SAINT JOSEPH COLLEGE OF SINDANGAN

INCORPORATED
CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
SINDANGAN, ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE

COR AD 100 – THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

Presented by :

PELMAR JUN D. QUIÑANOLA

Criminology Student

Presented to :

DIEL ANTHONY R. SAGANG

Instructor
 FINAL WRITING ASSIGNMENT IN INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

1. Differentiate Criminal behavior and Human Behavior

- According to Reckless, W. C. (1940), Criminal behavior and the tactics employed to stop it
vary depending on the period and place. Depending on the ideals of the culture being watched,
many definitions of what constitutes crime exist. Any society's crime rate typically varies
according to the level of social unrest that is prevalent. The risk of crime varies by location or
region, as well as by age, sex, class, race, and nationality. There are several common ways that
criminal professions are socially processed. Although there is no evidence that heredity
contributes to crime, it is possible that the inability to fully realize one's desires, coupled with
intense mental stress, is a significant driving force behind crime. Numerous social and economic
issues are important contributors. The treatment and aversion to illegal behavior are covered in
around one-third of the book. Human behavior, the potential and demonstrated ability for
physical, mental, and social action throughout life's stages. Humans, like other animal species,
have a normal life path that comprises of different stages of development, each with its own set
of morphological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics. Prenatal life, infancy, childhood,
adolescence, and maturity are the stages (including old age). Human development, often known
as developmental psychology, is a branch of psychology that aims to describe and explain
changes in human cognitive, emotional, and behavioral skills and functioning from infancy to
old age.
2. Differentiate Crime and Law and Effect.
- The most frequent instance of this is when probation orders are issued, which include
requirements for behavior and adherence to court orders. People on probation may be given
prohibitions on gambling, drinking alcohol, crossing state lines, and interacting with particular
people. They may also have their driving privileges suspended. In place of jail time or after
completing a portion of a sentence and being released early, people wind themselves on
probation. However, it is a significant legal accusation. You are almost certainly going to go to
jail if you break the court's terms for your probation. That takes us to the other primary type of
criminal punishment: loss of freedom, which involves removing a person from society. If you
have done a serious enough crime, the government is allowed by our constitution and pretty
much all modern constitutions to take away your freedom. Misdemeanors are crimes with a
possible term of less than a year, whereas felonies are offenses with a maximum sentence of at
least a year and are treated very seriously. When you are convicted of a crime, you not only lose
your freedom but also certain fundamental civil liberties including the ability to vote, which is
known as felony disenfranchisement. Some of these rights, including your fundamental freedom,
might be taken away from you permanently if you commit crimes frequently or seriously. Also
keep in mind that, despite the fact that many US states are moving away from the death penalty,
it is still a possibility legally.
3. Write the Five Pillars of the Criminal Justice System in the Philippines and its functions,
strength and weaknesses.
I – THE COMMUNITY:

The Filipino community produces our law enforcers (policemen, traffic enforcers, NBI agents,
PDEA agents, COA auditors, Ombudsman fact-finding investigators, etc.); prosecutors (DOJ and
Ombudsman prosecutors/investigators); judges (Municipal Trial Courts, Regional Trial Courts
and Sharia Courts); justices (Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals and the Supreme Court); and
correction officials and personnel (municipal jails, provincial jails, city jails, the Bureau of
Corrections [Muntinlupa] and other correctional facilities).

A rotten community will always produce rotten law enforcers, prosecutors, judges, justices and
correction officials. The spring cannot rise above its source.

Members of the community are also the victims of crimes, direct or indirect. They are also the
beneficiaries of an efficient and effective criminal justice system in the form of a peaceful and
fear-free environment.

The community is also the greatest source of information about the commission of a crime. It is
from the community that most witnesses come, including victims and whistleblowers.
Most crimes against property (theft, robbery, etc.) are dismissed because the victim does not
testify in court, especially when the stolen property is recovered. Hence, thieves and robbers are
set free, free again to steal and rob!

II – THE LAW ENFORCEMENT:

To this group belong policemen, National Bureau of Investigation agents, Philippine Drugs
Enforcement Agency agents, the Military, Bureau of Customs police, Bureau of Immigration
officers, Bureau of Internal Revenue examiners, Commission on Audit auditors, Ombudsman
fact-finding investigators, Commission on Human Rights investigators, Land Transportation
Office and Traffic enforcers, etc.

They enforce the law by ensuring compliance therewith, conduct investigations to uncover
commissions of crimes and violations of laws, file criminal cases before the prosecutor’s
(fiscal’s) office (if the offender is not a government employee/official) or the Office of the
Ombudsman (if the offender is a government employee/official), and testify in court if a criminal
charge is lodged in Court by the prosecutor’s office or the Office of the Ombudsman.

III – THE PROSECUTION:

To this group belong the City, Provincial and Regional State Prosecutors of the Department of
Justice, and the investigators and prosecutors of the Office of the Ombudsman.

They conduct preliminary investigations (if the respondent was not caught in the act of
committing the crime) or inquest proceedings (if the respondent was caught in the act of
committing the crime) to determine whether or not there is probable cause (reasonable ground) to
prosecute the respondent in court. If they found probable cause, they lodge a criminal charge
against the respondent before the court. Otherwise, they dismiss the case.

Once the criminal case is filed in court, the court issues a warrant of arrest against the accused (if
he was not caught in the act of committing the crime) or commitment order (if the accused was
caught in the act of committing the crime and he has not yet posted bail or the offense is non-
bailable because the crime is punishable by life imprisonment, reclusion perpetua or death).

The prosecutor ([fiscal] from the DOJ for crimes committed by non-government people, or from
the Ombudsman for crimes committed by government people, although the fiscals can prosecute
criminal cases against government people under the continuing authority of the Office of the
Ombudsman) now stands as the lawyer for the State (People of the Philippines) and prosecute
the case. The victim, the law enforcer (who investigated the crime) and other witnesses will now
testify in court. The defense counsel will defend the accused. After the trial, the court will now
decide whether or not the accused is guilty. If he is, then he shall be penalized (fine, or
imprisonment, or both). If he is not, he shall be acquitted (set free).

IV – THE COURTS:

To this group belongs the Municipal Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment not
exceeding six (6) years), the Shari’a Circuit Courts in the ARMM (for criminal violations of the
Muslim Code), the Regional Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment of more than
six years, and appeals from the decisions of the Municipal Trial Courts), the Sandiganbayan (for
crimes committed by government officials with salary grade 27 and above regardless of the
penalty prescribed for the offense charged, and appeals from the decisions of the Regional Trial
Court in criminal cases against government employees below salary grade 27), the Court of
Appeals (for appeals from the decisions of the Regional Trial Courts in criminal cases against
non-government people), and the Supreme Court (for appeals from the decisions of the Court of
Appeals, Sandiganbayan and automatic review of decisions of the Regional Trial Courts and the
Sandiganbayan where the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or death).

V – CORRECTIONS:

To this group belong the various Jails (Municipal, City and Provincial Jails), the Bureau of
Corrections (in Muntinlupa) and other correctional facilities. While the criminal case is pending
in court, the accused shall be detained at the Municipal, City or Provincial Jail unless he posts a
bail bond for his provisional liberty and if the offense is bailable. After conviction, the convict
will be sent to the Bureau of Corrections to serve his sentence.

Our criminal justice being also a corrective one, the correction officials are mandated to see to it
that the convict is reformed and is able to re-integrate himself into the community after serving
his sentence.

4. Differentiate Strain Theory and Anomie theory site and example.

- One of the best theories on why people commit crimes and act irresponsibly, created by author
Robert Agnew. Pressured Into Crime was written with students in mind and includes a wealth of
real-world examples, insightful and entertaining quotes from criminals past and present, concise
summaries of key ideas, and difficult review and discussion questions at the conclusion of each
chapter. This book offers the following: It contrasts GST with other top theories of crime,
including biopsychological, control, social learning, routine activities, and social disorganization
theories. Pressured Into Crime gives students the opportunity to examine this major theory in
depth, reviewing the research on the theory, contrasting it with other theories, and applying the
theory to important issues in the study of crime. It uses GST to explain community and societal
differences in crime rates. It draws on GST to make recommendations for reducing crime. On the
other hand Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory [IAT] postulates that a pervasive
cultural mandate to obtain material wealth, coupled with an anomic normative environment that
arises from a pronounced imbalance of power in favor of the economy over all other societal
institutions, is responsible for the high rates of serious crime found in the United States. Though
intuitively appealing, this perspective is not readily amenable to falsification. Consequently,
most empirical evaluations of institutional anomie theory have examined the additive and
multiplicative effects of the structural antecedents of the institutional imbalance of power and
anomie on violent and property crime rates.

5. What are your contributions in the community as a Criminology Student.

- As a criminology student and as a person who studies Criminology I can help society
understand, control, and reduce crime. Studying crime helps discover and analyse its causes,
which can be used towards crime reduction policies and initiatives. I can help understand the
mindset of criminals. Criminology helps understand the mindset of criminals, why they commit
crimes, and the factors that affect them. This helps in the proper allocation of resources to control
crime. As well as controlling and reducing crime, criminology can also suggest appropriate
measures for the rehabilitation of criminals. The community is one of our training ground as we
learn and study, we can also apply our learnings in our daily activities in the community that way
we can see clearly and understand the purpose of our learnings in school and how this become
useful in the future. As a criminology student we can be more useful to the community just like
we can cooperate along community people on barangay activities such as meeting, sports
gatherings, festivals, and others. We can actively participated in security action force by helping
the people during unexpected incidents, like calamities. Foster good relation among people by
manifesting good human relation. Initiate peace zone building that helps promote civilian
supremacy over the interest of the armed group; and they actively participated in some
competitions that enhance cultural preservation and development.

REFERENCES
Reckless, W. C. (1940). Criminal Behavior. McGraw-Hill
Robert Agnew (2006). Pressured into Crime: An overview of general Strain Theory
Christian Wickert (2022). Anomie Theory (Merton)
Geromo L. Sy (2005). Rethinking the Five Pillars of the Criminal Justice System: Towards a
new Model
Argee Abadines (2017). Philippine judiciary and Criminal justice system under pressure: An
inside look