PROGRAM : EM220 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

KURSUS : THERMOFLUIDS LAB 1 (MAKMAL THERMOBENDALIR 1)

KOD KURSUS : MEC454
PENSYARAH : MOHAMAD TOLHA BIN SUBHI

LAPORAN MAKMAL

TAJUK UJIKAJI: FLOW THROUGH VENTURI TUBE AND ORIFICE PLATE

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GROUP: EMD2M4A1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 6/5/2021

1.0 TITLE: FLOW THROUGH VENTURI TUBE AND ORIFICE PLATE

2.0 OBJECTIVES:
i. To determine the coefficient of discharge of a venture tube.
ii. To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice plate.

3.0 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

 Figure 1: Venturi tube

Figure 2: Orifice plate

Bernoulli’s equation (with no loss assumption):

 Theoretical Discharge

(1)

Equation (1) shows that the theoretical discharge (volume flow rate) through Venturi
tube (or orifice plate) can be determined if we know the inlet and the throat area and
the difference of manometer level between the inlet and the throat of the Venturi tube
(or orifice plate).

Actual Discharge

(2)

where Cd is coefficient of discharge.

The actual discharge is obtained by measuring directly the quantity of flowing water
per second.

4.0 APPARATUS
5.0 PROCEDURE
Venturi and Orifice Meter Specifications
1. Venturi tube:
- inlet diameter, d1 = 28.4 mm
- throat diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm
2. Orifice plate:
- inlet diameter, d1 = 18.5 mm

- throat diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm

Part A: Flow through a Venturi Tube

1. Measure the diameters of the Venturi tube's inlet and throat.

2. As shown in Figure 1, place the Venturi tube in section 6.

3. Turn off all valves except those that allow water to flow from the tank to the
Venturi tube section and back to the tank. Check the pipe's flow direction.

4. Connect the manometer hoses to the Venturi tube's pressure tapping points.
5. Turn on the pump. Try to clear the air bubbles of the apparatus.
6. Set the valve on the Venturi tube's left side to a specific position.

7. Measure and record the h1and h2 values.

8. Measure and keep recond of the actual volume flow rate (Qactual).

9. Repeat steps 6–8 for a total of 5 Qactual values.

Part B: Flow through an Orifice Plate

1. Carry out the same steps as in Part A for the orifice plate.
6.0 RESULTS

6.1 DATA

Part A: Flow through a Venturi Tube Table 1

Inlet inside diameter, d1 = 28.4 mm = 0.0284 m

Inlet cross-sectional area, A1 = 6.33 x 10-4
m2
Throat inside diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm = 0.0140 m
Throat cross-sectional area, A2 = 1.54 x 10-4
m2
Area ratio, A1/A2 = 4.12
Gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2

(a) (b) (a)/(b) (c) (d) eq. 1

Volume Time
Measurement Qactual h1 h2 h1 - h2 Qtheoretical
measured observed
No. (litres) (s) (litres/s) (m3/s) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m) (m3/s)
1 6 52.6 0.114 0.000114 640 588 52 0.052 0.000160
2 6 22.38 0.268 0.000268 730 511 219 0.219 0.000329
3 6 14.88 0.403 0.000403 820 433 387 0.387 0.000438
4 6 12.16 0.493 0.000493 910 358 552 0.552 0.000523
5 6 10.94 0.548 0.000548 1000 282 718 0.718 0.000596
Coefficient of Discharge, Cd

Qactual Qtheoretical Cd

0.000114 0.000160 0.713

0.000268 0.000329 0.815
0.000403 0.000438 0.920
0.000493 0.000523 0.943
0.000548 0.000596 0.919

Part B: Flow through an Orifice plate Table 2

Inlet inside diameter, d1 = 18.5 mm = 0.0185 m

Inlet cross-sectional area, A1 = 2.69 x 10-4
m2
Throat inside diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm = 0.0140 m
Throat cross-sectional area, A2 = 1.54 x 10-4
m2
Area ratio, A1/A2 = 1.75
 Gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2

(a) (b) (a)/(b) (c) (d) eq. 1

Volume Time
Measurement Qactual h1 h2 h1 - h2 Qtheoretical
measured observed
No. (litres) (s) (litres/s) (m3/s) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m) (m3/s)
1 6 52.6 0.114 0.000114 640 588 52 0.052 0.000189
2 6 22.38 0.268 0.000268 730 511 219 0.219 0.000388
3 6 14.88 0.403 0.000403 820 433 387 0.387 0.000516
4 6 12.16 0.493 0.000493 910 358 552 0.552 0.000616
5 6 10.94 0.548 0.000548 1000 282 718 0.718 0.000703

Coefficient of Discharge, Cd

Qactual Qtheoretical Cd

0.000114 0.000189 0.622

0.000268 0.000388 0.712
0.000403 0.000516 0.805
0.000493 0.000616 0.825
0.000548 0.000703 0.804
6.2 GRAPHS

Part A : Flow Through a Venturi Tube

0.0006

0.0005

0.0004
Actual Flow Rate

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
Theoretical Flow rate

Graph 1.0 Part A: Flow Through a Venturi Tube

Part B : Flow Through an Orifice Plate

0.0006

0.0005
Actual Flow Rate

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008

Theoretical Flow Rate

Graph 1.2 Part B: Flow Through an Orifice Plate

 SAMPLE CALCULATION
PART A (NO. 1)

π d2
Inlet cross-sectional area, A1 ¿
4
2
π (0.0284)
¿
4
−4 2
¿ 6.33 ×10 m

π d2
Throat cross-sectional area, A2¿
4
2
π (0.014)
¿
4
−4 2
¿ 1.54 ×10 m

6.33× 10−4
Area ratio, A1/A2 ¿
1.54 ×10−4
¿ 4.11

0.006
Qactual ¿
52.6
3
−4 m
¿ 1.14 ×10
s

√( )
2 g (h1−h2)
¿ A1
Qtheoretical A1 2
−1
A2

¿ ( 6.33 ×10−4 )
√ 3
2( 9.81)(0.052)
( 4.11 )2−1

m
¿ 1.60 ×10−4
s
 PART B (NO. 1)
2
πd
Inlet cross-sectional area, A1 ¿
4

π (0.0185)2
¿
4
−4 2
¿ 2.69 ×10 m

2
πd
Throat cross-sectional area, A2 ¿
4

π (0.014)2
¿
4
−4 2
¿ 1.54 ×10 m

−4 2
2.69× 10 m
Area ratio, A1/A2 ¿ −4 2
1.54 ×10 m
¿ 1.75

0.006
Qactual ¿
52.6

−4 m3
¿ 1.14 ×10
s

√( )
2 g (h1−h2)
¿ A1
Qtheoretical A1 2
−1
A2

¿(2.69× 10−4 )
√ 2(9.81)(0.052)

3
( 1.75 )2−1

−4 m
¿ 1.89 ×10
s
7.0 DISCUSSIONS

Part A: Flow through venture tube

 Part B: Flow through an orifice plate

The observed flow rate is directly proportional to the potential flow rate for
both part a and part b, based on the graph above. The findings reveal that as
the flow rate fell, the manometer's height dropped as well. The rotameter is
used to calculate flow speeds for the venturi and orifice metres. If the velocity
of a flow increases, the pressure decreases, according to the Bernoulli
theorem. When water flows through a certain diameter of tubing, the height of
the manometer varies abruptly, as shown by this experiment. When the
amplitude of a flow is raised, the pressure drops, according to the Bernoulli
theorem, while the pressure drop is equal to the square of the velocity,
according to Bernoulli's equation. As a consequence, the venturi tube's
projected coefficient of discharge, Cd, should be higher than the orifice's. This
is how the diameter of the venturi changes.

8.0 IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT / SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENT

Before we begin the experiment, we must first review the manual lab that has been
given to us. As a result, we will be able to conduct the experiment smoothly and
thoroughly comprehend the device and procedures. We should also develop our
abilities and experience to ensure that the experiment runs smoothly. Furthermore, for
improved accuracy and to prevent reading errors, we must guarantee that there are no
 air bubbles. The staddle valve on the top right side of the manometer board can be
depressed with a pen or screwdriver. Lightly depress the staddle valve to allow
trapped air and fluid to escape. We should repeat the steps to get accurate results,
which would increase the experiment's accuracy. When taking a reading in an
experiment from a scale, it is extremely important to ensure that the eye, object or
marker and scale are all in a straight line, perpendicular to the scale.  This is to ensure
that the measurement being taken is as close as possible to the actual value. Thus, if
setting the pointer, make sure the eye position is at the same level as the pointer to
ensure it is correctly set to 0.

9.0 MAKE AVAILABLE RELEVANT INFORMATION RELATED TO

THERMOFLUID TECHNOLOGIES CORRESPONDING TO LABORATORY
WORKS CARRIED OUT

9.1 EXPLANATION OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS

Venturi tube and orifice plate are both used to measure the flow rate of fluids.
However, the application for both venturi tube and orifice plate is slightly
different where the venturi tube mostly used to determine differential of pressure
while orifice is used for determining volumetric or mass flow rate. Venturi tube,
short pipe with a constricted inner surface, used to measure fluid flows and as a
pump. This tube has “Venturi Effect” where it is a physical principle which states
that a fluid that moves inside a conduit will increase and decrease its pressure
depends on its speed. In our daily life, this tube and its effect is used multiple
times and become one of the essential parts in our life. As examples, this effect is
applied in spray cans, in car carburettors to measure the fuel and air distribution,
space rockets and even used for measuring instruments such as in medical
industry to measure volume flow of blood through vessels and in chemical
industry to measure the flow rate of chemical through pipes. Next, an orifice plate
is a piece of equipment used to measure the flow rate of a gas or a fluid. It is
commonly used for utilizing in some industries such as water treatment plants,
natural gas industries, refineries and petrochemical plants.
 Figure shows the application of venturi tube and orifice plate.

9.2 ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGHOUT THE

EXPERIMENT AND RELATE AVAILABLE INFORMATION TO THE
LAB CONDUCTED.

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a

fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's
potential energy. From the experiment, the venturi tube has a fluid inlet that
narrows to a throat which is constricted point and an outlet section that increases
in diameter toward the rear. The diameter of the outlet is the same as that of the
inlet. The mass of fluid entering the tube must exactly equal the mass exiting the
tube. At the constriction, the speed must increase to allow the same amount of
fluid to pass in the same amount of time as in all other parts of the tube. Thus,
when the fluid speeds up, the pressure also decreases. As for the inlet and outlet
point, the flow of the fluid slows, hence the pressure increases.

10.0 CONCLUSIONS
The Venturi meter helped us understand measurement of discharge from a
pipe and to define relationships between different properties of fluid: effect of
viscosity on pressure losses, variation of pressure and velocity on different
cross-sections. From this experiment, we can conclude that a venture tube can
be used to determine the flow rate in the pipelines and the pressure loss that
occurring in order to control the discharge fluid addition to the discharge
coefficient of a venture metre. This experiment gave us a real understand of
how to apply both Bernoulli equation.
11.0 REFERENCES

i. Laboratory Experiment on Venturi Meter and Orifice Meter. UKEssays.com.

(n.d.). https://www.ukessays.com/essays/physics/laboratory-experiment-on-
venturi-meter-and-orifice-meter.php.
ii. VENTURI METER AND ORIFICE PLATE LAB REPORT. Green Mechanic.
(2016, November 20). https://www.green-mechanic.com/2016/11/venturi-
meter-and-orifice-plate-lab.html.
iii. UKEssays. (November 2018). Laboratory Experiment on Venturi Meter and
Orifice Meter. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/physics/laboratory-experiment-on-venturi-
meter-and-orifice-meter.php?vref=1

iv. Scribd. (n.d.). Observation and Analysis of Results, Conclusion,

Recommendation. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/document/364536736/Observation-and-Analysis-of-
Results-Conclusion-Recommendation.
v. Termotecnica Pericoli. (2018, May 22). The Venturi effect. What it is and its
application fields. https://www.pericoli.com/EN/news/119/The-Venturi-effect-
What-it-is-and-its-application-fields.html?fbclid=IwAR0l3_af-
A3F_c4ZvRS4DCeZMhI2pn8QPj3PbWRLDK-dilXYDmBec6tKy_w.
vi. Syahiirah, N. (n.d.). CHE241 - Lab Report Flowmeter Measurement
Apparatus FM101 (2015). Academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/18747069/CHE241_Lab_Report_Flowmeter_Meas
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