LECTURE 2

EXCAVATION WORKS
Works associated with excavation works:
a) Excavation
b) Disposal of excavated material
c) Filling
Factors affecting cost of
excavation :

• Type of soil
• Method of excavation
• Type of excavation
– Excavate top soil
– Excavate to reduce level
– Excavate for column base
– Excavate trench
Earthwork Supports
• This is to protect sides of excavations
• The cost is dependent on type of soil,
type and size of excavation, designs
and number of uses
• It may not be necessary for hard
ground or shallow excavations
• Can be used more than once
• For estimating purposes – allow RM
3.00/m3 of excavation for planking
and strutting
 HAND EXCAVATION
• Suitable for small excavation works or where plant is not accessible to
excavation areas
• Labour output for hand excavation in ordinary soil :

Description Unit Unskilled Worker

(hour)
Excavate top soil (not exceeding 250mm M2 0.35
average depth)
Excavate to reduce level max. depth not M3 1.75
exceeding 0.25m
Excavate for column base max. depth not M3 3.50
exceeding 1.00
Ditto 2.00m M3 4.50
Excavate trench maximum depth not M3 2.75
exceeding 1.00m
Ditto 2.00m M3 4.00
Labour output for hand excavation in other types of soil
- Output of hand excavation are dependent on soil condition

Types of soil Multiplier (Hours/m3)

Loose sand X 0.75

Heavy clay X 1.50

Soft rock X 3.00

Rock X 6.00
 MACHINE EXCAVATION
a) Hired Plant b) Owned Plant
• Cost of plant
– Is much dependent on the plant procurement methods
– Hired plant (rental cost)
– Owned plant
• Initial cost (purchase price)
• Interest on capital
• Economics life of the plant
• Maintenance cost throughout the economic life of
plant
• Cost of transporting plant to site
 MACHINE EXCAVATION
a) Hired Plant b) Owned Plant
• Operating cost
– Cost of running the plant on site
– Factors to be considered:
• Cost of fuel
• Cost of plant and other workers handling the plant
• Capacity and output of plant
• Number of hours the plant is utilized in a year
TYPES (CAPACITY) (M3) DIESEL/HOUR (LITER) LUBRICANT/WEEK (LITER)
¼ 4 9
3/8 5 12
½ 6 14
¾ 7 16
1 9 18
 MACHINE EXCAVATION
a) Hired Plant
b) Owned Plant
• Capacity of plant
– Important for the estimator to determine the type or size of
plant to be employed for the work
• Output of excavator
– Amount of work that can be completed by using the plant
within a certain amount of time
• Economic life of plant
– A duration where the benefit of using the plant exceeded its
maintenance cost
– Economic life for excavator = 5 years
Output of excavator for Output of excavator for
excavating and loading excavating and loading other
ordinary earth types of soils

Type/Capacity Average Types of Soils Multipliers

(m3) Output/Hour (Hours/m3)
(m3)
¼ 8 Sand X 1.00
3/8 9 Heavy Clay X 1.25
½ 12 Soft Rock X 1.50
¾ 18
Rock X 4.50
1 25
TUTORIAL 1
1. Excavate for column base max depth not exceeding 2.00m (by
hand). – m3

2. Extra over column base excavation for excavating in rock. (Prov.)

(By hand). – m3

3. Excavate trench to receive foundation starting from reduced level

not exceeding 2.00m depth in soft rock. – m3
Assumption: Using contractor’s own excavator type 1m3
Data:
a. Initial cost = RM 230,000
b. Life of excavator = 5 years
c. Resale value = RM 13,500
d. Interest rate = 20% p.a
4. Excavate to reduce level not exceeding 1.00m max depth. – m3
Assumption: Using hired excavator type 1/2m3. Rental cost = RM
7,250/month (not including operator, diesel and lubricant)

5. Excavate for column base max depth not exceeding 2.00m in rock.
– m3
Assumption: Using contractor’s own excavator type 3/4m3
Data:
a. Initial cost = RM 550,000
b. Life of excavator = 4 years
c. Resale value = RM 22,700
d. Interest rate = 10% p.a

DATA
1. Unskilled worker = RM 40/day
2. Operator = RM 50/day
3. Diesel = RM 1.70/liter
4. Lubricant = RM20.00/liter