MAT455 – Calculus For

Engineering

✓ Calculus 10th Edition

✓ Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 LECTURE 1
Chapter 1:
❑ Sequence & Series

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 𝑎𝑛 ∞ = 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3, …
𝑛=1

Sequence List of number

2,4,6,8, . . .
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎4
𝑎3

Formula:
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 2
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛

𝑛 = 0: 𝑎1 = 2 0 + 2 = 2
𝑛 = 1: 𝑎1 = 2 1 = 2
𝑎2 = 2 2 = 4 𝑛 = 1: 𝑎2 = 2 1 + 2 = 4
𝑛 = 2:
𝑛 = 2: 𝑎3 = 2 2 + 2 = 6
𝑛 = 3: 𝑎3 = 2 3 = 6

⋮ ⋮
2𝑛 + 2 ∞
2𝑛 ∞𝑛=1 𝑛=0

Pn Nurzalina Harun
2,4,6,8, . . . List of number

∞
2𝑛 𝑛=1 Sequence

2​+ 4 + 6 + 8+. . .
Addition list of number

Series
 𝐿
𝐿

Converge: Approach to something / certain value. Approach to L

Diverge: Does not approach to any value. Approach to ∞

 ∞
𝑎𝑘
Sequence: 𝑘=1

Example:
∞ ∞
∞ ln 𝑘 3 2𝑛 + 𝑛2 ∞
2𝑛 𝑛=1 4𝑘 2 + 3
2𝑘 𝑒 2𝑛
𝑛=1
𝑘=1 2𝑘2 − 𝑘 3 + 7𝑘 𝑘=2

• Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞
𝑘=1
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿
𝑘→∞
limit exist

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞
𝑘→∞
limit does not exist

Pn Nurzalina Harun
Determine the convergence or Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
𝑘→∞

divergence of the sequence: ➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

∞
∞ 1
𝑎) 2𝑛 𝑛=1 𝑏)
2𝑛 𝑛=1

𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛
1
𝑎𝑛 =
2𝑛
lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 2𝑛 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛
= lim 2∞
𝑛→∞ 1
= lim
𝑛→∞ 2∞
=∞ (limit does not exist) 1
=
∞

∴ 2𝑛 ∞
𝑛=1 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 =0 (limit exist)

∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
∴
2𝑛 𝑛=1
 ≠∞

≠ 0
0

≠ 1 ∞

∞ ×0
0

Indeterminate Form
 ∞ 0 𝐿
Indeterminate Form @ @ (constant)
∞ 0 0

𝑎 numerator
1. Divide highest power of denominator 𝑏
denominator
𝑘3 − 6
• Polynomial function ( 2
𝑘 + 2𝑘
) - Highest power of denominator is k2

2. L’ Hopital Rule (LHR) must be in variable x

• Logarithmic ( ln 4𝑛2 − 5 ), exponential function ( 𝑒 3𝑛2 )

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 Exercise 1:
.

Let , determine the

convergence or divergence of 𝑎𝑛 ∞
1

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 ∞
𝑛 𝑛+2 2 Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: 𝑛+1 2 ➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
𝑛=1 𝑘→∞

𝑛 𝑛+2 2 𝑛 𝑛+2 𝑛+2 𝑛3 + 4𝑛2 + 4𝑛 ➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )
𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛+1 2 = 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 = 2
𝑛 + 2𝑛 + 1
𝑘→∞

numerator
𝑛3 + 4𝑛2 + 4𝑛 ∞
lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 2 = Indeterminate Form
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 2𝑛 + 1 ∞
Note:
denominator 7 ∞
=0 =∞
∞ 7
Divide highest power of denominator: n2

∞+4+0
= lim
𝑛→∞ 1 + 0 + 0

∞+4
= lim
𝑛→∞ 1
=∞ (limit does not exist) ∞
𝑛 𝑛+2 2
∴ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑛+1 2
𝑛=1

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 Exercise 2:
.

Determine the convergence or

divergence of the sequence

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞
𝑒 3𝑘 + 2 Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: ➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
ln 4𝑘2 − 7𝑘 𝑘→∞
𝑘=4
𝑒 3𝑘 + 2
𝑎𝑘 = ➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )
ln 𝑘 2 + 1 𝑘→∞

𝑒 3𝑘 + 2 ∞
lim 𝑎𝑘 = lim = Indeterminate Form
𝑘→∞ 𝑘→∞ ln 4𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 ∞

Note:
L’ Hopital Rule 𝑑 1
Note:
𝑑 2𝑥3
ln 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 = 4 2 20𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 𝑒
3
− 8𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 6𝑥 2 − 8
𝑒 3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓 𝑥 =
ln 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 3 + 0 8𝑥 − 7
𝑒 3𝑥
+2 lim = lim 3𝑒 3𝑥 ÷
lim = 𝑥→∞ 1 𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥
𝑥→∞ ln 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 8𝑥 − 7
4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥

2 − 7𝑥
4𝑥 12𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 2 − 21𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 ∞
= lim 3𝑒 3𝑥 × = lim = Indeterminate Form
𝑥→∞ 8𝑥 − 7 𝑥→∞ 8𝑥 − 7 ∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 12𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 2 − 21𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 24𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 36𝑥 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 21𝑒 3𝑥 + 63𝑥𝑒 3𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥→∞ 8𝑥 − 7 𝑥→∞ 8

24𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 36𝑥 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 21𝑒 3𝑥 − 63𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 ∞

= lim = =∞
𝑥→∞ 8 8

Product Rule Product Rule

𝑑 3𝑥 2 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
12𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢 ′ 3𝑥
21𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢 ′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 12𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑥2 𝑢 = 21𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣=𝑥
𝑢 ′ = 12 𝑒 3𝑥 3 = 36𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣 ′ = 2𝑥 𝑢 ′ = 21 𝑒 3𝑥 3 = 63𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣′ = 1
𝑑 𝑑
12𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 2 = 12𝑒 3𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 36𝑒 3𝑥 21𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 = 21𝑒 3𝑥 1 + 𝑥 63𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 24𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 36𝑥 2𝑒 3𝑥 = 21𝑒 3𝑥 + 63𝑥𝑒 3𝑥

𝑒 3𝑘 + 2
∴ lim = ∞ (limit does not exist) ∞
𝑘→∞ ln 4𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 𝑒 3𝑘 + 2
∴ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
ln 4𝑘2 − 7𝑘
𝑘=4
Pn Nurzalina Harun
 Exercise 3:
.

Determine the convergence or

divergence of the sequence

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞
4𝑘2 + 3 Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞
Solution: 𝑘=1 :
2𝑘 2 − 𝑘 3 + 7𝑘 𝑘=2
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
𝑘→∞

4𝑘 2 + 3 4𝑘2 + 3 ➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞
𝑎𝑘 = = 1
2𝑘 2 − 𝑘 3 + 7𝑘 2𝑘 2 − 𝑘3 + 7𝑘 2

numerator
4𝑘 2 + 3 ∞ Note:
lim 𝑎𝑘 = lim 1 = Indeterminate Form Which one is bigger?
𝑘→∞ 𝑘→∞ ∞
2𝑘 2 − 𝑘 3 + 7𝑘 2
2
3
𝑘 @𝑘 2?
denominator

Divide highest power of denominator: k2

4+0 4
= lim 1 = =2 (limit exist)
𝑘→∞ 2
2− 0+0 2

∞
4𝑘2 + 3
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
2𝑘 2 − 𝑘3 + 7𝑘
Pn Nurzalina Harun 𝑘=2
 Exercise 4:
.

Determine the convergence or

divergence of the sequence

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞ Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: 9𝑘 2 − 5𝑘4 + 7𝑘 − 6
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
3 − 2𝑘 𝑘=2
𝑘→∞

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 Exercise 5:
.

Determine the convergence or

divergence of the sequence

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞ Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
1
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
𝑛 𝑘→∞
𝑛=1

1 ➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛 Note:
1 𝑑
lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ∞×0 Indeterminate Form 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 2 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 2 × 6𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1
0 = 𝑥 −1
𝑥
Transform to : 0
0 0
∞
1
∴ 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
L’ Hopital Rule 𝑛 𝑛=1

1 1
lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 lim
= 𝑥→∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞

1
∴ lim 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 1 (limit exist)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
Pn Nurzalina Harun
 Exercise 6:
.

Determine the convergence or

divergence of the sequence

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞
ln 2𝑘3 − 5 Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: ➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
ln 7𝑘 + 6 𝑘=4 𝑘→∞

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 JUL 2022

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞ Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞
Solution: ln 𝑘 2 − 5 𝑘=1 :
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
3𝑘 + 4 𝑘=3
𝑘→∞

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 FEB 2022

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞ Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞
Solution: 𝑘2 𝑘=1 :
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
2𝑘 − 1 1
𝑘→∞

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 JUL 2021

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: ➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
𝑘→∞

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 FEB 2021

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞ Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: 𝑒 3𝑛+1
➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
4𝑛2 − 4 𝑛=1
𝑘→∞

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 JUN 2020

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 ∞
ln 𝑛3 Sequence 𝑎𝑘 ∞𝑘=1 :
Solution: ➢ convergence if lim 𝑎𝑘 = 𝐿 ( limit exist )
2𝑛 𝑛=1 𝑘→∞

➢ diverge if lim 𝑎𝑘 = ∞( limit does not exist )

𝑘→∞

Pn Nurzalina Harun
 TUTORIAL 1
SEQUENCE

Pn Nurzalina Harun
Pn Nurzalina Harun
EXERCISE