Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Potential of Lauric Acid, Miristic Acid and
Combination Gel as Inhibiting the Growth of
Porphyromonas Gingivalis Bacteria in Gingivitis
Andika Felix Saputra Juang Harefa, Emma Kamelia, Bedjo Santoso, Ari Suwondo, Supriyana
Postgraduate Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang
Abstract:- Gingivitis is a mild periodontal disease
accompanied by clinical symptoms in the form of red
gingiva. The incidence of gingivitis in Indonesia ranks
second with 96.58%, while in Central Java it is 25.8%.
The main cause of gingivitis is the lack of maintaining
oral and dental hygiene, marked by the accumulation of
plaque and tartar around the teeth which can be
removed by regular brushing and scaling using tools and
drugs made from chemicals. The chemicals are
considered to have side effects when used for a long time.
Many people now choose natural ingredients or herbal
ingredients. One of the natural ingredients that can be
used for treatment is coconut (Virgin Coconut Oil /
VCO). The aim of producing VCO as an alternative
ingredient for gingivitis therapy (Laboratory study).
This research is a laboratory experiment with a post-test
only control group research design. VCO gel is made
from fresh coconuts which are processed into VCO by
natural fermentation, which is then mixed with NaCMC
added Treatanolamin (TEA) and dissolved with glycerin
to get VCO in gel form. The research subjects were 24
Rattus Norvegicus. divided into 4 groups, namely the
lauric treatment group, the myristic acid treatment
group, the combined lauric and myristic acid group and
the control group. Experimental animals acclimatized
for 5 days were induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis
bacteria in LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) preparation in the
gingival sulcus of the lower right first incisor as much as
0.01 ml. Experimental animals that have experienced
inflammation are then treated with VCO gel. During the
fourteen days after drug administration, observations
were made on the healing of gingivitis by examining
swelling, discoloration of the gingiva, bleeding on the
gingiva and histopathological examination using a light
microscope with 400x magnification. Post-treatment
observation, experimental animals were observed or
observed for 14 days. The results of observations are
recorded in the observation checklist sheet where the
examination of the condition of the gingiva is based on
the Modified Gingival Index (MGI). Experimental
animals were observed or observed for 14 days. The
results of observations are recorded in the observation
checklist sheet where the examination of the condition of
the gingiva is based on the Modified Gingival Index
(MGI). Experimental animals were observed or observed
for 14 days. The results of observations are recorded in
the observation checklist sheet where the examination of
the condition of the gingiva is based on the Modified
Gingival Index (MGI).Results:virgin coconut oil (lauric
acid) is effective against killing and weakening
Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Virgin coconut oil
IJISRT22DEC655
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
(myristic acid) is effective against killing and weakening
Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria, but lauric acid is
more effective. Virgin coconut oil (a combination of
lauric acid and myristic acid) is effective against killing
and weakening Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria, but
more effective than lauric acid and myristic acid.
Conclusion: virgin coconut oil is effective as an
alternative ingredient to inhibit Porphyromonas
gingivalis bacteria in gingivitis. The lauric acid group is
more effective than the myristic acid group,
combinednor control.
Keywords:- Gingivitis, Virgin Coconut Oil, Porphyromonas
gingivalis bacteria.
I. INTRODUCTION
Health is the most important element in life, both
physically and spiritually. One of the health that needs to be
maintained is dental and oral health. Presentation from The
Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 regarding dental and
oral health problems, especially dental caries is one of the
diseases experienced by 3.58 billion people in the world.
Periodontal disease is the most common disease experienced
by humans, so it ranks 11th. Meanwhile, oral cancer is
ranked 3rd in Asia Pacific.
The 2018 Basic Health Research stated that damaged
teeth and cavities are the biggest dental problems in
Indonesia with a proportion of 45.3%. While the gums are
swollen and boils (abscesses) are 14%. According to the
Minister of Health Number 89 of 2015, dental and oral
health is a healthy condition of the teeth from hard and soft
tissues, and elements in the oral cavity that work in eating
and speaking activities.
Diseases in the oral cavity that often occur according
to FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) are cavities
(caries), oral cancer, and disorders of the gums
(periodontal). Cavities (caries) are a disease that is often
experienced by every human being in the world. Caries can
be caused by frequent consumption of sugar, poor dental
hygiene, and constraints on access to dental health services.
Oral cancer is a cancer that is often found in humans. usually
occurs on the tongue, lips, gums, esophagus, roof of the
mouth, inside of the cheeks, and the bottom of the mouth.
The main cause is the consumption of cigarettes and alcohol.
Disorders of the gums (periodontal) is one of the causes of
tooth loss. This disorder is characterized by the occurrence
of gingivitis, Periodontal is the tissue that surrounds the
teeth and has a function as a support for the teeth consisting
of gingiva, cementum, alveolar and periodontal connective
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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022
tissue. Disorders of the gums can be caused by a local
inflammation of the bacterial infection which manifests as
damage to the supporting tissues of the teeth6,7,8.
Periodontitis is an inflammation of the supporting tissues of
the teeth which is characterized by infiltration of
inflammatory cells caused by the presence of toxin products
from bacteria thereby destroying the epithelium and the
structure of the periodontal tissue, the bacteria is the
bacterium P. Gingivalis. with symptoms of pain in the gums
can even damage the jawbone, nerves, and tissues around
the periodontal5,6,7.
Gingivitis is a mild periodontal disease accompanied
by clinical symptoms in the form of red gingiva5,9. The
main cause of gingivitis is the lack of maintaining oral and
dental hygiene, with a marked buildup of plaque around the
teeth10,11. If plaque is left unattended and not cleaned, it
will form a pellicle, the mucous membrane of saliva which
will cover the teeth so that the gingival margin changes color
from reddish to bluish red and enlargement of the gingival
contour due to edema and bleeding easily11. Deficiency of
niacin (pellagra) can result in inflammation and bleeding of
the gums which can cause infection in the mouth10.
Gingivitis in the Americas has a prevalence of up to
82% in young people, 50% in adults, moderate gingivitis
category reaches 75%. Meanwhile, the gingivitis rate in
Indonesia ranks second with 96.58%, while in Central Java
it is 25.8%34. Various kinds of actions are being taken by
the government in maintaining and improving the oral and
dental health status of the community, namely by teaching
the public to brush their teeth properly and to do scaling to
remove plaque and tartar that accumulate in the oral cavity
so as to prevent the growth of bacteria that cause
gingivitis1,12.
Apart from tooth brushing and scaling, there are
materials available that can be used as a therapeutic agent
for gingivitis, namely chlorhexidine which is an antibacterial
with a broad spectrum, low toxicity, and is soluble in water,
is bactericidal and is able to overcome the growth of gram-
positive and gram-negative bacteria13,14. Chlorhexidine
mouthwash is proven to be effective against bacteria in the
oral cavity because it reduces the growth of plaque
microorganisms. Based on study results (Devi et al, 2018),
the application of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate was able to
reduce and kill porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. In
addition, a study conducted by Sinaredi, et al., showed that
chlorhexidine had the strongest antibacterial effect which
was able to inhibit bacterial growth15.
The use of chemicals is considered to have side effects
when used for a long time. Many people now choose natural
ingredients or herbal ingredients. Now the eyes of the world
are starting to target the use of natural ingredients that have
been applied and proven empirically in Asia, especially
Indonesia. The community acknowledges that natural
medicines play a role in various efforts to maintain, improve
and restore health and treat disease based on the
consideration that natural medicines can affect the body's
natural defense mechanisms16,17. One of the natural
ingredients that can be used for treatment is coconut. Many
IJISRT22DEC655
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
people consume coconuts without realizing that coconut oil,
which is considered only a staple food, is actually rich in
benefits, including in the field of dental and oral health. Pure
coconut oil or often called Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is
produced from fresh coconut meat whose manufacturing
process goes through relatively low temperatures, so that the
essential content of the oil can be maintained16,17. VCO is
known for its good benefits for health including,
antibacterial, viral, fungal, infection. Saturated fat in VCO is
dominated by 44%-52% lauric acid, 13%-19% myristic acid
and 7.5%-10.5% palmitic acid. Lauric acid is able to
overcome gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, where
the membrane containing fat can destroy and inhibit protein
synthesis from bacteria18. In research conducted by Noriko,
et al., in the journal Al-Azhar Indonesia Science and
Technology Series (2014:
Based on the background that has been described,
researchers are interested in conducting research on virgin
coconut oil gel as a gingivitis therapy material which is
tested in vivo or on experimental animals to determine the
antibacterial potential of virgin coconut oil smeared with gel
before the gel can be used by humans.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Animal Preparation:
We selected twenty four Rattus novergicus rats from the
central animal enclosure (UNISSULA Faculty of Medicine
Integrated Biomedical Laboratory), for this study. Animals
were randomly divided into four groups (= 6 in each group):
treatment (K1, K2 and K3) and control (K4) groups and
They were kept in the animal house (UNISSULA Faculty of
Medicine Integrated Biomedical Laboratory) During2
weeks, with appropriate acclimatization prior to starting the
experiment under controlled lighting conditions (12 hours
light/12 hours darkness) and temperature 23 ± 2°C. They are
placed
Under ideal laboratory conditions, it was maintained
on a standard pellet diet and water ad libitum throughout the
experiment. All procedures comply with internationally
accepted guidelines for experimental animals on the use and
care of laboratory animalsUNISSULA Faculty of Medicine
Integrated Biomedical Laboratory.
B. Preparation of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacterial
culture:
Using BHI-A and BHI-B media. BHI-A is carried out by
heating 3.7 grams of BHI-A with 100 ml of sterile distilled
water in an Erlenmeyer tube, heating using an electric stove
until homogeneous. Then cover with cotton and sterilize in
an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes, add 50µl hemin, 10µl
vitamin K and 500µl yeast extract and then homogenize. To
find out if BHI-A media is sterile, do a sterilization test in an
incubator for 24 hours. The BHI-B media was prepared in an
Erlenmeyer tube by means of 3.7 grams of BHI-B plus 10
ml of sterile distilled water then heated until homogeneous,
covered with cotton and then sterilized in an autoclave at
121°C for 15 minutes. Then add 5µl hemin, 1µl vitamin K
and 5µl yeast extract. Then carry out a sterilization test by
inserting BHI-B media into the incubator for 24 hours. The
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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022
P. gingivalis suspension was prepared in a test tube by
adding 2 ml of BHI-B media with 1 ose of P. gingivalis
bacteria. The P. gingivalis suspension was put into the
decyclator to get an anaerobic atmosphere, then put in the
incubator for 2x24 hours.
C. Animal models:
In this study we developed an animal model of gingivitis
induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in LPS
(Lipopolysaccharide) preparation which was injected into
the gingival sulcus of the lower right first incisor as much as
0.01 ml for 14 days. Furthermore, the state of inflammation
such as swelling, gingival discoloration and bleeding was
observed.
D. Experimental Design:
In this study, a total of twenty four Rattus novergicus
were divided into the following four groups which had six
rats in each group: treatment (K1, K2 and K3) and control
(K4) groups; with details of treatment in K1 (lauric acid),
K2 (myristic acid), K3 (lauric acid + myristic acid) and the
control group / K1 (Chlorhexidine)
E. Preparation of Virgin coconut oil extract (VCO):
making VCO extract do inLUNDIP Bionano Technolgy
laboratory, Prosprovince of Central Java, Indonesia.Making
VCO gel is done by taking the compounds in the VCO, the
compounds taken are lauric acid and myristic acid. After
taking the compound, the next step is to make the gel. The
ingredients used in the formulation of VCO gel preparations
are Carbapol (1% concentration) as a gel base, this is
because Carbapol can dissolve in water, shows high
viscosity at small concentrations, works effectively over a
wide pH range, is in the form of a transparent viscous liquid
. Carbapol can also be dispersed in water to form colloidal
solutions which are acidic in nature. In addition, Carbapol is
used as a gelling agent. The thickener in the VCO gel
preparation formulation is Na CMC with a concentration of
1%. This is because Na CMC is easily dispersed by water
and can give a viscous effect. The antioxidant used in VCO
gel preparations is BHT at a concentration of 1%, BHT is
also used to prevent oxidative rancidity of fats and oils. In
addition, BHT can prevent the loss of oil-soluble vitamins.
Glycerin concentration of 5% is used as a wetter and
moisturizer, because it has a clear color and is odorless, so it
is effectively used as a humectant and emollient. The
preservative used is Propyl Paraben with a concentration of
0.02%. Propyl parabens are effective over a wide pH range,
possessing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In
addition, the preparation of gel preparations does not
produce bubbles. PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used
Aquadest BHT is also used for the prevention of oxidative
rancidity of fats and oils. In addition, BHT can prevent the
loss of oil-soluble vitamins. Glycerin concentration of 5% is
used as a wetter and moisturizer, because it has a clear color
and is odorless, so it is effectively used as a humectant and
emollient. The preservative used is Propyl Paraben with a
concentration of 0.02%. Propyl parabens are effective over a
wide pH range, possessing a broad spectrum of
antimicrobial activity. In addition, the preparation of gel
IJISRT22DEC655
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
preparations does not produce bubbles. PGA concentration
of 0.5% is used as an emulsifier, the active substance used is
oil, so an emulsifier is needed to combine oil with water.
The solvent used Aquadest BHT is also used for the
prevention of oxidative rancidity of fats and oils. In addition,
BHT can prevent the loss of oil-soluble vitamins. Glycerin
concentration of 5% is used as a wetter and moisturizer,
because it has a clear color and is odorless, so it is
effectively used as a humectant and emollient. The
preservative used is Propyl Paraben with a concentration of
0.02%. Propyl parabens are effective over a wide pH range,
possessing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In
addition, the preparation of gel preparations does not
produce bubbles. PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used
Aquadest BHT can prevent the loss of oil-soluble vitamins.
Glycerin concentration of 5% is used as a wetter and
moisturizer, because it has a clear color and is odorless, so it
is effectively used as a humectant and emollient. The
preservative used is Propyl Paraben with a concentration of
0.02%. Propyl parabens are effective over a wide pH range,
possessing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In
addition, the preparation of gel preparations does not
produce bubbles. PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used
Aquadest BHT can prevent the loss of oil-soluble vitamins.
Glycerin concentration of 5% is used as a wetter and
moisturizer, because it has a clear color and is odorless, so it
is effectively used as a humectant and emollient. The
preservative used is Propyl Paraben with a concentration of
0.02%. Propyl parabens are effective over a wide pH range,
possessing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In
addition, the preparation of gel preparations does not
produce bubbles. PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used
Aquadest because it has a clear color and does not smell, it
is effectively used as a humectant and emollient. The
preservative used is Propyl Paraben with a concentration of
0.02%. Propyl parabens are effective over a wide pH range,
possessing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In
addition, the preparation of gel preparations does not
produce bubbles. PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used
Aquadest because it has a clear color and does not smell, it
is effectively used as a humectant and emollient. The
preservative used is Propyl Paraben with a concentration of
0.02%. Propyl parabens are effective over a wide pH range,
possessing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In
addition, the preparation of gel preparations does not
produce bubbles. PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used
Aquadest PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used
Aquadest PGA concentration of 0.5% is used as an
emulsifier, the active substance used is oil, so an emulsifier
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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
is needed to combine oil with water. The solvent used fixation (preservation), macroscopic cutting, then processing
Aquadest until it is ready to become slides or preparations which are
then read microscopically to determine the diagnosis.
F. Giving Virgin coconut oil extract (VCO):
Experimental animal treatment, control group (given III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
with chlorhexidine) and treatment group (KP) (each given
lauric acid gel, myristic acid gel, lauric acid gel and myristic A. Presentation of Data Analysis Description
acid gel). Experimental animals acclimatized for 5 days Serving descriptive data analysis in this study describes
were induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in LPS the research variables studied, namely:
(Lipopolysaccharide) preparation in the gingival sulcus of
the lower right first incisor as much as 0.01 ml. No. Group Sample Gingival Condition Average
Experimental animals that have experienced inflammation 0 Normal
are then treated with VCO gel. During the fourteen days 1- Mild
after drug administration, observations were made on the 2 Inflammation
healing of gingivitis by examining swelling, gingival 3 Moderate
discoloration, gingival bleeding, cortisol and 4 Severe
histopathological examination using a light microscope with Inflammation
400x magnification. Post-treatment observation, In 1 Lauric L1 1 1.05
experimental animals, observations were made for 14 days Acid L2 1
on the condition of the gingiva and its cortisol levels. The Group L3 1,3
results of observations are recorded in the observation L4 1
checklist sheet where to examine the condition of the L5 1
gingiva based on the Modified Gingival Index (MGI) L6 1
2 Myristic M1 1 1.11
G. Post-treatment observation: Acid M2 1,3
After treatment, experimental animals were observed or Group M3 1
observed for 14 days on the condition of the gingiva and M4 1,3
histopathological examination. The results of observations M5 1
are recorded in the observation checklist sheet where to M6 1
examine the condition of the gingiva based on the Modified 3 Combined G1 1 1.27
Gingival Index (MGI) Group G2 1,3
(Lauric G3 2
Score Inflamation Apperance Acid and G4 1
0 Normal None Myristic G5 1,3
1 Mild Slight changes in color and Acid) G6 1
inflammation texture, but not in all portions 4 Control K1 1 1.94
of gingival marginal or Group K2 2
papillary K3 3
2 Mild Slight changes in color and K4 1
inflammation texture in all portions of K5 1,6
gingival marginal or papillary K6 3
3 Moderate Bright surface inflammation, Table 2: Condition of Gingiva After Treatment of All
erythema, edema, and/or Groups
hypertrophy of gingival
marginal or papillary Based on table 1, the results of the study are
4 Severe Erythema, edema, and/or interpreted that in the lauric acid test animals, there were 5
inflammation marginal gingival hypertrophy rats with good healing of gingivitis, that is, there was no
of the unit or spontaneous swelling, discoloration or bleeding, while in 1 rat there was
bleeding, papillary, congestion, still an abnormality, namely there was still swelling. In the
or ulceration Myristic Acid test animals, there were 4 rats with good
healing of gingivitis, i.e. no swelling, discoloration or
Table 1: Modified Gingival Index (MGI)
bleeding, whereas in 2 rats there were still abnormalities, i.e.
H. Histopathological examination: there was still bleeding. In the combination test animals,
Histo examination pathology involves examining there were 3 rats with good healing of gingivitis, namely no
sampled tissue under a microscope. Samples can be small swelling, discoloration or bleeding, while the other 3 mice
pieces of tissue obtained from parts of the body using a still had abnormalities, namely swelling, discoloration and
technique called a biopsy or samples taken from whole bleeding.
organs or parts of organs taken during surgery. The biopsy
Judging from the average condition of the gingiva, it is
performed is to take a small sample from an area of the
known that after the treatment, the average condition of the
body. After the tissue you want to examine is obtained, on
histopathological examination, the tissue will go through gingiva is in a mild to normal inflammation condition. The
several stages of complete examination, starting from best healing occurred in the lauric acid group with an

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
average value of 1.05 which means that all treated animals The normality test was carried out using the Shapiro-
with gingivitis experienced good healing (the gingiva was in Wilk test, it was found that all data were normally
normal condition). Next came the myristic acid group with distributed with a significance value of p>0.05. The
an average of 1.11, the combined group with an average of homogeneity test was carried out by the Levene's test, the
1.27 to the control group with an average of 1.94. results showed that all data was homogeneous with a
significance value of homogeneity p>0.05 and a Levene
No Group statistic value of 5.964. Based on table 4.6 above, it can be
A Control combined A A seen that the mean value of healing the gingivitis condition
Laurat Myristat in the group treated with lauric acid was (1.05 ± 0.13), while
1 41 26 224 92 the mean value was in the myristic acid group (1.11 ± 0.17),
2 27 21 191 65 a combination of lauric acid and myristic (1, 27 ± 0.38),
3 18 26 99 30 control group (1.94 ± 0.90).
4 10 23 121 44
5 14 22 119 22  Effect of virgin coconut oil as an alternative ingredient for
Total 110 118 754 253 gingivitis therapy
The results of research data analysis in the form of one-
Table 3: Description of Histopathology Results
way ANOVA statistical test values are presented in table
Lauric Acid Myristic Acid 4.

Group p-valuesone-way ANOVA

K. Laurat 0.001*
K. Miristat
K. Combined
K. Control
Table 4: Effect of virgin coconut oil as an alternative
ingredient for gingivitis therapy
K. Combined K. Control
Based on the results of the oneway ANOVA test, p
<0.05, it was concluded that the hypothesis in this study was
accepted, namely the use of virgin coconut oil gel has the
potential to inhibit porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria.

Group Post Hoc p-values

K. Laurat M 0.802
G 0.185
Image 1: Histopathological Results
K 0.039*
Based on the experimental results above, it is known K. Miristat L 0.173
that the highest increase in the number of fibroblasts G 0.593
occurred in the lauric acid group with a total number of 754, K 0.058
these results indicate that the healing of gingivitis in the test K. Combination L 0.200
animals occurred well. In the control group there were 110 M 0.233
fibroblasts, in the myristic acid group there were 253 and in K 0.414
the combined group there were 118. K. Control L 0.039*
M 0.058
B. Inferential Data Analysis Presentation G 0.198
Inferential data presentation in this study is intended to Table 5: Significant Differences Between Groups on
prove virgin coconut oil as an alternative ingredient for Gingivitis Conditions
gingivitis therapy.
 The mean value, standard deviation, normality test and The results of the post hoc analysis showed a
homogeneity test. significant difference between the lauric acid group and the
control group with a p-value of 0.039, while the other groups
Group Average Normalit Homogen showed no difference with a p-value > 0.05.
condition of y Test eity Test
gingivitis (X (p-value) (p-value) The results showed that in the lauric acid test animals,
± SD) there were 5 rats with good healing of gingivitis, that is,
K. Laurat 1.05±0.13 0.072 0.074 there was no swelling, discoloration or bleeding, while in 1
K. Miristat 1.11±0.17 0.052 rat there was still an abnormality, namely there was still
K. 1.27±0.38 0.100 swelling. The mean value of healing gingivitis in the group
Combination treated with lauric acid was (1.05 ± 0.13), this means that
K. Control 1.94±0.90 0.200 virgin coconut oil (lauric acid) is effective in inhibiting
Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria.
Table 4: Calculation of Average Gingivitis Conditions

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022
Virgin Coconut Oil or virgin coconut oil contains
medium-chain fatty acids which are easily digested and
oxidized by the body thereby preventing accumulation in the
body. In addition, it turns out that the content of antioxidants
in VCO is very high, such as tocopherols and beta-carotene.
These antioxidants function to prevent premature aging and
maintain the vitality of the body. The main components of
VCO are about 90% saturated fatty acids and about 10%
unsaturated fatty acids. VCO saturated fatty acids are
dominated by lauric acid. VCO contains ± 53% lauric acid
and about 7% caprylic acid. Both are medium chain fatty
acids commonly called Medium Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA).
Meanwhile, according to Price (2004) VCO contains 92%
saturated fat, 6% monounsaturated fat and 2%
polyunsaturated fat (Arisanti, 2020).
Pure coconut oil contains lauric acid which functions
as a precursor of monolaurin which can modulate immune
cell proliferation. Lauric acid (C-12) is the main component
in coconut oil which can reach 46.64 - 48.80% (Karouw, et
al., 2016).
VCO is made without refining, without heating, or
with minimal heating, so this oil has a high lauric acid
content (45-53%). Lauric acid is a saturated fat with a
medium chain or called medium chain triglycerides (MCT).
Coconut oil triglycerides in the body are broken down into
diglycerides, monoglycerides and free fatty acids. These
monoglycerides and free fatty acids have antimicrobial
properties. The most effective free fatty acids are lauric and
capric acids with their monoglyceride compounds (Ariyani
et al, 2021).
Virgin coconut oilhas physical and chemical
characteristics. The physical and chemical properties of
VCO include water content, free fatty acids, color, iodine
number, saponification number, and peroxide value.
Coconut oil or VCO, based on the fatty acid content, is
classified into lauric acid oil because it contains the highest
lauric acid when compared to other fatty acids. Based on the
level of unsaturation expressed by the Iod number (Iodine
Value), coconut oil can be included in the non-drying oils
group because the oil number ranges from 7.5 to 10.5
(Suaniti et al, 2014).
In the human body, lauric acid is converted to
monolaurin, which is a monoester that has been studied for
its antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The
antibacterial activity of monolaurin fatty acids is influenced
by pH, which is a determining factor for bacteria to die or
only get activated. moderate (lactate) minimum pH of 6.5
has been able to kill bacteria (Sulastri et al, 2016).
Until now, VCO is known to have the ability to
moisturize wounds, accelerate cell metabolism, anti-
inflammation, and anti-infection in chemical burns. Virgin
Coconut Oil is proven to speed up wound healing time and
has the highest percentage of healing against chemical burns
inRattus Novergicusdone on the 18thtail Sprague-
Dawleywith excision wounds, which proves that VCO is
able to increase the proliferation of collagen fiber density
(Sumiasih et al, 2016.
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
These statements support the results of the study where
most rats experienced good healing and only 1 rat was still
in a state of swelling. This incident could be caused by the
short duration of the treatment which was only carried out
for 14 days and the concentration of lauric acid used.
Researchers assumed that the longer the treatment or the
longer the duration of the treatment, the better the effect on
healing gingivitis in rats. The results of the study were
supported by the histopathological results obtained where
the highest increase in the number of fibroblasts occurred in
the lauric acid group with a total of 754, these results
showed that the healing of gingivitis in the test animals
occurred well.
The research results are in line with several studies that
have been conducted including, Sumiasih et al. (2016) stated
that virgin coconut oil (VCO) has the property of
accelerating wound healing, in the research conducted it was
proven that the average wound healing in the control group
was 6 to 8 days while in the treatment group it was 4 to 5
days. Differences in the healing of the control and treatment
groups were analyzed using the Mann Whitney Test statistic,
the results of which were that the treatment group healed
faster than the control group. It can be concluded that wound
healing treated according to APN standards plus VCO is
faster than those treated according to APN standards alone.
Thahir et al. (2021) stated thatVirgin Coconut Oil is proven
to accelerate wound healingtime and has the highest healing
rate, because of its ability to moisten wounds, speed up
cellular metabolism, and has anti-inflammatory and anti-
infectious properties in treating chemical burns. VCO with
its high lauric acid content can accelerate the process of
tissue regeneration, where regeneration often occurs is used
to describe the formation of new adhesions, cementum,
alveolar bone and periodontal ligament in places that have
previously lost the tooth supporting tissue structure.
Regeneration will result in replacing damaged tissue with
the same new tissue. and stimulate the formation of soft
tissue damaged by inflammation, and accelerate wound
healing.
The results showed that in the lauric acid test animals,
there were 4 rats with good healing of gingivitis, that is,
there was no swelling, discoloration or bleeding, while in 2
rats there were still abnormalities, namely bleeding. The
mean value of healing gingivitis in the group treated with
myristic acid was (1.11 ± 0.17) higher than lauric acid, this
could mean that virgin coconut oil (myristic acid) was
effective against killing and weakening Porphyromonas
gingivalis bacteria, but more effective than gingivitis.
laurate. In line with the histopathological results on myristic
acid of 253, less compared to lauric acid which is equal to
754, Virgin coconut oil(VCO) can be used as an
antimicrobial, immune system, good cholesterol, super
antibiotic, good for pregnant and lactating women,
maintaining heart and blood vessel health, osteoporosis,
diabetes mellitus (diabetes), liver, cancer, helping to lose
weight, increase stamina, maintain healthy skin, and
maintain healthy hair. Pure coconut oil (Virgin coconut
oil/VCO) is a processed coconut product that goes through a
short processing process, so it can retain the natural
components of coconut (Dayrit et al., 2007). This natural
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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
component of coconut can function as an anti-inflammatory, formation, granuloma formation, and serum alkaline
analgesic, and antipyretic, due to its ability to reduce phosphatase activity (Itahphuak et al., 2010). Virgin coconut
transudate formation, granuloma formation, and serum oil also has antimicrobial effects
alkaline phosphatase activity (Itahphuak et al., 2010). Pure
coconut oil also has an antimicrobial effect (Shilling et al., Bakteri Perawatan
vco
2013). The antimicrobial effect of VCO has been shown to Periodontitis
inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25619),
Staphylococcus saureus (ATCC 29737), Staphylococcus MCT Produk
epidermidis (ATCC 12228) and Propionibacterium acnes (asam Bakteri Surgical Non
laurat, (LPS) surgikal
(ATCC 6918) (Silalahi et al., 2014). Apart from being an flavonoid,
antibacterial, VCO is also effective against several species tokoferol,
of fungi, such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, tocotrieco Respon Antibiotik SRP Gel
Host VCO
Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida
stellatoidea, and Candida krusei (Ogbolu et al., 2007).

The content of myristic acid in virgin coconut oil

Anti- Anti- Anti- Prosta- Sitokin MPP
(myristic acid) is 16.0-21.0 lower than lauric acid. Based on bakteri inflamasi oksidan glandin
the content of fatty acids, coconut oil or VCO is classified
into lauric acid oil because it contains the highest lauric acid
when compared to other fatty acids, so in this study it was
Berikan dengan TGF β Periodontitis/ Kerusakan
proven that lauric origin was more effective in wound jaringan
healing with the lowest average than myristic acid.

The results showed that in the combined group test
animals there were 3 mice with good healing of gingivitis,
namely no swelling, discoloration or bleeding, while the
other 3 mice still had abnormalities, namely swelling,
discoloration and bleeding. The mean value of healing
gingivitis in the group that was treated with a combination of
lauric acid and myristic acid was (1.27 ± 0.38) higher than
lauric acid and myristic acid, this could be interpreted as
virgin coconut oil (a combination of lauric acid and myristic
acid). effective against killing and weakening
Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria, but more effective
against lauric acid and myristic acid.
Compared to the control group, the combined
treatment of lauric acid and myristic acid was more effective
in attenuating Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. In line
with the histopathological results obtained showing that the
highest increase in the number of fibroblasts occurred in the
lauric acid group with a total number of 754, these results
indicated that the healing of gingivitis in the test animals
occurred well. In the control group there were 110
fibroblasts, in the myristic acid group there were 253 and in
the combined group there were 118.
Coconut oil or VCO, based on the fatty acid content, is
classified into lauric acid oil because it contains the highest
lauric acid when compared to other fatty acids. The myristic
acid content in virgin coconut oil (myristic acid) is 16.0-
21.0%, while the lauric acid content is 43.0-53.0%. in this
study a combination was carried out with the same
composition, the results proved to be effective in killing and
weakening Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria, but more
effective with lauric acid and myristic acid with the full
composition. According to existing theory, the main
component of VCO is about 90% saturated fatty acids and
about 10% unsaturated fatty acids. VCO saturated fatty acids
are dominated by lauric acid. This natural component of
coconut can function as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and
antipyretic. because of its ability to reduce transudate
Stimultan Fibronektin Jumlah Fibroblast
Perbaikan jaringan
Image 2: Vco Manufacturing Process
IV. CONCLUSION
The results showed that virgin coconut oil was
effective as an alternative ingredient to inhibit
Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in gingivitis. This is
proven by:
 In the lauric acid test animals, there were 5 rats with good
healing of gingivitis, i.e. no swelling, discoloration or
bleeding, whereas in 1 rat there were still abnormalities,
i.e. there was still swelling. The mean value of healing
gingivitis in the group treated with lauric acid was (1.05 ±
0.13), this means that virgin coconut oil (lauric acid) is
effective in killing and weakening Porphyromonas
gingivalis bacteria.
 In the myristic acid test animals, there were 4 rats with
good healing of gingivitis, i.e. no swelling, discoloration
or bleeding, whereas in 2 rats there were still
abnormalities, i.e. there was still bleeding. The mean
value of healing gingivitis in the group treated with
myristic acid was (1.11 ± 0.17) higher than lauric acid,
this could mean that virgin coconut oil (myristic acid) was
effective against killing and weakening Porphyromonas
gingivalis bacteria, but more effective than gingivitis.
laurate.
 In the combined group test animals, there were 3 mice
with good healing of gingivitis, namely no swelling,
discoloration or bleeding, while the other 3 mice still had
abnormalities, namely swelling, discoloration and
bleeding. The mean value of healing gingivitis in the
group that was treated with a combination of lauric acid
and myristic acid was (1.27 ± 0.38) higher than lauric acid
and myristic acid, this could be interpreted as virgin
coconut oil (a combination of lauric acid and myristic
acid). effective against killing and weakening

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria, but more effective
against lauric acid and myristic acid.
[15.]
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