PROGRAM : EM220 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

KURSUS : THERMOFLUIDS LAB 1 (MAKMAL THERMOBENDALIR 1)

KOD KURSUS : MEC454
PENSYARAH : MOHAMAD TOLHA BIN SUBHI

LAPORAN MAKMAL

TAJUK UJIKAJI: ENERGY LOSS IN PIPE AND FITTINGS

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GROUP: EMD2M4A1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20/5/2021

1.0 TITLE: ENERGY LOSS IN PIPE AND FITTINNGS

2.0 OBJECTIVES:
i. To determine the loss of head due to friction in incompressible flow in a
horizontal pipe.
ii. To determine the friction factor of a pipe.
iii. To determine the loss of head in sudden expansion and sudden contraction of a
pipes.
 iv. To determine the loss of coefficients in sudden expansion and sudden
contraction pipes.
v. To compare the losses of energy (head losses) in different configuration of
pipes.

3.0 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

4.0 APPARATUS
 Pipe contraction & expansion

5.0 PROCEDURE

Pipe specification:
1. PVC 20 × 1.5 pipe:
 Pipe inside diameter, d = 17mm
 Wall roughness, k = 0.001mm
2. PVC 32 × 1.8 pipe:
 Pipe inside diameter, d = 28.4mm
 Wall roughness, k = 0.001mm
3. Measurement length of the pipe for part A, L = 800mm

Part A: Loss of head due to friction in PVC 20 × 1.5 pipe:

1. Temperature of the room is recorded

2. Length and inside diameter of the pipe is recorded
3. All valves are closed except those that will let the water flows from the
 tank to pipe 2 and return to the tank. The direction of flow in the pipe is
verified.
4. The manometer hoses are connected to the pressure tapping points of the
pipe.
5. Switched the pump on. Air bubbles is removed from the apparatus.
6. The valve on the left side of the pipe is adjusted to have the difference of
manometer level (hf = h1 – h2) of 10mm. The value of h1 and h2 is
recorded.
7. Volume flow rate (Q) was being recorded and measured.
8. Steps 6 and 7 are repeated for difference of manometer level (hf) of
20mm, 40mm, 80mm, 120mm, 160mm, and 250mm.

Part B: Loss of head due to sudden expansion from PVC 20 × 1.5 to PVC 32 ×
1.8 pipes and
Part C: Loss of head due to sudden contraction from PVC 32 × 1.8 to
PVC 20 × 1.5 pipes

1. The inside diameter of the pipes is recorded

2. All valves are closed except those that will let the water flows from the
tank to pipe 1 and return to the tank. The direction of the flow in the pipe
is verified.
3. Pressure tapping points of the sudden expansion pipe is connected to the
left manometer and the pressure tapping points of the sudden expansion
pipe to the right manometer.
4. Switched the pump on. The air bubbles from the apparatus are removed
5. Valve on the left side of the sudden expansion pipe is adjusted to a certain
position
6. The value for h1 and h2 is recorded.
7. The volume flow rate (Q) is measured and recorded.
8. Steps 5 until 7 is repeated for 5 values of Q.
6.0 RESULTS

6.1 DATA

ENERGY LOSSES IN PIPES AND FITTINGS Experimental Data

Part A: Loss of head due to friction in PVC 20 x 1.5

pipe

Pipe length, L =800 mm = 0.8 m

Pipe inside diameter, d =17 mm = 0.017 m
Pipe cross-sectional area, A= 0.00023 m2
(a) (b) (a) / (b) eq. 5 (c) (d) eq. 1 (e)
Volume Time
Measurement measured observed Q v h1 h2 hf v2
(litres/s) (m /s) (m2/s2)
3
No. (litres) (s) (m/s) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m)
1 5 138.07 0.04 0.000036 0.16 633 623 10 0.01 0.03
2 5 66.91 0.07 0.000075 0.33 643 623 20 0.02 0.11
3 5 34.5 0.14 0.00014 0.61 658 618 40 0.04 0.37
4 5 21.96 0.23 0.00023 1.00 691 611 80 0.08 1.00
5 5 17.22 0.29 0.00029 1.26 723 603 120 0.12 1.59
6 5 14.03 0.36 0.00036 1.57 754 594 160 0.16 2.46
7 5 10.37 0.48 0.00048 2.09 825 575 250 0.25 4.37
Part B: Loss of head due to sudden expansion from PVC 20 x 1.5 to PVC 32 x 1.8 pipes
 Upstream pipe inside diameter, d1 =17 mm = 0.017 m
0.0002
Upstream pipe cross-sectional area, A1 = 3 m2
Downstream pipe inside diameter, d2 =28.4 mm = 0.0284 m
0.0006
Downstream pipe cross-sectional area, A2 = 3 m2
Gravitational acceleration, g= 9.81 m/s2

(a) (b) (a) / (b) eq. 5 eq. 5 (c) (d) (e) (f) eq. 4
Measurement Volume measured Time observed Q v1 v2 v12/(2g) v22/(2g) h1 h2 hl
(litres/s) (m /s)
3
No. (litres) (s) (m/s) (m/s) (m) (m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m)
1 5 25.07 0.20 0.00020 0.87 0.32 0.04 0.0052 600 563 72 0.072
2 5 17.38 0.29 0.00029 1.26 0.46 0.08 0.0108 630 570 129 0.129
3 5 13.72 0.36 0.00036 1.57 0.57 0.13 0.0166 660 573 200 0.200
4 5 12.03 0.42 0.00042 1.83 0.67 0.17 0.0229 690 576 261 0.261
5 5 10.78 0.46 0.00046 2.00 0.73 0.20 0.0272 720 579 314 0.314

Part C: Loss of head due to sudden contraction from PVC 32 x 1.8 to PVC 20 x 1.5 pipes
Upstream pipe inside diameter, d1 =28.4 mm = 0.0284 m
 Upstream pipe cross-sectional area, A1 = 0.00063 m2
Downstream pipe inside diameter, d2 =17 mm = 0.017 m
Downstream pipe cross-sectional area, A2 = 0.00023 m2
Gravitational acceleration, g= 9.81 m/s2

(a) (b) (a)/(b) eq. 5 eq. 5 (c) (d) (e) (f) eq. 4
Measurement Volume measured Time observed Q v1 v2 v12/(2g) v22/(2g) h1 h2 hl
(litres/s) (m /s)
3
No. (litres) (s) (m/s) (m/s) (m) (m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m)
1 5 40.78 0.12 0.00012 0.19 0.52 0.0018 0.0138 640 613 15 0.015
2 5 20.69 0.24 0.00024 0.38 1.04 0.0074 0.0551 710 584 78 0.078
3 5 15.47 0.32 0.00032 0.51 1.39 0.0133 0.0985 780 546 149 0.149
4 5 12.16 0.41 0.00041 0.65 1.78 0.0215 0.1615 850 506 204 0.204
5 5 10.06 0.50 0.00050 0.79 2.17 0.0318 0.2400 920 465 247 0.247
6.2 SAMPLE CALCULATION
7.0 DISCUSSIONS

Graph 1.0: hf against v2 graph

Graph 2.0: hl against v22/(2g) graph

 Graph 3.0: Overall loss of head graph

According to graph 1.0, the velocity power of 2 grows exponentially as

the head loss increases. Even if the pipe is straight and the diameter does not
change, there will be energy loss due to friction, as seen in this graph.
Furthermore, as flow rate increases, the friction effect increases.

The graph hl is then plotted against the v22/(2g) to observe the

variations between sudden expansion (part B) and contraction (part C). As the
final velocity increases, both pieces experience an increase in head loss.
However, since the final velocity in part B is much lower than the initial
velocity due to an increase in the cross-sectional field, the flow velocity will
decrease. The final velocity of the flow in part C, on the other hand, is much
higher than the initial velocity due to the reduction in cross-sectional area. Part
B has a greater head loss than Part C. According to Bernoulli's principle, the
sudden expansion of part B would result in higher hydrostatic pressure than
part C.

Part B causes the most head loss, while part C causes the least. The
head loss increases exponentially in parts A and B, but linearly in part C, as
seen in the graph.
8.0 IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT / SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENT

Before we begin the experiment, we must first review the manual lab that has
been given to us. As a result, we will be able to conduct the experiment
smoothly and thoroughly comprehend the device and procedures. We should
also develop our abilities and experience to ensure that the experiment runs
smoothly. There are several ways for an experiment to have a mistake, as
discussed previously. As a result, the following suggestions are made. First,
Change to the new equipment and apparatus. Furthermore, for improved
accuracy and to prevent reading errors, we must guarantee that there are no air
bubbles. Next, to prevent parallax error, we can take the readings from the
manometer at eye level, which is perpendicular to our feet. To get correct data
and results, we must prevent parallax errors. This is to ensure that the
measurement being taken is as close as possible to the actual value. Thus, if
setting the pointer, make sure the eye position is at the same level as the
pointer to ensure it is correctly set to 0. Finally, to obtain cumulative readings,
the experiment could be repeated three times. Therefore, the variance from
theoretical effects will be reduced. The experiment should have been
replicated at least twice to get better results.

9.0 MAKE AVAILABLE RELEVANT INFORMATION RELATED TO

THERMOFLUID TECHNOLOGIES CORRESPONDING TO LABORATORY
WORKS CARRIED OUT

9.1 EXPLANATION OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS

In pipe systems, there are a lot of things that engineer needs to consider in
order to avoid any unnecessary problems that will encountered. As a matter of
fact, there are a lot of different structures and components that are used in pipe
system. According to the experiment, there is minor losses in pipes which
come from changes and components in a pipe system. This is different from
major losses because those come from friction in pipes over long spans. If the
pipe is long enough, the minor losses can usually be neglected as they are
 much smaller than the major losses. Even though they are termed “minor”, the
losses can be greater than the major losses. There are many different types of
systems that can cause minor losses in a pipe such as bends, expansions,
contractions, valves, elbows, and tees. The effects of these usually do not play
a major role in the overall losses of the pipe system individually but can still
add up quickly together.

Figure shows examples of types of minor losses in pipe systems.

10.0 CONCLUSIONS

As a conclusion the experiment was successfully carried out, even

though the data collected are varies with theoretically equation because the
different are minute and can be negligible. The different between experiment
data theoretically equation are mainly due to human and servicing factors such
as: 1) Parallax error – occur during captured the value of water level, h1 and h2.
2) Bubble inside the pipe line was not properly flushed during bleeding. The
are no relative motion between the fluid particles. The only stress will be
normal stress which is equal to the pressure. There are a lot of possibilities for
an experiment will having an error and as per discuss above. Therefore, it is
recommendation are as follows:

a. Change to the new equipment and apparatus

b. Built the platform when taking the parallax error
11.0 REFERENCES

i. “What are the Energy Losses (head losses) in Pipe Networks?,” DTK
Hydronet Solutions, 2019. https://www.dtkhydronet.com/post/what-are-the-
energy-losses-head- losses-in-pipe-networks

ii. Czubai, A., Sopko, N., Patel, A., Ahmari, H., & Kabir, S. M. I. (2019,
August 14). Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings. Applied Fluid
Mechanics Lab Manual.
https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-3/.

iii. ENERGY LOSS IN PIPE AND FITTINGS. atap_aje. (n.d.).

http://atapaje.blogspot.com/2008/02/energy-loss-in-pipe-and-fittings.html.