CHAPTER 4: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART
The Order of National Artists of the Philippines
- is an order bestowed by the Philippines on
Filipinos who have made significant
contributions to the development of
Philippines Art.
The National Living Treasures Award
- also known as the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
Bayan (GAMABA)
- Is conferred to a person or group of artists
recognized by the Government of the
Philippines for their Contributions to the
county’s intangible cultural heritage.
NATIONAL ARTISTS
Fernando Cueto Amorsolo
- was a portraitist and painter of rural
Philippine Landscapes.
- Nicknamed as “Grand Old Man of
Philippine Art”
- first-ever to be recognized as a National
Artist of the Philippines.
NOTABLE WORKS
1. Fruit Gatherer
2. Planting Rice
3. Making of the Philippine Flag
4. Ruins of the Manila Cathedral
CONTRIBUTIONS
He developed the backlighting technique,
Chiaroscuro, which became his artistic trademark
and his greatest contribution to Philippine Art.
He was known for his illuminated landscapes,
which often portrayed traditional Filipino customs,
culture, fiestas and occupations.
His pastoral works presented "an imagined sense
of nationhood in counterpoint to American
colonial rule" and were important to the formation
of Filipino national identity.
Jose T. Joya
- Was a Filipino abstract and a National
Artist of the Philippines Awardee.
- was a printmaker, painter, mixed media
artist, and a former dean of UP’s College
of Fine Arts.
- He pioneered abstract expressionism in
the Philippines.
NOTABLE WORKS
1. Hills of Nikko
2. Space Transfiguration
3. Torogan
4. Beethoven listening to blues
CONTRIBUTIONS
• He is a painter and multimedia artist who
distinguished himself by creating an
authentic Filipino abstract idiom that
transcended foreign influences.
• He espoused the value of kinetic energy
and spontaneity in painting which
became significant artistic values in
Philippine art.
• He also spearheaded the birth, growth
and flowering of the abstract
expressionism” in the Philippines.
GAMABA ARTISTS
Ginaw Bilog
- Was a Filipino poet who was recognized as
a National Living Treasure by the Philippine
government.
- He was a Hanunuo Mangyan who was a
native of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro
- He was known for his efforts in preserving
the Mangyan poetry tradition
of ambahan.
NOTABLE WORKS
• Ambahan Poetry
CONTRIBUTIONS
He promoted the local script and poetry so that
the art will not be lost but preserved for posterity.
He promoted the elegantly poetic art of the Surat
Mangyan and the Ambahan.
MAGDALENA GAMAYO
- born August 13, 1924
- is a Filipino master weaver who makes
“inabel”, an Ilokano handwoven cloth.
- She is a Gawad ng Manlilikha ng Bayan
Award (GAMABA) recipient from Pili, Ilocos
Norte for her wide array skills in textile
weaving.
- Was awarded by President Benigno
Simeon Aquino III in 2012 at the
Malacañang Palace in Manila.
NOTABLE WORKS
• Carpets
• Bags, purse, towels
• Blankets
CONTRIBUTIONS
She preserved the traditional patterns of Binakol,
Inuritan (geometric design), Kusikos (orange-like
spiral forms), and Sinan-bong (flowers).
She was best known for weaving the Sinan-bong,
since it is the most challenging pattern among the
four.
VISUAL ELEMENT
- They are the building blocks of
composition in art.
1. Line
2. Shape
3. Tone
4. Color
5. Pattern
6. Texture
7. Form
Line
- is the foundation of all drawing.
- is the first and most versatile of the visual
elements of art.
- refers to a continuous mark made on a
surface by a moving point.
Shape
- can be natural or man-made, regular or
irregular, flat (2- dimensional) or solid (3-
dimensional), representational or abstract,
geometric or organic, transparent or
opaque, positive or negative, decorative
or symbolic, colored, patterned or
textured.
- can be used to control your feelings in the
composition of an artwork.
For Example:
• Squares and Rectangles can portray
strength and stability.
• Circles and Ellipses can represent
continuous movement.
Tone
- is the lightness or darkness of a color. The
tonal values of an artwork can be
adjusted to alter its expressive character.
Color
- is the visual element that has the strongest
effect on our emotions.
Pattern
- is made by repeating or echoing the
elements of an artwork to communicate a
sense of balance, harmony, contrast,
rhythm or movement.
Texture
- is the surface quality of an artwork
- the roughness or smoothness of the
material from which it is made.
Form
- is the physical volume of a shape and the
space that it occupies.
- can be representational or abstract.
- generally, refers to sculpture, 3D designs
and architecture but may also relate to
the illusion of 3D on a 2D surface.
ARTWORK ANALYSIS
ART CRITICISM
- is responding to, interpreting meaning,
and making critical judgments about
specific works of art.
Art critics help viewers perceive, interpret, and
judge artworks.
A professional art critic may be:
1. a newspaper reporter assigned to the art
beat,
2. a scholar writing for professional journals or
texts, or
3. an artist writing about other artists.
Journalistic criticism
- Written for the general public, including
reviews of art exhibitions in galleries and
museums.
Scholarly art criticism
- Written for a more specialized art
audience and appears in art journals.
- Scholar-critics may be college and
university professors or museum curators.
FORMAL ANALYSIS
Four levels of formal analysis
Description
- pure description of the object without
value judgments, analysis, or
interpretation.
- It answers the question, "What do you
see?“
Analysis
- what the features suggest and deciding
why the artist used such features to
convey specific ideas.
- It answers the question, "How did the artist
do it? “
Interpretation
- establishing the broader context for this
type of art.
- It answers the question, "Why did the artist
create it and what does it mean”
Judgment
- judging a piece of work means giving it
rank in relation to other works and of
course considering a very important
aspect of the visual arts; its originality.
- It answers the question, “Is it a good
artwork?”
THE RULE OF THIRDS
- In photography, the rule of thirds is a
composition type in which a photo is
divided evenly into thirds, horizontally and
vertically. Then, with the imaginary 3*3 grid
of 9 segments formed by two horizontal
and vertical lines each, the image’s
subject is positioned at the intersection of
those dividing lines or along with one of
the lines itself.
- Was first talked about in 1797
- The grid will help assist in positioning the
elements in your shot and frame the most
critical parts of your photo.
PRINCIPLES OF ART
• Learning these principles will lessen the
intimidation and might even open vast
possibilities for the novice looker to have a
more pleasurable experience of art.
• These principles will provide explicit ways in
which these elements are used, how they
 are manipulated, how they interact, and • Rallentando- gradually slowing down
the linkages of other principles. • Allargando- getting slower, broadening
These principles are: • Rubato-literally ‘robbed time’
1. Balance 2. Dynamics
- This refers to the distribution of the visual - This refers to the loudness or quietness of
elements aims to retain the interest by music.
allowing patches or areas that both excite Classical terms are used to refer to levels:
and allow the eye to rest.
2. Harmony
- Like what is hinted above, unity and
variety are related to the principles of
harmony, in which the elements or objects
achieve a sense of flow and
interconnectedness.
3. Movement
- This refers to the direction of the viewing
eye as it goes through the artwork, often.
Guided by area or elements that are
emphasized.
- These focal points can be lines, edges,
shape, and color within the work of art,
among others.
4. Rhythm
- This is created when an element is
repeated, creating implied movement.
Variety of repetition helps invigorate
rhythm as depicted in the artwork.
5. Repetition and Pattern
- Lines, shapes, colors, and other elements
may appear in an artwork in a recurring
manner.
- Pattern the image created out of Melody
repetition pattern. With repetition, there is - This refers to the linear presentation
a sense of predictability that is conveyed, (horizontal Fl of pitch.
which in turn imbues the feelings of - By horizontal, it means that in musical
security and calmness. notation, it is read in succession from left to
right.
• Pitch is the highness or lowness of tone.
ELEMENTS OF AUDITORY ARTS 3. Harmony
1. Rhythm - Harmony is vertical.
- It is the element of music that situates it in - arises when pitches are combined to form
time. It is the pulse of music. chords.
- This is often associated with beat, tempo, • Chords refer to simultaneous playing of
and meter. several notes.
• Beat is the basic unit of music. • Harshness of harmony can be
• Tempo refers to its speed of a piece should consonance- smooth-sounding
be played combination and dissonance harsh-
• Meter is the recognizable recurrent or sounding combination.
rhythmic pattern Timbre
Some classical terms are used to refer to the - This often likened to the color of music.
variations in tempo: - It is a quality that distinguishes a voice or
• Largo- slowly and broadly instrument from one another.
• Andante- walking pace
• Moderato- at moderate speed or quite THE THREE CREATIVE PROCESS
qui3
• Allegro- fast Robert Fritz, enumerated the steps in the
• Vivace- lively creative process and said that creating is a
• Accelerando - Speeding up gradually skill that can be learned and developed.

Three Stage in Creative Process
1. Germination (IDEA)
- It is the initial moment when you conceive
a new project in your life. In the
Germination stage, you are planting your
own creation. The most important and
difficult in this stage is choosing. You need
to be more specific about what you want
to do. You have to give to your vision a first
shape, from which you decided your next
steps.
2. Assimilation
- It is a crucial step in the creative process.
During this phase, you will internalize or
incorporate the idea you want to create.
Plan, Analyze it and cultivate it with all the
available sources.
3. Completion
- Is the time you finish your project, to give it
a final shape before you present it to the
audience. It is a difficult time because
your energy will be small and likely
dispersed with a new vision.
Art Making can be associated with Art
exploration, concept development and art
production.
In the creative process, the artist undergoes three
stage of experience, which are popularly known
as pre-production, production, and post
production.
Three Stages in Art Making
1. Pre-production or Subject Development
- This ends when the planning ends, and the
content starts being produced.
2. Production or Medium Manipulation
- This is a method of joining diverse material
inputs and unimportant inputs (plans,
know-how) to make something for
consumption (the output).
- It is an act of creating output, a good or
service that has significance and
contribution to the utility of individuals.
3. Post production (Completion) or Exhibition
- Once an artwork is finished, it will be
displayed, circulated and performed for
the audience and public to see or watch.
CHAPTER 5: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ART
Pre-Historic Art
- Were the earliest artifacts come from, in
the form of rock carvings, engravings,
pictorial imagery.
Primitive Art
- Is for the survival and the safety of our
ancestors.
Classical Art
- often depicted scenes from mythology
through painting, sculpture, and
printmaking.
Medieval Period
- often referred to as the “Dark Ages”
characterized by grotesque imagery and
brutal scenery.
- Art produced during this time was
centered around the Church.
Renaissance
- art style style that was characterized by a
focus on nature and individualism, the
thought of man as independent and self-
reliant.
Baroque
- derived from the Portuguese Baroco
meaning irregular pearl or stone.
- religious subjects were most often
depicted in printmaking to illustrate Biblical
texts.
Rococo
- feminine
Neoclassical Art
- taking up sculptures and paintings from
the classical period of Ancient Rome and
Greece, using them as inspiration for the
creation of new works of Art.
Romanticism
- an art movement that is about expanding
the emotion of the artist and of the viewer
with scenes of beauty, love, anger, horror,
and violence.
Impressionism
- this art movement sought to capture the
former – the optical effects of light – to
convey the passage of time, changes in
weather, and other shifts in the
atmosphere of their canvas.
Post – Impressionism
- artists personal styles unified by their
emotional and psychological responses
through the world through bold colors and
often symbolic images.
Art Nouveau
- is an ornamental style of art, characterized
by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line
and was employed most often in
architecture, interior design, jewelry, and
glass, design, posters and illustration.
Symbolism
- artistic and a literary movement that
suggests ideas through symbols with
emphasized meaning.
Fauvism
- was known for bold, vibrant, almost acidic
colors used in unusual juxtaposition, and
 intuitive, highly gestural application of
paint.
Expressionism
- artists express their innermost feelings
usually through violent unreal color and
dramatic brushwork.
Cubism
- it utilized geometrical forms arrangement,
to represent what is seen. Art movement
towards the abstraction of forms and can
be compared to a jigsaw puzzle.
Dadaism
- an anti-war movement. Rejected
traditional art standards and used
nonsense to represent the senselessness of
war and violence.
Surrealism
- a movement that sought to link the world
of dreams with real life.
Abstract Expressionism
- a new form of abstract that is often
characterized by gestural brush strokes
and mark – making.
Constructivism
- believed that art should reflect the
modern industrial world and urban space.
Pop Art
- a revolt against the dominant approaches
to art and culture and tradition views on
what art should be.
- Popular, young, expendable, low – cost,
mass – produced, sexy, witty, gimmicky,
glamorous and big – business.
Photorealism
- Inspired by photography. Projects
photographs onto canvas to allow images
to be captured by precision and
accuracy.
Minimalism
- Were often made of geometric shapes in
simple arrangements and without any
decorative or dynamic displays.
Conceptual Art
- Put emphasis upon the idea or concept
and ignored the actual physical
appearance of the work.
Installation Art
- Is shaped by developments of computer
art.
Performance Art
- Art during this period focused on the body,
and is often referred to as Body Art.
 INTRAB REVIEWER 1. Developing a transnational organization
Strategy
- Means deliberately choosing a different 2. Creating worldwide innovation and learning
set of activities to deliver a unique mix of
value. 3. Engaging in cross-border collaboration
Global Strategy
- Strategy of firms around the globe. Underlying factors / motivations why do firms go
Semi – Globalisation abroad :
- suggests that barriers to market integration 1. size of the firm
are high but not high enough to 2. size of the domestic market
completely insulate countries from each
other.
Three Key Regions or Triad
1. Europe
2. North America
3. Asia-Pacific

4 CATEGORIES OF MNEs

1. Global – having greater than 20% of sales

in each of the Triads, but less than 50% in Two sets of considerations drive the location of
any of the triad regions foreign entries:
2. Bi-regional – having greater than 20% of 1. Location specific advantages and strategic
sales in two Triads, but less than 50% in any goals.
of the Triad regions 2. Cultural/institutional distances and foreign entry
3. Host-region oriented – having over 50% in locations.
a Triad market other than their home Another considerations for cultural / institutional
region distances :
4. Home-region oriented – having at least 1. Cultural distance is the difference between two
50% of sales in their home Triad region cultures along some identifiable dimensions such
as individualism or masculinity
TOP 10 FORTUNE COUNTRIES 2. Institutional distance is “the extent of similarity or
dissimilarity between the regulatory, normative
1. Walmart and cognitive institutions of two countries”.
2. Amazon Two schools of thought
3. Apple
4. CVS Health 1. Cultural proximity
5. UnitedHealth Group -It argues that firms will enter culturally similar
6. Exxon Mobil countries during their first stage of
7. Berkshire Hathaway internationalisation, and that they may gain more
8. Alphabet confidence to enter culturally distant countries in
9. McKesson later stages.
10. AmerisourceBergen 2. Markets & efficiency
- A second school of thought argues that
STRATEGY TRIPOD - this framework has three considerations of strategic goals such as markets
theoretical legs : and efficiency are more important than
1. Industry-based view cultural/institutional considerations.
- is to examine the competitive forces affecting
an industry, and to carve out a position that is less
vulnerable relative to these forces.
2. Resource-based view
-this concentrates on the internal strengths and
weaknesses of the firm, positing that it is firm-
specific capabilities that differentiate successful
firms from failing ones.

3. Institution-based view
- influences of formal and informal “rules of the
game” to explain differences in firm strategy and
how firms .

3 Layers of International Competitive Advantage

How to enter foreign markets?
1. Non-equity modes are modes of foreign
market entry that do not involve the use of
capital.
2. Equity modes are modes of foreign market
entry that involve the use of capital.
Linkage, leverage and learning (LLL) Framework
Linkage refers to an emerging MNE’s ability to
identify and bridge gaps.
2. Threat of new entrants – the possibility that as
more firms enter the industry, increasingly
competitive markets will reduce profit potential
3. Bargaining power of suppliers – the possibility
that specialised suppliers will have increased
bargaining power and will extract excess profits
from the industry.
4. Bargaining power of buyers – the possibility that
a limited set of customers will have the bargaining
power to extract excess profits for themselves

Leverage refers to an emerging MNE’s ability to 5. Threat of substitutes – the possibility that new
take advantage of their unique resources and products or technologies will make existing firms
capabilities. obsolete

Learning refers to the motivation to “go global” to According to Peng (2014, p. 15), there are four
learn skills such as transparent governance, fundamental questions of strategy:
market planning, and management of a
multicultural workforce. 1. Why do firms differ?

When to enter? 2. How do firms behave?

• First mover advantages: The advantages 3. What determines the scope of the firm?
that first movers enjoy and later movers do
not (e.g., proprietary and technological 4. What determines the success and failure of
leadership, and pre-emption of scarce firms?
resources).
• Late-mover advantages: Advantages
associated with being a late mover (e.g.,
opportunity to free ride on first mover
investments, and resolution of
technological and market uncertainties).

Location is an important and most often

neglected factor in international business.

Monopsony is a market condition in which there is

only one buyer.

Tallman (2009, p. 182–189) synthesized market

entry strategies into these four groups:

1. Market strategies (no direct investment

needed: including exporting, licensing,
franchising)

2. Cooperative entry strategies (including both

non-equity alliances and equity joint ventures)

3. Entry through acquisition (mergers of “two

equals” and acquisitions by a dominant partner)

4. Entry by start-up (greenfields: building own

operations from scratch with whole ownership)

The Five Forces Model

1. Rivalry among competitors – the possibility that

direct competitors will be unable to coordinate
actions and will compete away profits among
themselves.
 CHAPTER 12: FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND
INTERMEDIARIES
Financial Institution
- is a company engaged in the business of
dealing with financial and monetary
transactions such as deposits, loans,
investments, and currency exchange.
The financial system matches savers and
borrowers through two channels:
1. Financial Markets
2. Banks and other Financial Intermediaries
These two channels are distinguished by how
funds flow from savers, or lenders, to borrowers
and by the financial institutions involved.
Financial Intermediaries
- is a financial firm such as bank, that borrow funds
from savers and lends them to borrowers.
Basic Structure of Financial Institutions/
Intermediaries
A. Depository Institutions
1. Commercial Banks / Universal Banks
2. Savings and Loans Associations
3. Mutual Savings Bank
4. Credit Union
B. Contractual Savings Institutions
1. Insurance Companies
2. Pension Funds
C. Investment Intermediaries
1. Investment Banks
2. Mutual Funds
3. Hedge Funds
4. Finance Companies
5. Money Market Mutual Funds
Depository Institutions
Commercial Banks
- are the most important intermediaries.
- play a key role in the financial system by taking
deposits from households and firms and investing
most of those deposits, either by making loans to
households and firms or by buying securities, such
as government bonds, or securitized loans.
Universal Bank
- also referred to as a full-service financial
institution.
- provides a large array of services including those
of commercial banks and investment banks.
The types of services offered include :
• Deposit accounts such as checking and
savings
• Loans and credit
• Asset and wealth management
• Buying and selling securities
• Financial and investment advice
• Insurance products
Examples of Universal Banks are:
1. Deutsche Bank
2. ING Bank
3. UBS
4. Credit Service
5. HSBC
6. Banks of America
7. JP Morgan Chase
8. Wells Fargo
9. BPI
10. BDO
Savings and Loans Associations, Mutual Savings
Bank, Credit Union
- these financial intermediaries are legally
different from banks, although these “nonbanks”
operate very similar way by taking in deposits and
making loans.
Contractual Savings Institutions
- these are financial intermediaries that receive
payments from individual as a result of a contract
and uses the funds to make investments.
1. Insurance Companies
- specialize in writing contracts to protect their
policyholders from the risk of financial losses
associated with particular events, such as
automobile accidents or fire.
The insurance industry has two segments :
a. Life insurance companies
- sell policies to protect households against a loss
of earnings from the disability, retirement or death
of the insurance person.
Examples are Insular Life Corporation and Philam
Life Insurance Corporation.
b. Property and casualty companies
- companies sell policies to protect household
and firms from the risks of illness, theft, fire,
accidents, and natural disasters.
Examples are Standard Insurance Company and
Malayan Insurance Corporation.
2. Pension Funds
- is a financial intermediary that invests
contributions of workers and firms in stocks, bonds
and mortgages to provide pension benefit
payments during worker’s retirement.
People can accumulate retirement savings in two
ways :
1. Through pension funds sponsored by
employers
2. Through personal savings accounts
• Saving for retirement - is the most important form
of saving.
• SSS and Government Pension Funds – are
important source of demand for financial
securities.
Types of Pension Funds Plans
1. Defined contribution plan
2. Defined benefit plan
Investment Intermediaries
-are financial firms that raise funds to invest in
loans and securities.
1. Investment Banks
- they concentrate on providing advice to firms
issuing stocks and bonds or considering mergers
with other firms.
2. Mutual Funds
- these financial intermediaries allow savers to
purchase shares in portfolio of financial assets,
including many stocks, bonds, mortgages, and
money market securities.
Types of Mutual Funds
1. Closed – end mutual funds
- this mutual fund issues a fixed number of
nonredeemable shares, which investors may then
rode in over-the-counter markets just as stocks are
traded.
2. Open – end mutual funds
- this mutual fund issues share that investors can
redeem each day after the markets close for the
price
tied to the Net Asset Value (NAV).
• No – load funds – do not charge buyers a
commission, or “load”.
• Load funds – charge buyers a commission
to both buy and sell shares.
3. Hedge Funds - are financial firms organized as a
partnership of wealthy investors that make
relatively high risk, speculative investments.
4. Finance Companies
- are nonbank financial intermediaries that raise
funds through sales of commercial paper and
other securities and use the funds to make small
loans to households and firms.
The three main types of finance companies are :
a. Consumer finance companies
- these companies make loans to enable
consumers to buy cars, furniture and appliances
to finance home improvement and to refinance
household debts.
b. Business finance companies
- these companies are engaged in factoring that
is, purchasing at a discount the accounts
receivable of small business firms.
c. Sales finance companies
- these companies are affiliated with department
stores and companies that manufacture and sell
high – priced goods.
4. Money Market Mutual Funds
- these are relatively new financial institutions that
have the attributes of a mutual fund but also
function to some extent as a depositing institution
because they offer deposit-type accounts.
HISTORY OF SCRABBLE Equipment used:
* In 1931 Alfred Butts translated his lifelong • 100 letter tiles
love of crossword puzzles into a board game. 98 - lettered tiles
Butts initially called the game "Lexiko", but 2 - blank tiles
later changed the name to "Criss Cross 4 racks
Words", after considering "it", and began to • OSPD - Official Scrabble Players
look for a buyer. Dictionary
• Times to calculate how frequently • Scrabble Board - is composed of 225
each letter of the alphabet was used square 15x15
• He then used each letter of the • The Official
frequency how to determine how Scrabble Board Design Key
many of each letter he would include 2xLS = Double letter score
in the game. 3xLS = Triple Setter score
• He included on four "S" tiles so that the 2xWS = Double word scare
ability to make words plural would not 3xWS = Triple word score
make the game too easy. • Tile bag
Eventually, he sold the rights to entrepreneur • Clock - 2 mins
and game-lover James Brunot, who made a LETTER DISTRIBUTION
few minor adjustments to the design and A-9 H-2 O-8 V-2
renamed the game "Scrabble", a word B-2 I-9 P-2 W-2
meaning "to grope frantically" (from the
C-2 J-1 Q-1 X-1
Dutch "Schrabben", to scrape or scratch)
James Brunot sold 2400 units of scrabble sets D-4 K-1 R-6 Y-2
and grants Butts a royalty for every unit sold. E - 12 L-4 S-4 Z-1
• He rearranged the premium squares F-2 M-2 T-6
and simplified the rules of the game.
G-3 N-6 U-4
• His family losses money after a year of
manufacturing the game.
POINTS PER LETTER
✓ In 1952 scrabble made its big break A, E, I, O, U, L, N, S, T, R = 1 POINT
with Macy's Inc. when Selchow and D, G = 2 POINTS
Righter bought the right to B, C, M, P = 3 POINTS
manufacture the game. F, H, V, W, Y = 4 POINTS
✓ 1954 - Selchow and Righter K = 5 POINTS
manufacture 4 million sets of scrabbles J, X = 8 POINTS
✓ Jan.19, 1955 - JW Spear (subsidiary of Q, Z = 10 POINTS
Mattel) began selling the game in
Australia BEFORE THE GAME
✓ Jack Straus - Macy's Inc. Player’s Turn
✓ 1972 - Selchow and Righter made a • Put all letter tiles into the tile bag or
trademark to the game any suitable container.
✓ 1986 - Selchow and Righter was sold to • Draw for the first play.
Coleco who soon went bankrupt • The player drawing the letter nearest
✓ Hasbro purchased the company's the beginning of the alphabet plays
asset including scrabble. first.
✓ 1993 - Mattel outbid Hasbro and paid • A blank supersedes all other tiles.
the company 90 million for the Return the tiles to the bag and
international rights of the game. reshuffle.
✓ 2006 - Mattel filed a lawsuit against • Each player draws 7 tiles and places
Agarwalla Brothers for launching an them on his/her track.
online version of the game. • Turn of players fellow clockwise.
Word Judge
• To decide word challenges, a word
judge is elected by the players who
may be one of them.
• He or she may also act as the
scorekeeper who keeps a tally of each
player's score, entering it after each.
Dictionary
Before the game begins, the players
must first agree the dictionary to be used in
setting challenges on what words to allow or
not to allow.
Unacceptable words
1. Jargon - language use by a particular
profession.
2. Colloquial - informal words
3. Slang- used by specific group of people
(gay lingo)
4. Proper nouns - name of person, place or
brands
5. Hyphenated words
6. Apostrophized words
7. Acronyms
8. Initials
9. Abbreviations
10. Obsolete words
PLAYING THE GAME
Start of Play
❖ The first player forms a word with two
or more of his/her letters and positions
it on the board to across or down with
one letter on the center (MB) .
❖ Placing a word diagonally on the
board is not allowed.
Completing a Turn
❖ A player completes a turn by counting
and announcing the score for the turn.
❖ The player then draws as many letter
tiles as played, thus, always keeping 7
letters on his/her track
Subsequent Turns
❖ Play proceeds to the left.
❖ The second player, and then each in
turn adds one or more letters to those
already played to form new words.
❖ All letters played on a turn must be
placed in one row across or down the
board to form one complete word.
Forming New Words
New words may be formed by:
❖ Adding one or more letters to a word
or letters already on the board.
❖ Placing a word at right angles to word
already on the board. The new word
must use one of the letters already on
the board or add a letter to it.
❖ Placing a complete word parallel to a
word already played so that adjacent
letters also form complete words.
Blank Tiles
❖ The two blank tiles may be used as any
letters.
❖ When playing a blank, the player must
state which letter it represents.
❖ It remains that latter for the rest of the
game.
Replacing Tiles
❖ Any player may use his or her turn to
replace any or all of the tiles in his/her
rack, discarding them face down,
drawing the same number of new tiles
from the bag, and mixing the
discarding tiles with those remaining in
the bag
❖ Replacing tiles is considered a turn
and the score is zero.
Passing
❖ A player may voluntarily miss a turn.
Instead of placing files on the board or
replacing tiles, a player may also
decide to pass whether or not he/she
is able to make a word or words.
❖ Passing a turn scores zero.
Challenge
❖ Any word may be a challenged
before the next player starts a turn.
❖ If the word challenged is
unacceptable, the challenged player
takes back his/her letter tiles, loses that
turn and scares zero.
❖ If the word challenged is acceptable,
the score is entered and the game
continues with no penalty to the
challenger.
Turn Score
❖ The score of each turn is the sum of
the letter values in each word formed
or modified on that turn plus the
additional points obtained from
placing letters on premium squares.
❖ The score value of each letter is
indicated by the number at the
bottom of the tile. The score value of a
blank is zero.
SCORING THE GAME
Premium Letter Squares
❖ "DOUBLE LETTER SCORE” doubles the
value of the letter placed on it, and
❖ “TRIPLE LETTER SCORE" triples the value
of the letter placed on it.
❖ Any word may be a challenged
before the next player starts a turn.
❖ If the word challenged is
unacceptable, the challenged player
takes back his/her letter tiles, loses that
turn and scores zero.
❖ If the word challenged is acceptable,
the score is entered and the game
continues with no penalty to the
challenger.
Bingo Score
❖ Any player who plays 7 tiles on a turn,
scores a bonus of 50 points added to
the total of his/her score for the turn.
❖ The game ends when all the tiles have
been drawn and one of the players
has used all the tiles in his/her rack. The
game also ends when all possible
plays have been made or all players
have passed twice in a consecutive
turn.
❖ At game's end, each player's score is
reduced by the sum of his/her rack
unplayed letters. In addition, if a player
used all tiles on his/her rack, the sum of
the other players' unplayed letters is
added to that player's score.
❖ The player with the highest final score
WINS the game. Players who tie for the
highest final score shall equally be
considered as winners (DRAW).

❖ Any word may be a challenged

before the next player starts a turn.
❖ If the word challenged is
unacceptable, the challenged player
takes back his/her letter tiles, loses that
turn and scores zero.
❖ If the word challenged is acceptable,
the score is entered and the game
continues with no penalty to the
challenger.
Pearly Twin
The two blanks by themselves have no score
value but when a blank is played on a
premium word square, the value of the word
is doubled or tripled as indicated.
Multiple Score
❖ When two or more words are formed
in the same play, each is scored.
❖ The common letter is counted with full
premium value, if any, for each word.