties granted or extended by this document. Furthermore Ucamco does not warrant, guarantee or make any
representations regarding the use, or the results of the use of the software or the information contained herein.
Ucamco shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, consequential or incidental damages arising out of the use or
inability to use the software or the information contained herein.
The information contained herein is subject to change without prior notice. Revisions may be issued from time to
time to advise of such changes and/or additions.
No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a data base or retrieval system, or published, in any form or
in any way, electronically, mechanically, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without prior written
permission from Ucamco.
This document supersedes all previous dated versions.
All product names cited are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
The RS-274X format is Ucamco intellectual property. It cannot be altered or extended in any way without prior
written approval from Ucamco.
Correspondence regarding this publication can be sent to:
Ucamco NV
Bijenstraat 19,
B-9051 Gent,
Belgium
For more information:
Our web site: http://www.ucamco.com
E-mail: info@ucamco.com
RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification iv

About Ucamco
Ucamco (former Barco ETS) is a market leader in PCB CAM software and laser photoplotting systems. We have
more than 25 years continuous experience developing and supporting leading-edge front-end tooling solutions for
the global PCB industry. We help fabricators world-wide raise yields, increase factory productivity, and cut
enterprise risks and costs.
Today we have more than 1000 laser photoplotters and 5000 CAM systems installed around the world with local
support in every major market. Our customers include the leading PCB fabricators across the global spectrum. Many
of them have been with us for more than 20 years.
Key to this success has been our uncompromising pursuit of engineering excellence in all our products. For 25 years
our product goals have been best-in-class performance, long-term reliability, and continuous development to keep
each user at the cutting-edge of his chosen technology.
RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification v

Table of Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... vi
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Who should use this Specification? .................................................................................. 9

1.2 About This Document ...................................................................................................... 9
1.3 History of the Gerber Format ........................................................................................... 9
2 Syntax .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Character Set .................................................................................................................. 10

2.2 Data Blocks .................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Data Types...................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Coordinate Data.............................................................................................................. 10
2.5 Function Codes ............................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Parameters ...................................................................................................................... 11
3 Image Generation ................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Information Layers ......................................................................................................... 13

3.2 Generating the Information Layer Image ....................................................................... 13
4 Parameters ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.1 AD - Aperture Definition ............................................................................................... 15

4.1.1 Standard Apertures ............................................................................................... 15
4.1.2 Special Apertures ................................................................................................. 15
4.1.3 Syntax Rules ........................................................................................................ 15
4.1.4 Data Block Format ............................................................................................... 15
4.1.5 Aperture Definition with Standard Apertures ...................................................... 16
4.1.6 Examples .............................................................................................................. 17
4.2 AM - Aperture Macro..................................................................................................... 18
4.2.1 Contents ............................................................................................................... 18
4.2.2 Syntax Rules ........................................................................................................ 18
4.2.4 Primitives ............................................................................................................. 20
4.2.5 Examples .............................................................................................................. 22
RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification vi

4.2.6 SM – Symbol Mirror ............................................................................................ 25
4.3 Directive parameters....................................................................................................... 26
4.3.1 AS – Axis Select .................................................................................................. 26
4.3.2 FS – Format Specification.................................................................................... 27
4.3.3 MI – Mirror Image ............................................................................................... 29
4.3.4 MO – Mode .......................................................................................................... 30
4.3.5 OF - Offset ........................................................................................................... 31
4.3.6 SF – Scale Factor ................................................................................................. 32
4.4 Image parameters ........................................................................................................... 33
4.4.1 IP – Image Polarity .............................................................................................. 33
4.4.2 IR – Image Rotation ............................................................................................. 34
4.5 Layer-specific parameters .............................................................................................. 35
4.5.1 KO – Knock Out .................................................................................................. 35
4.5.2 LN – Layer Name ................................................................................................ 37
4.5.3 SR – Step and Repeat ........................................................................................... 39
5 Function Codes .................................................................................................................... 40
5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 40

5.2 Linear Interpolation (G01 (G1)) ..................................................................................... 42
5.3 Circular Interpolation (G02 (G2), G03 (G3), G74, G75) ............................................... 43
5.3.1 Single Quadrant Mode ......................................................................................... 44
5.3.2 Multi Quadrant Mode........................................................................................... 45
5.3.3 Example ............................................................................................................... 46
5.4 Apertures allowed for drawing ....................................................................................... 47
5.4.1 Circle Aperture ..................................................................................................... 47
5.4.2 Rectangle or Square Aperture .............................................................................. 47
5.5 Outline Fill (G36, G37) .................................................................................................. 48
5.5.1 Example 1: Simple outline ................................................................................... 48
5.5.2 Example 2: Cut In ................................................................................................ 49
5.5.3 Example 3: More complex cut-in ......................................................................... 51
6 RS-274X Best Practices ....................................................................................................... 53
7 Common Syntax Errors ....................................................................................................... 55
8 Glossary ................................................................................................................................ 56
9 Sample Files ......................................................................................................................... 58
9.1.1 Example 1 ............................................................................................................ 58

9.1.2 Example 2 ............................................................................................................ 59
RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification vii

1 Introduction
1.1 Who should use this Specification?

This Specification is intended for:
 PCB designers preparing RS-274X files
 PCB fabricators creating or using RS-274X files
 Developers of software applications using RS-274X files
1.2 About This Document

The following conventions are used in this document:
Note: Provides essential extra information.
Tip: Provides useful extra information.
Contains examples of file syntax, commands,

Example:
settings, etc.
Warning: Contains an important warning.
1.3 History of the Gerber Format

Gerber Format derives its name from the former Gerber Systems Corporation, a
leading supplier of photoplotters.
Originally, Gerber used a subset of the Standard RS-274-D format as input format for
its photoplotters. This subset became known as Standard Gerber. It is not an image
description format, but a format to drive mechanical machine tools, which photo-
plotters originally were, where apertures shapes where physical apertures in a so-
called aperture wheel.
In subsequent years, Gerber extended the input format for its range of PCB devices
and it actually became a family of formats. The Gerber formats developed into a
capable image description format. In 1998 the formats were pulled together and
standardized by the publication of the first version of this document. Since then, it
has become the de-facto standard for PCB image data.
RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 9

2 Syntax
2.1 Character Set

An RS-274X file is expressed in printable 7-bit ASCII characters only.
2.2 Data Blocks

The file is composed of data blocks. Each data block ends with the mandatory end-of-
block character asterisk “*”. Each data block may contain one or more parameters,
codes or coordinates.
For example:
X0Y0D02*
X50000Y0DO1*
For readability it is recommended to:

 Begin independent data blocks on a new line.
 Peep each data block one line.
2.3 Data Types

There are the following data types.
1 Coordinate Data
2 Function Codes
3 Parameters
2.4 Coordinate Data

Coordinate data to define points in the plane. (They were called addresses in the
obsolete RS-274-D terminology). Coordinate data can be:
 X, Y data to define the X, Y coordinates of a point
 I,J data to define an offset in the X, Y direction
The FS Parameter (Format Specification) specifies how the digits must be interpreted.
Right handed orthonormal coordinates are used.
Coordinates are modal. If an X is omitted the last X coordinate is used; if the first X in
the current layer is omitted, there is no last X coordinate and zero is used as default.
Similar for Y coordinates.
Note: Gerber readers sometimes handle the zero default wrongly. For clarity and
robustness it is recommend not to count on the zero default, but always to specify the
first coordinate explicitly, also if it is zero.
Offsets are not modal. If I or J is omitted the default zero is used.

Examples:
X200Y200* Point (+200, +200)
Y-300* Point (+200, -300)
I300J100* Offset (+300, +100)
X200Y200I50J50* Point (+200, +200) and Offset (+50, +50)
X+100I-50* Point (+100, +200) and Offset (-50, 0)
2.5 Function Codes

Function codes describe how coordinate data associated with them should be
interpreted, e.g. draw a line or draw a circle. (Most, but not all, of these codes are
inherited from the now obsolete RS-274-D format. They were called words or codes.)
Example:
G74*
Each code applies to coordinate data located in the same data block as the code and
to all subsequent coordinate data until another code of the same type is encountered,
or until a new layer is generated. This continuing action is referred to as modal.
For example, G02 specifies clockwise circular interpolation. All coordinate data
following it will be interpreted as clockwise circular interpolation until another
interpolation code is encountered, or until a new layer is generated.
Codes are described in detail later.
2.6 Parameters
Parameters define characteristics applying to an entire image or to a single layer.
They are used to interpret the other data types. (Originally, they were called Mass
Parameters.)
Parameters operating on the entire image are usually placed at the beginning of the
file. Parameters generating a new layer are place at the appropriate place in the file
Parameters consist of two alphabetic characters followed by one or more optional
modifiers.
Parameters are delimited by the parameter delimiter “%”. Each parameters is
contained in a data block that itself must be ended by an *. The parameter delimiter
must immediately follow the end-of-block without intervening spaces.
For example:
%FSLAX23Y23*%
Parameters may be entered single or grouped between delimiters, up to a maximum
of 4096 characters between delimiters.
For example:
%SFA1.0B1.0*ASAXBY*%
Line breaks are permitted between parameters to improve readability.
For example:
%SFA1.0B1.0*

ASAXBY*%
For readability and simplicity it is recommended to have one parameter per line.
Use an explicit decimal point with all numerical values associated with a parameter.
If the decimal point is omitted, an integer value is assumed.
The syntax for parameters is:
%Parameter code<required modifiers>[optional modifiers]*%
Syntax Comments
Parameter code 2-character code (AD, AM, FS, etc…)
<required modifiers> Must be entered to complete the definition
[optional modifiers] Entry depends on the required modifiers

3 Image Generation
3.1 Information Layers

An information layer is a section of the image consisting of one or more consecutive
data blocks. The data blocks of an information layer create the layer image. A polarity
(dark or clear) may be assigned to a layer.
Note: An information layer in RS-274X is not the same as a PCB layer.

Information layer images are superposed in the order they appear in the file. A dark
layer image marks or darkens the image area. A clear layer image clears (unmarks,
rubs, erases) its image in all the lower layers. In other words, after superposing a
clear layer, all objects in the clear layer is white in the image area, whatever objects
were there before. Subsequent dark layers may again mark the cleared area. The
order of exposing the layers can affect the final image if clear layers are present.
In addition, an individual layer may be repeated and/or rotated individually.
3.2 Generating the Information Layer Image

The RS-274X file defines a graphics state at each point in the file; the graphics state
is modified by Function Codes and Parameters. The RS-274X file also defines a
stream of Coordinate Data.
The graphics state operating on the stream of Coordinate Data creates a stream of
graphics objects, such as a flashes or draws, which are added to the current layer.
The graphics state is reset at the start of the file and at the start of each new layer.
An element of the graphic state is the implicitly defined current point. The current
point is set to the origin or (0, 0) at the start of the file and at the start of each layer. It
is moved by the action of the graphics state. The graphic state typically creates a
graphic object, e.g. a draw, starting at the current point, and ending at a point defined
by the Coordinate Data; the current point is then set to this endpoint.
Other elements of the graphics state are the current aperture, interpolation mode, etc.

4 Parameters
Parameter Function Comments Default
Mandatory Optional
AS Axis select It is A=X, B=Y

recommended to
FS Format Statement use these
parameters only
MI Mirror Image once, at the A0B0
beginning of the
file. These
MO Mode
parameters do
(inch or millimeter units)
not generate a
new layer.
OF Offset A=0.0, B=0.0
SF Scale Factor A=1.0, B=1.0
IP Image Polarity Use only once at Positive

the beginning of
IR Image Rotation the file. 0
AD Aperture Definition May be used

singly or may be
AM Aperture Macro layer-specific.
Enter these
LN Layer Name parameters at
the beginning of
LP Layer Polarity the file or layer. Positive
KO Knockout Off
SR Step and Repeat A=1, B=1
SM Symbol Mirror A=0, B=0
Parameter Overview.
Parameters in bold are current, those in italic are deprecated.
Parameters are usually placed at the beginning of the file in the order shown above.
Layer-specific parameters are in the file at the appropriate location.
Gerber writers cannot use the deprecated parameters anymore. As they can be
present in legacy files, readers can either implement them or not. If they are present,
their meaning is specified below.

4.1 AD - Aperture Definition
The AD parameter defines the shape and size of aperture D-codes used in the RS-
274X file. The AD parameter must precede the first use of the associated aperture D-
code. A definition remains in effect until redefined.
Two kinds of apertures may be used: standard apertures and special apertures.
4.1.1 Standard Apertures

The AD parameter identifies standard apertures by D-code number and defines its
shape and size.
Standard apertures may be solid or open (with a centered hole). Enter one
parameter to define a round hole by its center, two parameters to define rectangular
hole by width and height and omit both parameters for a solid aperture. Holes in
apertures are transparent. A hole must fully fit within the outside aperture boundary.
4.1.2 Special Apertures

The AD parameter is also used to assign a D-code to a file containing an aperture
definition created with the AM (Aperture Macro) parameter. See the AM parameter
description for further information on aperture macros.
4.1.3 Syntax Rules

 Begin and end each parameter block with the parameter delimiter %.
 Within the AD parameter block, separate each modifier by an X.
 Dimensions must be positive.
 The range of D-code is from 10 to 999.
4.1.4 Data Block Format

The syntax for the AD parameter is:
%ADD<D-code number><aperture type>,<modifier>[X<modifier>]*%
Syntax Comments
ADD AD for Aperture Definition and D for D-code
<D-code number> The D-code number being defined (10 - 999)
<aperture type>, The Aperture Type has two possible formats:

<modifier>[X<modifier>]
A standard aperture (C, R, O or P) with modifiers separated
by X (all dimensions are positive) or an aperture macro
name previously defined by the AM parameter.
Notes: Be sure to use the units (inches or millimeters)

specified by the MO parameter for all modifiers

4.1.5 Aperture Definition with Standard Apertures
Syntax Comments
C,<outside diameter>[X<X-axis Circle. To define a solid aperture, enter only the

hole dimension >[X<Y-axis hole diameter. To define a hole, enter one dimension
dimension>]] for a round hole, two for a rectangular hole. The
hole must fit within the aperture. Both aperture
and hole will be centered.
For example,
%ADD10C,.05X0.025*%
D-code 10 is a .05 circle with a .025 round hole
in the center.
R,<X-axis dimension>X<Y-axis Rectangle or square. May be solid or open. If

dimension>[X<X-axis hole the X axis dimension equals the Y dimension,
dimension>X<Y-axis hole the aperture will be square. To define a solid
dimension>] aperture, enter only the X and Y dimensions;
omit the hole dimensions. To define a hole,
enter one dimension for a round hole, two for a
rectangle. The hole must fit within the aperture.
Both rectangle and hole will be centered.
For example,
%ADD22R,0.020X0.040*%
D-code 22 is a .02 x .04 solid rectangle.
O,<X-axis dimension>X<Y-axis Obround (oval). The smallest side is

dimension>[X<X-axis hole terminated by half a circle. May be solid or
dimension>[X<Y-axis hole open. If the X dimension is larger than Y, the
dimension>]] shape will be horizontal. If the X dimension is
smaller than Y, the shape will be vertical. To
define a solid aperture, enter only the X and Y
dimensions; omit the hole dimensions. To define
a hole, enter one hole dimension for a round
hole, two for a rectangular or square hole. If
open, the hole must fit within the aperture.
For example,
%ADD22O,0.020X0.04X0.005X0.010*%
D-code 22 is a vertical obround .02 wide x .04
high with a .05 x .01 rectangular hole.
P,<outer diameter> Regular polygon. May be solid or open. To

X<number of sides> define a solid aperture, enter only the outer
[X<degrees of rotation> diameter and number of sides (3 to 12).
[X<X-axis hole dimension>
This aperture can be rotated. Without rotation
X<Y-axis hole dimension>]]
one vertex is on the X-axis through the center.

Rotation is expressed in integer degrees;
positive is counterclockwise, negative is
clockwise.
Note: Holes do not rotate.

To enter hole dimension modifiers you need to
enter a rotation angle first. Enter rotation angle
0 if you do not want to rotate.
For example,
%ADD17P,.030X4X0.0*%
D-code 17 is a regular polygon with an outer
diameter of .03 and 4 sides, without hole.
4.1.6 Examples
Syntax Comments
%ADD10C,.025*% Define D-code 10: 25 mil round
%ADD22R,.050X.050X.027*% Define D-code 22: 50 mil square with 27 mil

round hole
%ADD57O,.030X.040X.015*% Define D-code 57: obround 30 x 40 mil with 15

mil round hole
%ADD30P,.016X6*% Define D-code 30: polygon with 16 mil outside

dimension and 6 sides
%ADD15CIRC*% Define D-code 15: a special aperture described

by aperture macro CIRC defined previously by
an aperture macro

4.2 AM - Aperture Macro
The AM parameter is used to define special apertures consisting of building blocks
called primitives. The special aperture macros may be used in AD parameter
definitions just like the standard apertures (that is, circle, rectangle, obround,
polygon and thermal). Every special aperture must be described before the D-code
associated with it.
Special apertures offer two advantages over standard apertures:
 They allow multiple shapes called primitives to be combined in a single aperture,
which permits creation of unusual aperture shapes.
 Aperture macro modifiers may be variable. Variable modifiers are supplied by the
AD parameter that references the aperture macro. An aperture macro variable
may be an arithmetic function of other macro variables.
4.2.1 Contents
An aperture macro contains the following elements:
 Aperture macro name
 One or more of the seven aperture primitives. (See table below)
 Primitive modifiers specifying exposure, position, dimensions, etc.
 Variable primitive modifiers supplied by the AD parameters
 Optional embedded comment block
 Arithmetic operators
4.2.2 Syntax Rules

 Like other parameters, enclose each parameter block with the delimiter %.
 Within the AM parameter block, separate each primitive and modifier group by the
end-of-block character *.
 Separate modifiers by commas within each primitive group.
 Modifiers may be number, such as 0, 1, 2, or 9.05, or they may be variable
modifiers supplied by the AD parameter using the special aperture.
 Identify variable modifiers to be supplied by the AD parameter as $n where n
indicates the order in which the modifier is expected in the AD parameter. $1
would be the first variable modifier expected in the AD parameter, $2 the second,
and so on, numbering sequentially from left to right. If an absolute value is
entered instead of a variable, the variables shift right. For example, if an absolute
value is entered for the first variable, the next variable becomes $1 even though it
is the second modifier of the primitive.
 The interpretation of each modifier depends on the primitive. See table below.
 Do not begin a variable primitive modifier with a minus sign (for example, -$1). To
indicate negative, precede the variable with 0 (for example, 0-$1).
 Start optional comment strings with a leading 0 (for example, *0 is a comment*).
 Position and dimensions are expressed in the units specified by the MO
parameter. Decimal points are permitted.

 The following arithmetic operators can be used with variable modifiers:
Operator Function
+ Add
- Subtract
/ Divide
x Multiply
= Equate
n Number, with or without decimal point
The standard arithmetic precedence rules apply.
 Exposure can be on or off. Exposure on creates a solid part of the aperture.
Exposure off creates a hole in it. (Note: A hole is transparent. One sees the
objects below it. This is not the same as clear Layer Polarity, where all object
below are cleared or erased.)
Exposure is set with the exposure modifier:

0 = off
1 = on
2 = toggle exposure mode (0 if exposure mode was not yet set)
 Rotation angle is expressed in integer degrees; positive for counterclockwise
rotation, negative for clockwise rotation.

The syntax for the AM parameter is:
%AM<aperture macro name>*<primitive number>,<modifier$1>,<modifier$2>,
[<...>]*[<primitive number>[<modifiers>]]*...*%
Syntax Comments
AM AM for Aperture Macro
<aperture macro name> The name of the Aperture macro
<primitive number>, The primitive number with modifiers. The primitive

<modifier$1>, number specifies the shape (e.g. polygon) and the
<modifier$2>, modifier specify parameters (.e.g. diameter). The
[<...>] modifiers depend on the primitive. Use either a value (e.g.
0.050 for a diameter) or a variable placeholder (for
example, $1 for exposure).

4.2.4 Primitives
Prim` Graphical Var Description

Num Description Mod
1 Circle $1 Exposure on/off/toggle
$2 Diameter
$3 X center position
$4 Y center position
2 or 20 Line (vector): a line defined $1 Exposure on/off/toggle

by the line width and the
beginning and end points. The $2 Line width
line ends are rectangular.
$3 X start point
$4 Y start point
$5 X end point
$6 Y end point
$7 Rotation angle around the origin.
21 Line (center): a rectangle $1 Exposure on/off/toggle

defined by width, height,
and center point. $2 Rectangle width
$3 Rectangle height
$4 X center point
$5 Y center point
22 Line (lower left): a $1 Exposure on/off/toggle

rectangle defined by width,
height, and the lower left $2 Width
point.
$3 Height
$4 X lower left point
$5 Y lower left point
4 Outline: the area enclosed $1 Exposure on/off/toggle

by an n point polygon,
$2 n, the number of subsequent
defined by its start point and
points
n subsequent points. The
outline must be closed, i.e.
the last point must be equal $3, $4 X and Y of the start point
to the start point. Self-
intersecting outlines are not $5, $6 X and Y of subsequent point #1
allowed.
$... X and Y of further susbsequent
points
$(3+2n), X and Y of subsequent point #n

$(4+2n)
$(5+2n) Rotation angle around the origin.
The X and Y coordinates are

not modal, both the X and
the Y coordinate must be
specified for all points.
Older versions of this
document gave a minimum
implementation limit for n of
50. This has proven to be
too restrictive, and the limit
is now increased to 4000.
5 Polygon: an n-sided regular $1 Exposure on/off/toggle

polygon (n 3 to 12
inclusive), a center point, $2 Number of sides
diameter, and rotation.
$3 X center point
$4 Y center point
$5 Outer diameter

Without rotation, one vertex is on
the X-axis through the center.

6 Moiré: a cross hair centered $1 X center point
on concentric rings (annuli).
The outer circle of first ring $2 Y center point
is equal outer diameter $3.
Moving further towards the $3 Outer diameter
center there is a gap $5,
and then the second ring. $4 Ring thickness
The process stops when
there are $6 rings are or the $5 Gap between rings
center is reaches, whichever
comes first. If there is not $6 Maximum number of rings
enough room for the last
ring it becomes a full disc $7 Cross hair thickness
centered on the origin.
$8 Cross hair length
Rotation angle around the center
$9
point
Exposure is always on.
7 Thermal: a ring (annulus) $1 X center point

interrupted by four gaps.
$2 Y center point
$3 Outer diameter
$4 Inner diameter
$5 Gap thickness
Exposure is always on. $6 Rotation angle around the center
point of the thermal. Without
Note: $5 must be rotation, the gaps are on the
smaller than $3. The inner axes through the center.
circle disappears when $5 is
bigger than $4,
4.2.5 Examples
All units are inch
Example 1
Defines an aperture macro named DONUTFIX consisting of two concentric circles
with fixed diameter sizes.
%AMDONUTFIX*1,1,0.100,0,0*1,0,0.080,0,0*%
Syntax Comments
AMDONUTFIX Define an aperture macro named DONUTFIX

1,1,0.100,0,0 Circle (1), exposure on (1), diameter (0.100),
X center (0), Y center (0)
1,0,0.080,0,0 Circle (1), exposure off (0), diameter (0.080),

X center (0), Y center (0)
The AD parameter using this aperture macro will look like the following:
%ADD33DONUTFIX*%
Example 2
Defines an aperture macro named DONUTVAR consisting of two concentric circles
with variable diameter sizes:
%AMDONUTVAR*1,1,$1,$2,$3*1,0,$4,$2,$3*%
Syntax Comments
%AMDONUTVAR* Define an aperture macro named DONUTVAR
1,1,$1,$2,$3 Circle (1), exposure on (1), diameter ($1), X center ($2), Y

center ($3) all to be supplied by AD parameter
1,0,$4,$2,$3 Circle (1), exposure off (0), diameter ($4), X center and Y
center ($2 and $3, same as first circle)
The AD parameter using this aperture macro might look like the following:
%ADD34DONUTVAR,0.100X0X0X0.080*%
Example 3
Defines an aperture macro named DONUTCAL consisting of two concentric circles
with diameter of the second circle defined as a function of the diameter of the first:
%AMDONUTCAL*1,1,$1,$2,$3*$4=$1x0.75*1,0,$4,$2,$3*%
Syntax Comments
AMDONUTCAL Define an aperture macro named DONUTCAL
1,1,$1,$2,$3 Circle (1), exposure on (1), diameter ($1), X center ($2), Y

center ($3) all to be supplied by AD parameter
$4=$1x0.75 Define variable $4 to be used to calculate the diameter of

the inner circle. The diameter of this circle is 0.75 times the
diameter of the outer circle.
1,0,$4,$2,$3 Circle (1), exposure off (0), diameter ($4), and center point

X, Y ($2, $3, same as the first circle).
The AD parameter using this aperture macro might look like the following:
%ADD35DONUTCAL,0.020X0X0*%
This defines a donut with outer circle 0.02 and inner circle 0.015 inch
Example 4
Defines an aperture macro named TRIANGLE_15 rotated 15 degrees around the
origin.
%AMTRIANGLE_15*4,1,3,1,-1,1,1,2,1,1,-1,15*%
Syntax Comments
AMTRIANGLE_15 Define an aperture macro named TRIANGLE_15
4,1,3 Outline (4), exposure on (1), 3 subsequent points (3),
1,-1 Start point ([1,-1])
1,1,2,1,1,-1 Subsequent points ([1,1], [2,1], [1,-1])
15 Rotation (15) degrees

4.2.6 SM – Symbol Mirror
The SM parameter is used to turn mirror symbol imaging either on or off. When on, all
A- and/or B-axis symbol images are mirrored until another SM command is used.
Notice that mirroring A-axis data flips the image about the B axis. Mirroring B-axis
data flips the image about the A axis. SM does not mirror special apertures.
Note: It is recommended not to use the SM parameter. Avoid it like the plague.
The exception for special apertures is confusing and leads to mistakes.
4.2.6.1 Data Block Format

The syntax for the SM parameter is:
%SM[A<0 or 1>][B<0 or 1>]*%
Syntax Comments
SM SM for Symbol Mirror
A<0 or 1> Use A0 to disable mirroring

Use A1 to invert the A-axis. The image will be flipped over
the B-axis.
B<0 or 1> Use B0 to disable mirroring

Use B1 to invert the B-axis. The image will be flipped over
the A-axis.
4.2.6.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%SMA0B0*% No mirroring of A or B axis (default)
%SMA0B1*% No mirroring of A-axis data

Invert B-axis data, flipping the image over the A-axis
%SMB1*% Keep A mirror and Invert B-axis data

4.3 Directive parameters
AS Axis Select
FS Format Statement
MI Mirror Image
MO Mode of units
OF Offset
SF Scale Factor
Directive parameters control overall file processing.
It is recommended to place directive parameters at the beginning of the file. Each
directive parameter controls processing until another one is encountered It is
recommended to use each directive parameter only once in a file.
Directive parameters do not generate a new layer.
4.3.1 AS – Axis Select

The AS parameter assigns any two data axes to the output device’s A and B axes.

The syntax for the AS parameter is:
AS A<X or Y>B<X or Y>*
Syntax Comments
AS AS for Axis Select
AX or AY Assign output device axis A to data axis X or Y

Default is AX
BX or BY Assign output device axis B to date axis X or Y

Default is BY
4.3.1.2 Example
Syntax Comments
%ASAYBX*% Assign output device axis A to data axis Y and output device
axis B to data axis X

4.3.2 FS – Format Specification
The FS parameter specifies the format of the coordinate data. It is a mandatory
parameter. The FS parameter can only be used once (1) in the file. It must be
specified before the first use of coordinate data. It is recommended to use it as the
very first line, maybe after some general comments.
The FS parameter specifies the following format characteristics:
 Number of integer and decimal places in coordinate data (coordinate format)
 Zero omission (leading or trailing zeroes omitted)
 Absolute or incremental coordinate notation
Note: Explicit decimal points in coordinates are not allowed.
4.3.2.1 Coordinate Format

The coordinate format specifies the number of integer and decimal places in the
coordinate data. For example, the 2.3 format specifies 2 integer and 3 decimal places.
A maximum of 7 integer and 7 decimal places may be specified (nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn).
The same format must be defined for X and Y. Signs are allowed. The “+” sign is not
mandatory.
Note: The implementation limit on integer and decimal places was 6 in the past.
However, some applications started to generate 7 decimal places because they
needed the accuracy. To cater for this need we have raised this limit to 7. However,
there are probably still a number of Gerber readers in use that can only handle 6.
Therefore we recommend using 7 decimal places only if the extra accuracy is
needed.
4.3.2.2 Zero Omission

Zero omission compresses data by omitting either leading or trailing zeroes from the
coordinate values.
With leading zero omission some or all leading zeroes may be omitted but all trailing
zeroes must be retained. To interpret the coordinate string, it is first padded with
zeroes in front until its length fits the coordinate format. For example, with 2.3
coordinate format, “015” is padded to “00015” and therefore represents 0.015.
With trailing zero omission some or all trailing zeroes may be omitted but all leading
zeroes must be retained. To interpret the coordinate string, it is first padded with
zeroes at the back until its length fits the coordinate format. For example, with 2.3
coordinate format, “15”is padded to “15000” therefore represents 15.000.
With no zeroes omitted all zeroes are present, the format length fits and there is no
padding. It is conventional to indicate leading zero omission.
4.3.2.3 Absolute or Incremental Notation

Coordinate values may be expressed as either absolute distances from the origin or
incremental distances from the preceding coordinate position.
Note: It is recommended to use absolute notation only. With incremental notation

rounding errors can accumulate and become problematic. Incremental notation is a relic
from a distant past, when it was of paramount importance to save bytes on punched

paper tape. The small pleasure of saving a few bytes is quickly forgotten when the first
data error happens. We will deprecate incremental notation in future revisions of this
document.

The syntax for the FS parameter is:
%FS<L or T><A or I>[Nn][Gn]<Xn><Yn>[Dn][Mn]
Syntax Comments
FS FS for Format Specification
<L or T> Use L to omit leading zeroes. Use T to omit trailing

zeroes.
<A or I> Use A for absolute coordinate values.

Use I for incremental coordinate values.
<Xnm> and <Ynm> Enter X or Y and the number n of integer and m decimal
places in the coordinate data for each axis. The value of n
and m ranges from 0 to 7. The X and Y coordinates must
have the same format!
4.3.2.5 Example
Syntax Comments
%FSLAX25Y25*% Coordinate data will have leading zeros omitted and be

expressed as absolute positions with 2 integer and 5
decimal places in both axes.

4.3.3 MI – Mirror Image
The MI parameter is used to turn axis mirroring on or off. When on, all A- and/or B-
axis data following the parameter will be mirrored (that is, inverted or multiplied by -1)
until another MI command is used. Mirroring A-axis data flips the image about the B
axis and mirroring B-axis data flips the image about the A axis. MI does not mirror
special apertures!
Note: It is recommended not to use the MI parameter. Avoid it like the plague.
The exception for special apertures is confusing and leads to mistakes.
Use the AS parameter to correlate data axes with output device axes.

The syntax for the MI parameter is:
%MI[A<0 or 1>][B<0 or 1>]*%
Syntax Comments
MI MI for Mirror image
A<0 or 1> Use A0 to disable mirroring

Use A1 to invert the A-axis. The image will be flipped over
the B-axis.
B<0 or 1> Use B0 to disable mirroring

Use B1 to invert the B-axis. The image will be flipped over
the A-axis.
4.3.3.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%MIA0B0*% No mirroring of A or B axis (default)
%MIA0B1*% No mirroring of A-axis data

Invert B-axis data, flipping the image over the A-axis.
%MIB1*% Keep A mirror and Invert B-axis data

4.3.4 MO – Mode
The MO parameter specifies that dimension data should be interpreted as inches or
millimeters.
Note: Use the FS parameter to specify the integer and decimal place format.

The syntax for the MO parameter is:
%MO<IN or MM>*%
Syntax Comments
MO M for Mode
<IN or MM> Use IN to specify units in inches

Use MM to specify units in millimeters
4.3.4.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%MOIN*% Dimensions in inches
%MOMM*% Dimensions in millimeters

4.3.5 OF - Offset
The OF parameter is used to offset the final image up to plus or minus 99999.99999
units from the imaging device 0,0 point. The data may be offset along the imaging
device A or B axis, or both. Values used with the OF parameter are expressed in units
specified by the MO parameter, are always absolute, and are used primarily with
absolute coordinate data. Incremental coordinate data may be offset simply by
moving the imaging device to the desired offset position before starting the image.
The FS parameter specifies whether the data is absolute or incremental.

The syntax for the OF parameter is:
OF[A<offset>][Boffset>]
Syntax Comments
OF OF for Offset
A<sn> The offset along the output device A axis

s = optional sign (+ or -)
n = offset value
B<sn> The offset along the output device B axis

s = optional sign (+ or -)
n = offset value
4.3.5.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%OFA0B0*% No offsets (default)
%IOA1.0B-1.5*% Offset of 1 unit along the A axis

Offset of -1.5 units along the B axis
%IOB5.0*% Offset of 0 units along the A axis

Offset of 5 units along the B axis

4.3.6 SF – Scale Factor
The SF parameter is used to specify a scale factor from 0.0001 to 999.99999 for the
output device A- and/or B-axis data. The factor may be different for each axis. All data
following the parameter will be multiplied by the factor until another SF parameter is
encountered.
Note: Use the AS parameter to correlate data axes with output device axes

The syntax for the SF parameter is:
%SF[A<factor>][B<factor>]*%
Syntax Comments
SF SF for Scale Factor
A<factor> The A-axis data scale factor
B<factor> The B-axis data scale factor
4.3.6.2 Example
Syntax Comments
%SFA1B1*% Scale factor 1 (default)
%SFA.5B3*% Multiply A-axis data by 0.5

Multiply B-axis data by 3

4.4 Image parameters
4.4.1 IP – Image Polarity
The IP parameter sets the positive or negative polarity of the entire file image. With
positive polarity the image is exposed as is. With negative polarity dark areas are
displayed as clear, and clear areas displayed as dark. The default polarity is positive.
The IP parameter affects the entire image. If it occurs more than once, the last one is
valid for the whole file. It is recommended to use it only at the beginning of the file.
(Image polarity is not the same as layer polarity, see the LP parameter).

The syntax for the IP parameter is:
%IP<POS or NEG>*%
Syntax Comments
IP IP for Image Polarity
<POS> Output the image with positive polarity. (Default)
<NEG> Output the image with negative polarity
4.4.1.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%IPNEG*% Output the image with negative polarity
Note: IPNEG does not toggle the polarity

4.4.2 IR – Image Rotation
The IR parameter is used to rotate the entire image counterclockwise in 90°
increments around the 0, 0 coordinate. All objects are rotated. If there is no IR
parameter there is no rotation.
The IR parameter affects the entire image. If it occurs more than once, the last one is
valid for the whole file. It is recommended to use it only at the beginning of the file.

The syntax for the IR parameter is:
%IR<n>*% with n 0, 90, 180 or 270
Syntax Comments
IR IR for Image Rotation
<0> Rotate the image over 0°; no rotation
<90> Rotate the image over 90°
4.4.2.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%IR0*% No rotation (default)
%IR90*% Rotate the image over 90° counterclockwise
%IR270*% Rotate the image over 270° counterclockwise

4.5 Layer-specific parameters
KO Knockout
LN Layer Name
LP Layer Polarity
SR Step and Repeat
Layer-specific parameters specify the processing of information layers. (Information
layers are not to be confused with board layers). These parameters may be used
more than once in a file. Layer-specific parameters always generate a new layer.
Note: Generating a new layer resets the graphic state, including the current
point.
4.5.1 KO – Knock Out

The KO parameter specifies that a rectangular region of the image will have the
opposite layer polarity (dark or clear) of the image or information layer in which it
occurs, making it a "knockout” from the surrounding region.
Positive image polarity Negative image polarity

Dark layer polarity Clear layer polarity
Clear knockout Dark knockout
KO is typically used to:

 Set the initial background polarity of the final image
 Knock out a region
 Disable knockout on the current information layer
The knockout area is defined by its lower left point and height and width.
The knockout is applied to all data following the KO parameter until the knockout is
disabled. To disable a previously defined knockout, enter KO without modifiers.

The syntax for the KO parameter is:
%KO[C or D][X<coordinate>Y<coordinate>I<width>J<height> ]
Syntax Comments
KO KO for Knock Out
[C or D] Use C for clear polarity of the background

Use D for dark polarity of the background
To disable a previously enabled knockout enter neither C
nor D.
X<coordinate> Lower left X coordinate
Y<coordinate> Lower left Y coordinate
I<width> Width of the knockout area
J<height> Height of the knockout area
4.5.1.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%KODX0I0I20J26*% Create a dark knockout that extends from 0,0 to 20,26.
%KO*% Disable a previously enabled knockout.

4.5.2 LN – Layer Name
The LN parameter is used to assign a name of up to 77 alphanumeric characters to
the information layer that follows the parameter in the RS-274X file.

The syntax for the LN parameter is:
%LN<character string>*%
Syntax Comments
LN LN for Layer Name
<character string> Up to 77 alphanumeric characters.
4.5.2.2 Examples
Syntax Comments
%LNInternal VCC*% Layer name “Internal VCC”

LP – Layer Polarity
The LP parameter is used to specify the dark or clear polarity of the information layer
or layers following it. The layer polarity applies to all data following the LP parameter
until another LP parameter is encountered. The default polarity is dark.
Note: Layer polarity is not the same as image polarity, see the IP parameter.

The syntax for the LP parameter is:
%LP<C or D>*%
Syntax Comments
LP LP for Layer Polarity
<C or D> Use C for clear polarity

Use D for dark polarity
4.5.2.4 Examples
Syntax Comments
%LPD*% Use dark polarity (default)
%LPC*% Use clear polarity for all succeeding data

4.5.3 SR – Step and Repeat
The SR copies the data following it a number of time with a specified step (distance)
between the repeats (instances). The number of repeats and the steps can be
different in X and Y. An SR parameter without repeat and step values disables the
previous SR parameter.

The syntax for the SR parameter is:
%SR[X<repeats>][Y<repeats>][I<X-axis step>][J<Y-axis step>]
Syntax Comments
SR SR for Step and Repeat
X<repeats> The number of times the data is repeated along the X-axis
Y<repeats> The number of times the data is repeated along the Y-axis
I<X-axis step> The step between the repeats along the X-axis
J<Y-axis step> The step between the repeats along the Y-axis
4.5.3.2 Example
Syntax Comments
%SRX1Y1I0J0*% Step and Repeat with 1 repeat, i.e. not repeated (default)
%SRX2Y3I2.0J3.0*% Repeat the image 2 times along the X axis and 3 times
along the Y axis. X-axis repeats are spaced 2.0 units
apart. Y-axis repeats are spaced 3.0 units apart.
%SRX4I5.0J2*% Repeat the image 4 times along the X axis with 5.0 units
from one step to the next. The J modifier is ignored because
no Y repeats are specified.
%SR*% Disable the previous SR parameter.

5 Function Codes
Function codes specify how coordinate data should be interpreted. Function codes apply
to Coordinate Data in the same block as well as to subsequent Coordinate Data. They do
not affect Coordinate Data preceding the block in which they occur.
Functions Codes and Coordinate Data normally follow the Parameters.
Codes are grouped as follows:
1 G-codes (general functions) specify how to interpolate and move to the
coordinate locations following the code until changed or until a new layer is
generated (modal).
2 D-codes (drawing functions) select and control tools, specify line type, etc.
3 M-codes (miscellaneous functions) perform the program end.
The next section lists the D-codes, G-codes and M-codes. Subsequent sections explain
the more intricate codes in detail.
5.1 Overview
Code Function Comments
D01 Exposure and Draw mode Draws a line using the current aperture. (There
on. are strict limitations on the apertures that can
be used for drawing.) The current point is
moved to the end point.
D02 Exposure and Draw mode Generates no image. The current point is
off. moved. This is the default state
D03 Set Flash mode. Flash the current aperture. The current point is
moved to the flash point.
D10-D999 Select an aperture defined

by an AD parameter
D-codes

G01 Set linear interpolation A modifier of the draw operator.
mode (default)
For clarity and robustness it is recommended
G02 Set clockwise circular
not to use the default but always to set the
interpolation mode
interpolation mode explicitly.
G03 Set counterclockwise
circular interpolation mode
G04 Ignore data block Used for comments
G36 Turn on Outline Fill See below.
G37 Turn off Outline Fill

G54 Select aperture This historic code optionally precedes an
aperture D-code. It is superfluous and
deprecated.
G70 Specify inches
G71 Specify millimeters
G74 Set Single quadrant mode. A modifier of the circular interpolation.
(default)
G75 Set Multi quadrant mode
G90 Specify absolute format See also FS parameter. It is recommended
to use absolute format only.
G91 Specify incremental format
G-codes
M00 Program stop This historic code has no effect on the image. It
is deprecated.
M01 Optional stop This historic code has no effect on the image. It
is deprecated.
M02 End of program Ends image generation. Every file must end in
a M02
M-codes

5.2 Linear Interpolation (G01 (G1))
Linear interpolation generates a straight line from the current point to the X, Y
coordinate specified by the data block. The current point is set to the X, Y coordinate.

The syntax for the Linear Interpolation codes is:
Gn[Xsn][Ysn][Dn]*
Syntax Comments
Gn Linear interpolation mode
Xsn s = optional sign (+ or -)

n = X coordinate of line endpoint
Ysn s = optional sign (+ or -)

n = Y coordinate of line endpoint
Dn Exposure
n = 01 => On
n = 02 => Off

5.3 Circular Interpolation (G02 (G2), G03 (G3), G74,
G75)
Circular interpolation generates a circular arc from the current point to the X, Y to the
coordinate in the data block. The current point is then set to the X, Y coordinate.
There are two orientation modes:
 clockwise mode, specified by G02
 counterclockwise mode, specified by G03
The orientation is defined around the center of the arc, moving from begin to end.
There are two quadrant modes:
 single quadrant mode
 multi quadrant mode
In single quadrant mode the arc is not allowed to extend over more than 90°. The
following relation must hold: 0° =< |arc angle| =<90°. If the start point of the arc is
equal to the end point, the arc has length zero, i.e. it covers 0°. A data block is required
for each quadrant. A minimum of four data blocks is required for a full circle.
In multi quadrant mode the arc is allowed to extend over more than 90°. To avoid
ambiguity between 0° and 360° arcs the following relation must hold: 0° < |arc angle|.
If the start point of the arc is equal to the end point, the arc is a full circle of 360°.
The default mode is single quadrant. The G74 and G75 command allow switching
between the two modes. A data block containing G75 enables multi quadrant mode.
Every block following it will be interpreted as multi quadrant, until cancelled by a G74.
A data block containing G74 code turns off multi quadrant mode, reverting to single
quadrant mode.
Some Gerber writers erroneously take G75 as a default. This leads to obscure
errors when readers try deal with these wrong files by guessing the default used. If
you specify G74/G75 explicitly the mode is unequivocal for both reader and writer.
This is safer and more robust than relying on the default. We strongly recommend
always specifying the G74/G75 explicitly when creating a Gerber file.

5.3.1 Single Quadrant Mode
The syntax in Single Quadrant Circular Mode is:
Gn[Xsn][Ysn][In][Jn][Dn]*
Syntax Comments
Gn Specifies direction of arc

n = 02 => clockwise
n = 03 => counterclockwise

n = X coordinate of arc endpoint

n = Y coordinate of arc endpoint
In n = The offset between the arc start point and the center
parallel to the X axis. The value is always positive. A sign
is not allowed. The direction to the center is determined
implicitly.
Jn n = The offset between the arc start point and the center
parallel to the Y axis. The value is always positive. A sign
is not allowed. The direction to the center is determined
implicitly.
Dn Exposure
n = 01 => On
n = 02 => Off
5.3.1.2 Image

5.3.1.3 Example
Syntax Comments
G74* Single quadrant mode
G54D10* Use aperture D10
G01X1100Y600D02* Start from 11,6
G03X700Y1000I400J0D01* Quarter arc (radius 4) to 7,10
X300Y600I0J400* Quarter arc (radius 4) to 3,6
G01X300D02* Start from 3,6
X1100D01* Line to 11,6
X700Y200D02* Start from 7,2
Y1000D01* Line to 7,10
Resulting Image
5.3.2 Multi Quadrant Mode

The syntax in Multi Quadrant Mode is:
Gn Xsn Ysn Isn Jsn Dn
Note: The I and J offsets are signed. If no sign is present, the offset is positive.
Syntax Comments
Gn Specifies direction of arc (see also table 5)

n = 02 => clockwise
n = 03 => counterclockwise

n = X coordinate of arc endpoint

n = Y coordinate of arc endpoint
Isn s = optional sign (+ or -)

n = Defines the incremental distance between the arc
start point and the center measured parallel to the X axis.
Jsn s = optional sign (+ or -)

n = Defines the incremental distance between the arc
start point and the center measured parallel to the Y axis.
Dn Exposure (see table 4)

n = 01 => On
n = 02 => Off
5.3.3 Example
Syntax Comments
G75* Multi quadrant mode
G01X300Y-200D02* Start from 3,-2
G03X-300Y-200I-300J400D01 Arc counterclockwise (rel. center -
G01* 3,4) to -3,-2
Back to linear interpolation mode
Resulting Image

5.4 Apertures allowed for drawing
The solid circle and the solid rectangle or square standard apertures are the only
ones that can be used for drawing. No other standard apertures can be used for
drawing. No special aperture can be used for drawing, whatever its final shape.
(Of course, any aperture can be flashed.)
5.4.1 Circle Aperture

The solid circle aperture can be used for both linear and circular interpolations.
It’s meaning is obvious, The line or arc is stroked with a round pen or aperture. The
interpolation creates a line or arc with thickness equal to diameter of the circle and
with a circular line ending.
5.4.2 Rectangle or Square Aperture

The solid rectangle aperture - rotated or not - can be used for linear interpolation only.
It cannot be used for circular interpolation.
The line is stroked with the aperture as defined. An example:
Draw Aperture Result of the interpolation
If the aperture is aligned with the draw the result is a line with a straight line ending:
Draw Aperture Result of the interpolation
Circular interpolation is not allowed because it would result in a complex shape

without general use
Note: The rectangle is not automatically rotated to be aligned with the draw.

5.5 Outline Fill (G36, G37)
The commands G36 and G37 create a filled area defining its closed outline.
G36 turns on outline fill, G37 turn it off. There are no variables or apertures. Following
a G36 and before G37, all lines drawn with D01 are considered edges of the outline;
D02 closes and fills the outline; D03 is not allowed.
Self-intersecting outlines are not allowed because their interpretation is not obvious.
Outline edges can coincide, allowing cut-ins to create holes in solid areas.
Care must be taken that rounding errors, especially with arcs, does not turn a
proper outline into a self-intersecting one, with unpredictable results; construct
outlines defensively and round carefully.
Outline area fill is much more efficient than the obsolete method of stroke fill.
In previous versions of this document “outline fill” was also called “polygon fill” This
was a misnomer as arcs can be used in the outline, whereas a polygon is usually
understood to have only straight edges.
5.5.1 Example 1: Simple outline
Syntax Comments
G36* Outline fill mode
X200Y300D02* Start at 2,3
X700D01* Line to 7,3
Y100D01* Line to 7,1
X1100Y500D01* Line to 11,5
X700Y900D01* Line to 7,9
X200D01* Line to 2,7
G37* End of outline fill mode

Resulting Image
5.5.2 Example 2: Cut In
Syntax Comments
G36* Outline fill mode
X200Y1000D02* Start at 2,10
X1200D01* Line to 12,10
Y200* Line to 12,2
X200* Line to 2,2
Y600* Line to 2,6
X500* Line to 5,6
G75* Multi quadrant mode
G3X500Y600I0J300D01* Full arc ccw (radius = 300)
G74* Single quadrant mode
G1X200D01* Line to 2,6
Y1000* Line to 2,10
G37* End of outline fill mode
Resulting Image

5.5.3 Example 3: More complex cut-in
Cut-ins are susceptible to rounding problems. When the vertices move due to
rounding the contour may become self-intersecting, with unpredictable results.
Construct your cut-ins defensively, as in this example. Draws that are on top of one
another have the same end vertices. When the vertices move under rounding, the
draws will remain exactly on top of one another, and no self-intersections are created.
G36*
X1220000Y2570000D02*
X1250000D01*
Y2600000*
X1290000*
Y2640000*
X1250000*
Y2670000*
X1290000*
Y2700000*
X1250000*
Y2670000*
Y2640000*
Y2600000*
Y2570000*
X1310000*
Y2720000*
X1220000*
Y2570000*
G37*

The example below creates the same image, but with a less robust construction.
The number of draws has been reduced by eliminating vertices between collinear
draws. When the vertices move slightly due to rounding, the draws that were on top of
one another may become intersecting, with unpredictable results. When a RS-274X file
moves from system to system, numerical rounding must be expected. Therefore this
construction is bad practice.
G36*
X1110000Y2570000D02*
Y2600000D01*
X1140000*
Y2640000*
X1110000*
Y2670000*
X1140000*
Y2700000*
X1110000*
Y2570000*
X1170000*
Y2720000*
X1090000*
Y2570000*
X1110000*
G37*

6 RS-274X Best Practices
Some RS-274X files produce the desired image but are needlessly cumbersome to work with or error-prone.
Some common poor practices:
Poor Practice Problems Best Practice

Low numerical precision. Poor registration of objects between PCB layers. Rounding when Always use high numerical
writing the file can results in outlines to self-intersect, invalid arcs, precision. Do not sacrifice precision
zero-arcs, with unexpected result downstream.. Software to save a few bytes. Do not throw
processing the file will unavoidably add further numerical rounding, away the precision when writing the
aggravating the problem. file
G74 and G75 not specified Some Gerber readers use the wrong default. If you specify explicitly Always specify G74 or G75%%
there can be no misunderstanding.
Multi quadrant mode and rounding The begin- and end-point of an arc will move somewhat due to Use G74 single quadrant mode unless
errors. rounding. For a very small are they can happen to move on top of you are very careful with rounding on
another. Under G75 mode the small arc suddenly becomes a full small arcs.
circle. Under G74 it remains small, actually zero size.
Long file with lots of identical X and Y File needlessly long Modal usage of coordinates within the
coordinate values. same layer-specific parameter.
Painted or stroked pads. Painted pads produce the correct image but are very awkward and Never use stroked pads. Define
time consuming for CAM software, e.g. for DRC checks, electrical pads, including SMD pads, with the
test and so on. Stroking was needed for vector photoplotters in the AD and AM parameters.
1960’s and1970’s, but these devices are as outdated as the
mechanical typewriter Using them today is like sending your file on
paper tape.
Painted or stroked areas Painted areas produce the correct image, but the files are Never use stroked areas. Use the
needlessly large and the data is very confusing for CAM software. Outline Fill commands;
Stroking was needed for vector photoplotters in the 1960’s
and1970’s, but these devices are as outdated as the mechanical
typewriter.

7 Common Syntax Errors
Some RS-274X files do not produce the desired image due to incorrect interpretation of the specifications. Some common errors:
Symptom Cause and Correct Usage

Polygons are smaller than expected The inside diameter of a Regular Polygon is used instead of the outside
diameter
Outline fill defined in a Layer Polarity Clear (%LPC) section erases Outline fill as any other object in an %LPC section indeed clears (erases) the
a previously defined object on that location. underlying objects. Clear does not mean transparent. Use outline fill
commands with negative polarity before all objects you want to keep at that
location.
A Mirror command is used to mirror a macro definition but the The Mirror command is not applied to aperture definitions. It is
result is not as expected. recommended not to use the Mirror command. Apply the transformation
directly in the aperture definition and object coordinates.
Negative image is only visible if a positive background image is Polarity in Image Polarity and Layer Polarity confusingly has different
used. meanings. Use Layer Polarity to clear (make holes in objects).

8 Glossary
ABSOLUTE POSITION: Position expressed in Cartesian coordinates from the origin 0,0.
APERTURE: A shape that is used for drawing lines or flashing. (The name is historic; one used to
expose shapes on film by shining light through an aperture in an aperture wheel.)
APERTURE MACRO: A parameter describing the geometry of a special aperture and assigns it
to a D-code.
APERTURE PARAMETER: A parameter (AD or AM) that assigns an aperture definition to a D-code.
CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION: Drawing a circular arc.
DIRECTIVE PARAMETER: A parameter that controls overall file processing.
FILE IMAGE: The entire image, including all information layers.
INCREMENTAL POSITION: Position expressed as a distance in X and Y from the current point.
IMAGE PARAMETER: A parameter that applies to the entire file image.
INFORMATION LAYER. See layer.
KNOCKOUT: A rectangular region around an information layer whose polarity is the opposite of the
layer polarity.
LAYER: An information section of RS-274X data that is treated as a unit, for example, rotated or
repeated. (In the RS-274X context it does not mean the layer of a PCB.)
LAYER-SPECIFIC PARAMETER: A parameter that applies to a single information layer (KO, LN, LP,
and SR).
LINEAR INTERPOLATION: Drawing a straight line.

,
MULTI QUADRANT MODE: The arc is allowed extend over more than 90°. If the start point of the arc is
equal to the end point the arc is a full circle of 360°.
NUMERICAL PRECISION: The number of integer and decimal places used to express a number.
PARAMETERS: Commands that specify how the data should be processed.
POLARITY: When applied to the file image, positive polarity means the image is exposed black on
white, and negative that it is exposed white on black. When applied to a layer, dark means that the
object exposes the image area in dark (black) and clear means that the object clears or erases
everything underneath it.
POLYGON FILL: See outline fill.
OUTLINE FILL: A feature to create solid (filled) areas. (Previously called polygon fill.)
SINGLE QUADRANT MODE: The arc cannot extend over more than 90°. If the start point of the arc is
equal to the end point, the arc has length zero, i.e. covers 0°.
STEP AND REPEAT: A method by which successive exposures of a single image are made to
produce a multiple image production master.

TRANSPARANT. : Part of an object that has no effect on the image, typically a hole. Any objects under
the transparent part remain visible.

9 Sample Files
The examples on these pages illustrate the use of both Parameters and
Function codes.
9.1.1 Example 1
Example 1 is a single layer image with two square boxes.
G04 EXAMPLE 1: 2 BOXES*

%FSLAX23Y23*% Format statement - leading zeroes omitted,
absolute coordinates, X2.3, Y2.3.
%MOIN*% Set units to inches.
%OFA0B0*% No offset
%SFA1.0B1.0*% Scale factor is A1, B1
%ADD10C,0.010*% Define aperture with D-code 10 as a 10 mil circle
%LNBOXES*% Name layer “BOXES”.
G54D10*
X0Y0D02* Start from 0,0
X5000Y0D01* Line to 5,0
Y5000* Line to 5,5
X0* Line to 0,5
Y0* Line to 0,0
X6000D02* Start from 6,0
X11000D01* Line to 11,0
Y5000* Line to 11,5
X6000* Line to 6,5
Y0* Line to 6,0
M02* End of program

9.1.2 Example 2
Example 2 illustrates RS-274X image showing various shapes.
%FSLAX23Y23*% Format Statement, Leading zeros omitted,

absolute data, 2 integer digits and 3
fractional digits
%MOIN*% Mode inches
%IJALBL*% Image Justify
G04 Define Apertures* Comment
%AMTARGET125*% Aperture Macro
6,0,0,0.125,.01,0.01,3,0.00 Moire definition
3,0.150,0*%
%AMTHERMAL80*% Aperture Macro
7,0,0,0.080,0.055,0.0125,45 Thermal definition

*%
%ADD10C,0.01*% Aperture definition, D10 is a circular aperture
with 0.01” diameter
%ADD11C,0.06*% Aperture Definition, D11 is a circular aperture
with 0.06” diameter
%ADD12R,0.06X0.06*% Aperture Definition, D12 is a rectangular
aperture, 0.06” X 0.06”

aperture, 0.04” X 0.100”
aperture, 0.100” X 0.04”
%ADD15O,0.04X0.100*% Aperture Definition, D15 is a obround
aperture, 0.04” X 0.100”
%ADD16P,0.100X3*% Aperture Definition, D16 is a 3 sided polygon
0.100” overall size
%ADD17P,0.100X3*% Aperture Definition, D17 is a 3 sided polygon
0.100” overall size
%ADD18TARGET125*% Aperture Definition, D18 is a special aperture
called “TARGET125”
%ADD19THERMAL80*% Aperture Description, D19 is a special
aperture called "THERMAL80”
%LNXTEST1*% Layer Name XTEST1
%LPD*% Layer Polarity Dark
%SRX1Y1I0J0*% Step and Repeat set to 1 X 1 (Not Required)
G54D10* Aperture select
G01X0Y250D02* Linear move with light off
X0Y0D01* Linear move with light on
X250Y0D01* Linear move with light on
X1000Y1000D02* Linear move with light off
X1500D01* Linear move with light on
X2000Y1500* Notice since D01 is modal it does not need to
be repeated
X2500D02* Notice since the X & Y commands are modal,
Y is not repeated
Y1000D01* X is not repeated and uses its previous value
of 2.500”
D02* Light off no move
G54D11* New aperture selected
G55X1000Y1000D03* G55 prepares for flash It is not necessary.
D03 is the flash command.
X2000D03* Y value does not change
X2500D03* This method reduces the size of the file
Y1500D03* Here, X does not change from previous value
X2000D03* Flash
G54D12* New aperture select
X1000Y1500D03* Move to (1.0, 1.5) and flash
X3000Y1500D03* Move and flash
Y1250D03* Move and flash
Y1000D03* Move and flash

G01X3750Y1000D02* Linear move, light off. Start point of the
following arc command
G75* Sets multi quadrant mode
G03X3750Y1000I250J0D01* Move from start point above to end point
drawing a complete circle
G55X3400Y1000D03* Flash
G55X3500Y900D03* Flash
G36* Start Outline fill
G01X500Y2000D02*
Y3750D01*
X3750*
Y2000*
X500*
X500Y2000D02*
G37* End Outline fill
G55X0Y3875D03* Flash
X3875Y3875D03* Flash
%LNXTEST2* LPC*% Layer Name
G36* Start Outline fill
G01X1000Y2500D02*
Y3000D01*
G74* Single Quadrant mode
G02X1250Y3250I250J0D01* Clockwise arc move with radius .25”
G01X3000* Complete 90° arc
G75* Sets multi quadrant mode
G02X3000Y2500I0J-375D01* Clockwise arc move with radius .375”
G01X1000*
Linear move light on
X1000Y2500D02* Linear move light off
G37* End Outline fill
%LNXTEST3*% Layer Name
%LPD*% Layer Polarity Dark
X1500Y2875D02*
X2000D01*
D02*

G54D11*
X1500Y2875D03*
X2000D03*
X2875Y2875D03*
M02* End of Program

RS-274X Extended Gerber Format Specification 201201

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The Gerber Format Specification

RS-274X or Extended Gerber

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification iii

© Copyright Ucamco NV, Gent, Belgium

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification iv

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification v

Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... vi

1.1 Who should use this Specification? .................................................................................. 9

2 Syntax .................................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Character Set .................................................................................................................. 10

3 Image Generation ................................................................................................................. 13

3.1 Information Layers ......................................................................................................... 13

4 Parameters ............................................................................................................................ 14

4.1 AD - Aperture Definition ............................................................................................... 15

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification vi

5 Function Codes .................................................................................................................... 40

5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 40

6 RS-274X Best Practices ....................................................................................................... 53

7 Common Syntax Errors ....................................................................................................... 55

8 Glossary ................................................................................................................................ 56

9 Sample Files ......................................................................................................................... 58

9.1.1 Example 1 ............................................................................................................ 58

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification vii

1.1 Who should use this Specification?

1.2 About This Document

Note: Provides essential extra information.

Tip: Provides useful extra information.

Contains examples of file syntax, commands,

Warning: Contains an important warning.

1.3 History of the Gerber Format

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 9

2.1 Character Set

2.2 Data Blocks

For readability it is recommended to:

2.3 Data Types

2.4 Coordinate Data

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 10

2.5 Function Codes

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 11

Parameter code 2-character code (AD, AM, FS, etc…)

<required modifiers> Must be entered to complete the definition

[optional modifiers] Entry depends on the required modifiers

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 12

3.1 Information Layers

Note: An information layer in RS-274X is not the same as a PCB layer.

3.2 Generating the Information Layer Image

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 13

Parameter Function Comments Default

AS Axis select It is A=X, B=Y

SF Scale Factor A=1.0, B=1.0

IP Image Polarity Use only once at Positive

AD Aperture Definition May be used

SR Step and Repeat A=1, B=1

SM Symbol Mirror A=0, B=0

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 14

4.1.1 Standard Apertures

4.1.2 Special Apertures

4.1.3 Syntax Rules

4.1.4 Data Block Format

ADD AD for Aperture Definition and D for D-code

<D-code number> The D-code number being defined (10 - 999)

<aperture type>, The Aperture Type has two possible formats:

Notes: Be sure to use the units (inches or millimeters)

RS-274X (Extended Gerber) Format Specification 15