CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE

OVER CURRENT RELAY HARMONIC PERFORMANCE

A graduate project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering

By
Rabin Shakya

May 2018
The graduate project of Rabin Shakya is approved:

Professor Xiyi Hang Date

Professor John Valdovinos Date

Professor Bruno Osorno, Chair Date

California State University, Northridge

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 Table of Contents

Signature Page ii
List of Figure iv
Tables v
Abbreviation vi
Abstract vii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Theory 2
2.1 Power system network 2
2.2 Load flow analysis 2
2.3 Faults analysis in power system 3
2.4 Power system protection 4
2.4.1 Current transformer 7
2.4.2 Over current relay 8
2.4.3 Circuit breaker 10
2.4.4 Line protection with OCR and relay coordination 11
2.5 Nonlinear loads and harmonics 13
2.6 Effect of harmonics in different component in power system 14
2.7 Effect of harmonics on power system protection 15
2.8 Filters 16
2.8.1 Single Tuned Filter 16
Chapter 3 Simulation and Results 17
3.1 IEEE 9 bus test system 17
3.2 Components of IEEE 9 bus in ETAP 17
3.2.1 Generators 17
3.2.2 Buses 19
3.2.3 Transformer 19
3.2.4 Transmission lines 19
3.2.5 Current transformer 19
3.2.6 Circuit breaker 20
3.2.7 Relays 20
3.2.8 Static load 22
3.3 Load flow study in ETAP 23
3.4 Short circuit study in ETAP 25
3.5 Relay coordination study in ETAP 27
3.6 Harmonic study in ETAP 29
3.7 Effect of harmonic on relay mis-coordination in ETAP 30
3.8 Harmonic filter and relay coordination in ETAP 30
3.9 Design of single tuned filter and comparasion with ETAP 33
Conclusion 35
Reference 36

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 List of Figures
Figure 1 Zone of Protection 5
Figure 2 Basic Diagram of CT 7
Figure 3 Time-current characteristic of different relay 9
Figure 4 Basic Action of CB 10
Figure 5 Operating time of OCR with inverse time characteristics 12
Figure 6 Adjusting relay in a simple loop 12
Figure 7 Voltage and current waveform of a non-linear load 13
Figure 8 IEEE 9 bus system 17
Figure 9 Synchronous generator 1 rating in ETAP 18
Figure 10 Circuit breaker 2 rating in ETAP 20
Figure 11 Overcurrent Relay 19 input rating in ETAP 21
Figure 12 Overcurrent Relay 19 output rating in ETAP 22
Figure 13 Static load C ETAP rating 23
Figure 14 Single line diagram of IEEE 9 bus system in ETAP 24
Figure 15 Load flow study in ETAP 24
Figure 16 Short circuit analysis in ETAP with fault in bus 5 26
Figure 17 Short Circuit Analysis report in ETAP with fault in bus 5 26
Figure 18 Sequence of operation with fault at line 1 28
Figure 19 Star Time curve characteristics at line 1 protection 28
Figure 20 Harmonic Spectrum at line 1 29
Figure 21 Current Waveform at line 1 29
Figure 22 Sequence of operation during fault at line 1 with harmonic 30
Figure 23 Harmonic Filter 1 rating in ETAP 31
Figure 24 Harmonic Spectrum at line 1 with harmonic filter 32
Figure 25 Current Waveform at line 1 with harmonic filter 32
Figure 26 Sequence of operation during fault at line 1 with harmonic filter 33

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 List of Tables
Table 1 Data of Synchronous generator in IEEE bus 18
Table 2 Transformer rating in IEEE 9 bus 19
Table 3 CT rating 19
Table 4 Load flow bus results 25
Table 5 Load flow branch results 25
Table 6 Load flow load results 25
Table 7 Load flow source results 25
Table 8 Operating time of over current relays 25
Table 9 Comparison of filter design calculated and ETAP 34

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 Abbreviations

CT Current Transformer
PT Potential Transformer
OCR Over Current Relay
V Voltage
δ Power angle
P Real power
Q Reactive power
Φ Phase
CB Circuit Breaker
ac Alternating current
emf Electromotive force
VA Volt-Ampere
kV Kilo-Volt
MW Mega-Watt
Mvar Mega-Var
pf Power factor
MVA Mega-Voltampere
A Ampere
Qc Reactive power installed for filter
Xc Capacitive reactance
C Capacitance
f Frequency
XL Inductive reactance
hn Harmonic order
L Inductance
Xn Characteristics reactance
R Resistance
Q Quality factor
THD Total harmonic distortion
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
WSCC Western System Coordinating Council

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 Abstract

Over Current Relay Harmonic Performance

By

Rabin Shakya

Master of Science in Electrical Engineering

This paper investigates the effect of harmonics in the performance of over current relay in
a power system. The simulation is carried in ETAP software which has an IEEE 9 bus
system containing nonlinear loads. The load flow analysis, short circuit analysis,
sequence of operation of relays and harmonic analysis and filter design was carried out in
ETAP. ETAP because of its graphical interface and speed of operation and generation of
reports is preferred for simulation study. The paper includes load flow analysis at every
branch, which provides voltage, active power flow, and reactive power flow and power
angle. The paper also includes the short circuit analysis and the protective device
sequence of operation in the system. The current waveform and the harmonic spectrum
are also analyzed for nonlinear loads without harmonic and with harmonics and harmonic
filter. The calculation was done using formula and cross verified with the calculation
received from ETAP.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
An electric network consists of large number of generators, transmission and distribution
systems which are interconnected, thus protecting it is a vital part of any power system.
Faults can happen in any portion of the power system. Protective relays and circuit
breaker protect the healthy part of the power system by disconnecting the faulted or
abnormal part form the system. The protective system must be reliable, selective,
minimizes fault duration, simple and economic. A proper coordination is required to
disconnect the faulted part of the system. Relay coordination is done, such that during
fault these devices will only isolate the faulty section of the power system network.
Use of renewable energy, variable frequency drive, rectifiers, and inverters has led to
increase in the use of a large number of power electronics components which as a result
have led to mis-operation of transformers, capacitors, machines and power system as a
whole. The power system is greatly affected if the total harmonics distortion is greater
than 20%. Current transformers are used in power system to measure alternating current
flowing through the system. These transformers reduce the large current flowing in the
system to a value that can be easily handled by the protective relays. Over Current Relay
gets the signal required to operate through CT. These relay can malfunction if the CT gets
saturated during the fault condition which can affect the OCR operation. This can be
avoided by the proper selection of CT. But these current transformers may get saturated
due to presence of harmonics and can distort the waveform of current resulting in
malfunction of OCRs [1]. Also the other cause if harmonics is it deteriorates the power
factor of the power system. Current distortions are able to produce voltage distortion in
power system and when the harmonic current flow in the power system network with
impedance additional harmonic distortion occurs. Also, harmonic lowers the power factor
of the system thus more current flows in the system which results in relay mis-
coordination.
Power system are designed with fundamental frequency and thus if the system contains
harmonics due to non-linear loads the system malfunctions. Due to harmonic the skin
effect is more pronounced and thus increases the resistance and also cause the abnormal
neutral ground current [12]. Also, the harmonics can damage the electrical components or
record a false measurement. Higher harmonic distortion in the power network lowers the
power factor of the system thus the relays react to this and trips unconditionally.
There are many ways to reduce the harmonics content in the power system but
completely removing it is difficult and expensive. The harmonic content may be reduced
by using 200% neutral conductor or a separate neutral conductor or using K-factor
transformer or phase shifting transformer or harmonic filter. In our study we use
harmonics filters to reduce the harmonic content of our system. Filters also improve the
power factor of the system. Passive filters were used because of it is affordable and
simple to use. Recently, active filters are used because they are more flexible and are able
to continuously compensate harmonics regardless of the change in the systems loading.

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 Chapter 2: Theory

2.1 Power system network

Electric energy is the most well-known type of energy as it can be delivered effectively
and economically. A power system network consists of different components to generate
transmit and use the electric power. The modern power system consists of different
interconnected network. It can be separated into 4 sections.
a. Generation
b. Transmission
c. Distribution
d. Loads

a. Generation: Generation is one of the essential parts of power system. Electricity

is produced at power station. Generally 3 phase ac (synchronous) generators are
used in power generation but currently dc power like solar power, fuel cell are
also used in generation. Most generation plants like hydro, coal, nuclear
transforms the kinetic energy to electrical energy. At a generation plant the
generators generates electricity. Synchronous generators have two synchronously
rotating field one of them is generated in rotor which is driven at synchronous
speed and excited by the exciters(dc currents) and the other field is produced in
stator by 3 phase armature current [2]. These synchronous generators are rotated
by turbine. The generated power is then stepped up and then transmitted using the
transmission lines.
b. Transmission: Generating stations may be far from the loads and needs
transmission lines to transmit the generated power. Transmission lines transfers
the electricity form the generating stations to the distribution networks.
Transmission lines operates at line to line voltage of 69KV, 115 KV,138 KV, 161
KV, 230 KV, 345 KV, 500 KV or 765 KV [2]. High voltage transmission lines
generally terminate in substations where voltage is stepped down and they are
transferred to sub transmission lines or to distribution lines. Capacitor banks and
reactors banks are usually located in the substation to keep the transmission line
voltage constant [2].
c. Distribution: The consumer end can be called as distribution system. The
distribution line operates usually between 4 to 34.5KV. Distribution system steps
down the voltage received from the transmission line get to the voltage required
by the commercial or residential customer. The voltage level of the distribution is
at the level of 240/120 V 1Φ, three wire, 208Y/120V 3Φ four wire or 480Y/277V,
3 Φ four wire [2].
d. Loads: Power system loads are classified as residential, commercial and
industrial. Residential loads are generally served at low voltage and industrial
loads are served at high voltage. The load consists of large number of different
appliances. Industrial loads comprise of large number of motors whereas
residential and commercial loads comprises of lighting, heating and cooling [2].

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2.2 Load flow analysis
Load flow analysis is done to get the voltage magnitude |V|, real power P, reactive power
Q and phase angle δ flowing in the line. During the normal operation the load flow
analysis is carried out or it is done in normal steady state. To find the best operating
condition of an existing system load flow is carried out. It is also used for planning and
future development of power system [3]. Numerical analysis of electrical system can be
described as load flow analysis. There are four quantities at each bus which may be
known or unknown. They are voltage magnitude, phase angle, real power and reactive
power. These quantities depend on the type of bus they are and described in brief below.
a. Load Bus: Load bus is the load associated with the power system or in other
words it is the non-generator connected bus. The real power P and reactive power
Q are known in load bus and the unknown quantities are phase angle δ and
voltage magnitude |V|. It is also called as PQ bus.
b. Voltage Controlled Bus: It is a bus that is connected with the generator. In this
bus the magnitude of voltage is fixed and the real power generation is governed
by the prime mover. Thus the quantity known at this bus is voltage magnitude |V|
and real power P. The unknown quantities are phase angle δ and reactive power
Q. It is also called as generator bus or PV bus.
c. Slack Bus: This bus is also known as reference bus or swing bus. It serves as the
reference for all the other bus. The quantities specified are voltage magnitude |V|
and power angle δ. In slack bus the voltage magnitude is considered to be 1 p.u
and power angle to be 0°. The undetermined quantity is the active power P and
reactive power Q.
After we know the type of bus a set of nonlinear equation can be obtain. This requires an
iterative process to solve. There are various algorithm used to solve these nonlinear
equation. Some of which are Gauss Seidal method, Newton Raphson method and Fast
Decoupled Load flow method.

2.3 Faults analysis in power system

Abnormal electric current in an electric system may be called as faults. Faults are the
conditions that are caused due to the lightning strike in electric lines, insulation failure,
faulty operation etc. Due to faults, several equipment connected to the power system can
get damage, disturb the stability of power system, so it has to be cleared as soon as
possible. So, study of fault analysis plays an important role in power system analysis.
Faults can be divided into balanced faults and unbalanced faults. The balanced fault is 3Φ
fault. The unbalanced faults are double line to ground fault, line to line fault, single line
to ground fault. Single line to ground fault is the most frequent fault that take place in
power system. Fault study is utilized for to get proper relay coordination and setting.
Additionally, it is used to pick the rating of protective switchgear.
When the fault occurs, the current which flows through different parts of the system
changes. Currents are different than the steady state condition. The section of the power
system where the faults occurs heavy short circuit currents flows. The value of fault
current relies on the internal impedance of generator, impedance of line and fault

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impedance [2]. This heavy fault current may damage equipment, disturb stability etc.
This fault current must be disconnected with the help circuit breaker and protective relays
as soon as possible i.e. within few cycles. The fault current the circuit breaker has to
interrupt and the time when the fault occurs determines the selection of circuit breaker. In
fault analysis fault is calculated at different location of the system and this data is used to
set the capacity of the circuit breaker and setting the relay. The faults can be classified as
a. Balanced fault: A three phase fault is called the balanced fault. It is also termed as
symmetrical fault because all the three phase are short-circuited with or without
ground. A balanced fault is the maximum fault that occurs in a power system and
is used to determine the system fault level.

b. Unbalanced fault: Unbalanced fault are any other fault that does include balanced
fault. The unbalanced fault can be classified as follows:
i. Single phase to ground fault: If a single phase conductor touches a ground then
it is termed as single phase to ground fault or single line to ground fault. It is
the most common type of fault. It occurs due to failure of insulation between
conductor and earth or due to broken phase conductor falling in the ground.
ii. Two phase to ground fault: If any two phase of a three phase system touches a
ground then it is termed as two phase to ground fault or double line to ground
fault.
iii. Phase to phase fault: If two phase touches each other it is termed as phase to
phase fault or line to line fault.
iv. Open circuited phases: If a phase becomes open circuited by breakage of the
conductor then is termed as open circuited phase. This type of fault occurs
when conductor breaks. Unbalanced current flow in system.
v. Winding faults: If faults occurs in transformer or rotating machine it is termed
as winding fault.

2.4 Power system protection

Protection is an important part of power system because it protects the power system
from short circuit and abnormal conditions that occurs in the power system. A power
system consists of loads, generators, transmission lines, distribution lines etc. and these
system has to be protected against high fault current by suitable protective relays and
circuit breaker so that the section with no fault or healthy section of the power systems
operates normally [4]. The fault needs to be cleared as soon as possible because if it
exists in the system for longer period of time may damage the other healthy section of the
power system and also it may reduce the system voltage and generating stations may lose
synchronism [4].
Power system protection includes protective relays and circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty part of the power system network from the healthy part of the power system. When
the protective device receives a signal, circuit breaker isolates the faulty section of the
power system. The protective relay function is to identify and detect the fault location
and then direct the signal to the circuit breaker such that the faulty part of the system gets
disconnected [4].Protective relay senses the basic quantities like current, voltage, phase
angle and or frequency to detect the abnormal conditions on the power system. Abnormal
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conditions in the power system also require protection. These abnormal conditions may
be over/under voltage, loss of excitation, overheating of stator or rotor etc. Protective
system does not prevent faults or abnormal condition but takes action only when there
occurs an abnormal condition.
a. Zones of protection: All the components in the power system like generators,
transformer, transmission lines, distribution lines, bus bar etc. should be
protected. The power system is separated into various number of protection zones.
A protection zone covers one or two elements in the power system. When a fault
occurs in a particular zone then the protection system responsible for the zone
protection will trip the circuit breaker there by isolating the faulty part from the
system. No components in the power system can be left without protection so
neighboring zones of protection overlap with each other.

Figure1: Zone of Protection [4]

b. Primary and backup protection: Power system protection is divided into different
zones for its protection. A primary relay is the first line of defense [4]. If a fault
occurs in a particular zone the relay of that zone isolates the faulty section this is
called as primary protection. If this relay fails then there is a backup relay
protection scheme that isolates the fault. The protective scheme can fail due to
failure of relays, circuit breakers, breaker trip mechanism, current transformer, dc
supply etc. Backup relay must operate with a time delay so that the primary relay
has sufficient time to operate or react to the fault but the delay should not be too
long such that the fault deteriorates the power system.

c. Power system protection requirements: The basic requirement of power system

protection are

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 i. Selectivity: Selectivity is the quality of a relay to be able to maintain
continuous supply by disconnecting minimum section of power system to
isolate the fault. Also it should distinguish if the fault lies inside its section of
protection or outside its section and distinguish between fault and transient
condition.
ii. Reliability: Reliability is the ability of the power system protection to operate
accurately when the fault occurs in its zone of protection. Any elements used in
protection like CT, PT, CB, protective relay, battery etc. may fail. To achieve
high degree of reliability regular maintenance and testing of this equipment
should be carried out. Also, proper attention should be given to design and
installation of this equipment as well. Protective systems reliability should be
greater than 95% [4].
iii. Sensitivity: If the current’s magnitude is greater than the preset value the
protective relay operates. This preset value is called pickup current. A
protective relay should be sensitive enough to operate when the current just
exceeds this pick up value.
iv. Stability: A protection system should remain stable within a set of defined fault
current that is flowing through its protective zone due to external fault. If the
protective device that is in its protective zone does not operate then after a
preset delay the protective relay that is affected by this fault current should
operate to disconnect the fault.
v. Speed of operation: To avoid any damage to the equipment in power system
the speed of operation of protective device should be as quick as possible so it
can clear or isolate the fault. From the stability point of view, to avoid losing
synchronism the operating time of protective relay must not be greater that the
critical clearing time [4]. Protective device should generally operate in a single
cycle of current but for distribution system it may operate few cycles of fault
current.

d. Classification of protective relays: Protection relays can be divided in different

ways depending on construction, function etc. and is explained below
i. Classification of protective relay based on construction: Relays based on
construction can be explained as follows.
I. Electromagnetic relays: The relays that are operated by electromagnetic
action are electromagnetic relay. Electromagnetic relay contains a permanent
magnet or electromagnet as a moving part. When the operating quantity goes
beyond a certain predefined value an operating torque is produced which is
applied on the moving part [4]. Thus circuit breaker operates due to the
moving part which energies the trip coil of circuit breaker.
II. Static relays: A static relay contains integrated circuit. It has a comparator
circuit that compares the electrical quantities and provides an output
command to circuit breaker’s trip coil which breaks the electric circuit. Static
relays have the advantage of having low CT and PT burden, quick in

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 operation, less maintenance, longer lifespan and absence of mechanical
inertia.
III. Microprocessor based relays: Microprocessor based relay uses
microprocessor to analyze voltage, current and other electrical quantities.
These relay not only gives command signal to trip coil of circuit breaker but
can also record the event.

ii. Classification of protective relay based on function: Some Relays based on

function can be classified as follows.
I. Overcurrent relay: Overcurrent relay are those relay that functions or picks
up when its current goes beyond a predetermined value. Details on this relay
are discussed in later chapter.
II. Undervoltage relay: Undervoltage relay are those relay that operates when its
voltage drops below a predetermined value.
III. Impedance relay: Impedance relay are those relay that functions depending
upon the impedance between the position of fault and position where the
relay is placed. This may be also called as distance relay.
IV. Underfrequency/Overfrequency relay: These are the relay that operates when
the frequency is below or above the threshold frequency.
V. Directional relay: Directional relay are a type of overcurrent relay with a
directional feature. These relay operates when the current flow in a particular
direction.

2.4.1 Current transformer

A current transformer (CT) is a transformer that measures the current of high magnitude
in an ac circuit which produces a secondary current which is proportional to primary
current flowing through the circuit [7]. CT is utilized to bring down the large current
flowing in power system to a lower value that is appropriate for relay operation. A CT
mostly has only one turn or few numbers of primary turns. CT also isolates the relay
circuit from high primary circuit.

Figure2: Basic Diagram of CT [4]

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The CT used in power system protection is different than those used for measurement.
The CT needs to give a correct ratio at normal rated current as well as when a large fault
occurs which are several times higher than normal rated current. In other words, CT of
power system protection is designed much below the saturation point or knee point to
avoid saturation. The core material used for CT is generally cold rolled silicon steel as it
has high permeability, high saturation level, small exciting current and low error [4].
Generally CT have 5A as its secondary rating whereas other rating like 1A also exists.
The accuracy of CT can be described as the difference of its ratio from its true ratio. This
ratio error in CT depends on its exciting current. When the primary current increases, CT
tries to produce the corresponding secondary current and this generates a secondary emf,
core flux density and exciting current [4]. A stage comes when the secondary current
hardly increase because any increase in the primary current is absorbed in increasing the
exciting current. This stage is called CT saturation. So, in power system protection the
CT should not saturate.

The load connected across the secondary of the CT is called as CT burden or it can be
defined as the power that is required to operate the relay. The CT burden is expressed in
volt-ampere (VA) or can be defined in terms of impedance calculated at rated secondary
current at specific pf. Connecting leads and resistance at secondary of CT results in total
CT burden for relays. The leads burden depends on the resistance of the secondary of CT
and current flowing in the secondary of CT.

2.4.2 Over current relay

Over current relay (OCR) are those relay that functions or picks up when it’s current
exceed a predetermined value. OCR protects the power system against large current
caused due to short circuit, ground fault, phase fault or winding fault. The OCR relay can
be used to different section of power system like generators, transmission lines,
transformer etc. OCR operates when the current is above a preset value and is called as
pickup current. There is more than one OCR at different section of feeder for feeder
protection by over current relay. The relay needs to coordinate with each other. The relay
that is closest to the fault should operate first followed by the secondary relay that is
closer. This is done by using time or current or combination both time and current
characteristics of OCR. A time delay is provided in the OCR so that it does not operate
when there is a surge current, starting current etc. Depending on the time-current
characteristics the OCR may be classified as follows.

a. Definite-time over current relay: These relay operate at a fixed time when the
current passes beyond its pickup value. The operating time of this relay is
constant regardless to the size of fault current. The time-current characteristic is
shown in figure 3 for this relay.

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 b. Instantaneous over current relay: These relay operate immediately when the
current surpasses its pickup value. There is no any deliberate time delay applied.
c. Inverse-time over current relay: These relay operate when the current passes
beyond its pickup value. The operating time decreases as the current increases.
We can see inverse-time characteristic of this type of relay in figure 3.
d. Inverse definite minimum time over current relay: These relay works as inverse
time relay at lesser fault current and as definite time relay at higher of fault
current.
e. Very inverse-time over current relay: These relay operate more inversely than
inverse time OCR or inverse definite minimum time OCR. As the length from the
power source rises the fault current lessens so these relay are used where there is
significant reduction of fault [4]. We can see the time-current characteristic of this
type of relay in Figure 3.
f. Extremely inverse-time over current relay: These relay operate more inversely
than very inverse time OCR. These relay are suitable to protect machine from
overheating. The time-current characteristic is shown in figure 3 for this type of
relay.
g. Directional over current relay: On a non-radial power system these relay are used.
These relay operates in only a single direction of current flow.

Figure 3: Time-current characteristic of different relay [5]

In order for OCR to operate properly they should be selected properly and also they
should have the following characteristics

a. Voltages rating: For the OCR to function appropriately the OCR must be over or
at least equal to the circuit voltage.

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 b. Ampere rating: For the OCR to function appropriately the OCR should not be
greater than the current carrying capacity of conductor.

Over current relays are utilized as a part to detect the abnormal condition in the power
network and isolate the faulty section in the power system. Its operation minimizes the
damage and danger. These are also able to discriminate and isolate the faulty section. The
relay should be dependable and reliable so that the stability of the power system network
ensured.

2.4.3 Circuit breaker

The function of circuit breaker (CB) is to cut off the faulty part of the system. So a CB
makes or breaks a circuit either automatically or manually under various conditions [6].
Earlier fuse was used but nowadays it has been replaced by CB because fuse has to be
replaced every time when it operates. In a protection system the relay senses fault
condition and CB operates thus removing the faulty section. The circuit breaker should
carry the normal load current without excessive heat. The CB should isolate the faulty
section as quickly as possible.

Figure 4: Basic action of circuit breaker [6]

The basic diagram of CB is given above. It consists of two contacts a fixed and a moving
contact. The handle is also there which can be operated manually or automatically, for the
automatic operation an automatic mechanism with trip coil is there. The trip coil is
energized by secondary of CT. Under normal condition the emf generated by the CT is
not sufficient to energize the trip coil for its operation and thus the contact remains
closed. When there is abnormal or fault condition the emf generated by the CT will be
enough to energize the trip coil and thus the contact gets open thereby disconnecting the
fault. During this action arc is produced between the contacts and thus arc should also be
extinguished as quickly as possible so that the heat produced will lie within the allowable
limit. The time required between energization of the trip coil to contact separation is
called opening current level and depends on fault current [6]. The time required for arc

10
extinction is called arcing time. This time depends on fault current as well as voltage for
the maintenance of arc [6]. The important characteristics or rating of the CB include

a. Rated short circuit breaking capacity: The maximum rms short circuit current that
a CB is capable of breaking [6].
b. Rated short circuit making capacity: It can be described as the maximum value of
1st current loop of short circuit current which CB is able to make at its rated
voltage [6].
c. Rated operating sequence of CB: It is the sequence of operation of which a CB
performs.
d. Rated short time current: It can be described as the maximum rms short circuit
current that the CB can safely handle for a certain fixed time without damage.

2.4.4 Line protection with OCR and relay coordination

Overcurrent relay, distance relay etc. are used to protect transmission or distribution
lines. Overcurrent relaying is simplest and cheapest system for line protection but it is
difficult to apply. Overcurrent relaying is quick to readjust or replace if power system
requirement changes. Commonly, OCR is used in phase and ground fault protection. In
transmission line we generally use OCR for ground fault protection whereas distance
relays are implemented for phase fault [7]. OCR is also used in power transformer
protection. OCR is mainly used in distribution system protection as it is simple,
inexpensive and no ac voltage source is required. The fault current in power system
mostly depends on position of fault and is generally unaltered by change in generation so
the inverse time characteristic of relay can be used for protection of lines of power
system.

2.4.4.1 Setting inverse time OCRs for coordination

To set the OCR the pickup current of the relay is chosen first such that it operates for all
short circuit currents in its line and also provides the backup protection for short circuit
protection to the immediate adjoining system under certain circumstance. For phase fault,
fault current is supposed to be less than with fault involving ground. The sensitivity of
phase relay need not be too sensitive such that it picks up the maximum load current that
flows in the power line. To use the inverse time characteristics of relay the pickup current
that flows in the line should be large enough and also be low enough such that relay
operates reliably under this least fault condition [7]. To be confident that the relay in the
fault line operates the pickup of this relay in this zone should be slightly higher than that
of other relays.

After setting the pickup current the time delay of OCR is adjusted to obtain selectivity
with the relays in the immediate neighboring elements. This is done for the maximum
fault current that will flow in the line. A three phase fault is assumed to adjust phase relay

11
and a single Φ to ground fault is assumed to adjust ground relay. If we adjust the
selectivity of relay using maximum fault current it is certain that it is assumed for lower
current too.

After setting the pickup current and selectivity we must find the difference of time
between operating time of two relays. Similarly, it done for other relays in the selectivity
order.

Figure 5: Operating time of OCR with inverse time characteristics [7]

The time v/s distance curve is shown in figure 5 which follows the relay operation
sequence. The time S is “selective time interval” and can be defined as breaker over
travel plus the safety factor. A fault location is assumed and a vertical line is drawn. This
vertical line intersects the operating time curve of various relays. The length of this line is
the time required for the relay to operate if there is a short circuit current that flows in the
system [7]. Relay are adjusted by farthest relay from power source first and then work
backward to the relay near to the power source in any radial power system. It can be seen
from figure 5 that relay 1 is adjusted first and then relay 2, relay 3 and at last relay 4.

2.4.4.2 Effect of loop circuit in OCR adjustment

The figure 5 only represents an example of relay coordination in radial system power
system. The relay that was far from the generation was calibrated first and then worked
backward towards the generator. A similar methodology is followed in loop system as
well.

Figure 6: Adjusting relay in a simple loop [7]

12
The order of relay adjustment in relay is done looking one way around, i.e. first look
clockwise or anti-clock wise and later looks vice versa. Looking one direction we get the
relay that has to be adjusted as 1-2-3-4-5 and examining the other way we have to adjust
a-b-c-d-e. Also the directional element of the OCR is used for loop system so the relay in
figure 6 operate as pointed out by the arrows in the route of fault current flow for which
the fault current should flow [7]. The relay that operates first can be made sensitive and
quicker in operation.

If there is more than one generator that is located at various points in the loop then
adjusting the OCR will be difficult because the problem will be where to start our
coordination. And if the circuit of one loop forms a part of other loop then it will be more
troublesome. The trial and error will be the only method to carry on with such power
system.

2.5 Nonlinear Loads and harmonics

If the impedance of the load changes with the applied voltage the load may be assumed as
non-linear load. Current drawn by non-linear load is non-linear too because it has
changing impedance i.e. even if the non-linear load are connected to a sinusoidal source
like utility or generator set the current drawn will be non-sinusoidal [8]. For resistive,
inductive and or capacitive load the current is also sinusoidal. The example of non-linear
loads can be computers, variable frequency drive, SMPS etc. The figure below shows the
waveform of voltage and current of non-linear loads.

Figure 7: Voltage and current waveform of a non-linear load [8]

Due to this the original sinusoidal wave from the source becomes distorted. This
introduction of distortion can be called as harmonic distortion. So a harmonics can be
interpreted as deviation from the fundamental sine wave frequency. It can be
demonstrated as additional sine waves of frequencies that are a multiple of original
frequency [8]. So for a fundamental frequency of 60Hz, the 2nd harmonic is 120Hz and

13
3rd harmonics is 180Hz and so on. Harmonics is a problem because lots of non-linear
loads are being used now.

2.6 Effect of harmonic on different component in power system

A non-linear load draws non-sinusoidal current which induce the harmonics in the power
system. The different effect of harmonics in different element of power system is
discussed below.

a. Generator: The effect of harmonics is more on standalone generators than with

utility as a whole. Since both voltage and current are frequency dependent the iron
loss and copper loss increases in the generator [8]. So, a generator supplying non-
linear loads has to be run on lower capacity than its rated capacity.
b. Transformer: Similarly, as in generator the harmonics increases the core losses
due to higher iron losses i.e. is eddy current and hysteresis current loss in
transformer and also copper losses. Generally delta-wye configuration is used in
distribution transformer with 4wire system. The multiple of 3rd harmonics
circulates in delta connected primary of the transformer which results in localized
overheating [8].
c. Induction motor: Similar effect as in transformer is seen in the induction motor.
Also due to excessive heating the bearing lubrication gets degraded and can result
in bearing collapse [8].
d. Cables: The loss increases when harmonics current is flowing. They also
introduce electromagnetic interference in neighboring signal [8].
e. Circuit Breaker and Fuses: In case of low voltage CB, it utilizes bi-metallic trip
mechanism. This mechanism reacts to the heating effect produced by rms current.
For the load of same power, non-linear load draws more rms current than linear
loads. Since, higher current is drawn the circuit breaker will trip prematurely.
Fuses may also rupture prematurely because when harmonic current is flowing it
increases the current flow and thus heating in the fuse [8].
f. Lighting: Flickering of light is seen as an effect of presence of harmonics in the
system. Lighting load is very sensitive to rms voltage and small deviation can be
result in flickering [8].
g. Metering: Meters designed to read sinusoidal based quantities would introduce
error into the measurement circuit resulting false reading [8].
h. Capacitor Banks: The harmonic current may interact with the system inductance
and capacitor bank. This can result in parallel resonance. Parallel resonance
generates heat which can damage the equipment [8].
i. Current Transformer: Due to the harmonic content in the system the current
transformer may get saturate quickly.

14
2.7 Effect of harmonics on power system protection
The harmonics distort the fundamental sinusoidal frequency and thus due to this
harmonic distortion it degrade the operating characteristics of CT and protective relay. If
the harmonic distortion is less than 20% in the power system then most types of relay are
not significantly effected but if the harmonics in the power system gets greater than 20%
then the relay malfunction and the CT tends to saturate faster, losses increases and giving
false reading.
Protection devices are generally developed in terms of fundamental voltage or current or
both and any harmonics present in the system are ignored [9]. This is the case for over
current relay. The presence of harmonic current in fault situation causes considerable
measurement errors relative to fundamental based setting. Maloperation of relays is
common when the fault current containing high harmonics flows through high resistance
ground. The presence of harmonics in secondary of CT will cause a big problem because
the CT tends to gets saturate quickly and due to this it is difficult to recover the
fundamental current waveform. If high secondary emf exists during steady state condition
the CT excitation causes odd harmonics distortion and during transient condition any
harmonics can be produced but with higher order of second and third harmonics. If the
faults are outside the main protection zone of the relay the relays may be insensitive for
backup protection. Correct choice of equipment is required to eliminate the harmonics.
Also different filtering technique can be used to recover the fundamental frequency from
the harmonic content in power system.

2.8 Filters
Due to high use of non-linear loads the harmonics level in the power system has
increased. Also due to the injection of renewable energy that uses semiconductor and
thyristors are injecting the harmonics to the system [10]. The non-linear loads induce
harmonics and draws reactive power due to which the system has low efficiency, high
losses, relay malfunction and low power factor. Also the due to harmonics
electromagnetic interference occurs in near communication system. So, filters are used to
lower the harmonics component and improve the power factor of the power system.
Filters are thus the device that eliminates the harmonic distortion. A harmonic filter is
build using resistors, capacitors and or inductors that deflect the harmonic to the ground.
The filters may be classified into 3 types:
a. Passive filters: The passive filters are used to reduce current harmonics and also
for to improve the pf by reactive power compensation. These are installed at the
load side since current harmonics are usually introduced by non-linear loads [10].
These filters introduce similar compensating currents and are tuned to every
harmonic order that is to be filtered and this is opposite in phase to cancel the
harmonics of the non-linear load. They are connected in parallel with the non-
linear load. The filters also improve the voltage profile because it improves the
power factor. Several parallel connections of filters can be made to get notable
reduction in harmonics order. There are many kind of passive filters based on the
configuration of capacitors inductors and resistors. These are single tuned filters,
by-pass filter, high-pass filter, 3rd order C type filters etc.

15
 b. Active filters: The passive filter reduces the harmonics and improves the power
factor but they have a demerit of fixed compensation, large size and resonance.
So, a dynamic and adjustable filter is needed to filter the harmonic. These filters
consist of power electronic component. They are placed in parallel or series with
non-linear load. These filters injects opposite phase current that is reverse of
harmonics injected due to non-linear load thus the harmonics gets filtered.
c. Hybrid filters: The active filters are costly and thus not cost effective. So a hybrid
filters are used to get a practical cost effective solution. This is done by reducing
the rating of the active filter and adding passive filter to form a hybrid filter which
allows reduced cost. This filter offers advantage of both active and passive filter
and covers broad range of capacity and performance level.

2.8.1 Single tuned filter

A single tuned filter bypasses harmonic to which they are tuned. They are mostly used to
decrease the harmonic component in the power system. It consists of series RLC circuit
that is tuned to a single harmonics frequency. This delivers a path for the harmonics that
it is tuned to [13]. The filter along with decreasing the harmonic content in the power
system also provides power factor correction. The reactive power that is needed to be
installed in the system 𝑄𝑐 is found with the help of real power load P obtained from the
load flow analysis [14][15].

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑃 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑝𝑓0 ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑝𝑓1 )] (1)

Where, p.fo is the initial power factor of the system
pf1 is the improvement of power factor of the system
Now we have to evaluate the required capacitive reactance at the systems nominal line to
line voltage which is given by
𝑉2
𝑋𝑐 = (2)
𝑄𝑐
1
𝐶=
2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐
Where f is the fundamental frequency of our system
The inductive reactance is evaluated using the following formula
𝑋
𝑋𝐿 = ℎ2𝑐 (3)
𝑛

𝐿 𝑋
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓 (4)
Where ℎ𝑛 is the harmonic order that we want to eliminate.
The resistance required is calculated by specifying the quality factor (Q) which lies in the
range of 30 to 50 and 𝑋𝑛 is the characteristics reactance.

𝑋𝑛 = √𝑋𝑐 𝑋𝐿 (5)
𝑋𝑛
𝑅= (6)
𝑄

16
 Chapter 3: Simulation and Results
The simulation was carried on ETAP using IEEE 9 bus system to get the miscordination
of the relay due to the presence of harmonic in electrical network. The IEEE 9 bus system
is also called as WSCC 9 bus system as it is a basic comprasion of Western System
Coordinating Council. ETAP software is utilized as a part in examination, analysis,
simulation, control, optimization and automation of electrical power system network. The
ETAP software is used as it has capability of complex power system computation with
flexible and user friendly interface. Along with the anaysis of our network the design of
harmonic filter was calculated using formula and also using the ETAP software and the
results were compared.

3.1 IEEE 9 bus test system

A fundamental block diagram of IEEE 9 bus system is presented in figure 8. It has total
of 9 bus, 3 generators, 3 loads connected, 6 lines and 3 transformers in mesh network. 3
transformer are at between bus 1 and 4, bus 6 and 3, and bus 2 and 8. The base kV levels
are 13.8kV, 16.5kV, 18kV and 230kV.

Figure 8: IEEE 9 bus system [11]

3.2 Components of IEEE 9 bus system in ETAP

3.2.1 Generators
There are 3 synchronous generators used in IEEE 9 bus system. Generator 1 is the
connected to a swing bus. This is kept as a swing bus because the bus having the
maximum power is kept as swing bus. The rating of this generator is 247.5 MW and
16.5kV operating at its voltage rating of 104% of its rated voltage. Figure 9 shows the
parametes of generator 1. Generator 2 is connected to a voltage control bus and this has a
rating of 163.2 MW and 18kV operating at 102.5% of rated voltage. It has a reactive

17
power limit of 100 Mvar to -50 Mvar. Generator 3 is also connected to a voltage control
bus and this has a rating of 108.8 MW and 13.8kV operating at 102.5% of rated voltage.
It has a reactive power limit of 100 Mvar to -50 Mvar. The table below gives the data of
the all 3 generators.

Rated Capacity Rated % pf

Operating Reactive Reactive
(MW) voltage(kV) voltage (% of power (max power (min
rated kV) Mvar) Mvar)
Generator 1 247.5 16.5 100 104
Generator 2 163.2 18 85 102.5 100 -50
Generator 3 108.8 13.8 85 102.5 100 -50
Table 1: Data of Synchronous generator in IEEE bus

Figure 9: Synchronous generator 1 rating in ETAP

18
3.2.2 Buses
The IEEE 9 bus system has a total of 9 bus which has four different voltage levels. Bus 1,
bus 2 and bus 3 has voltage of 16.5kV, 18kV and 13.8kV respectively. All the other bus 4
through 9 has a rating of 230kV.

3.2.3 Transformer
The IEEE 9 bus system consists of 3 100 MVA transformer connected between bus 1 and
bus 4, bus 2 and bus 7, bus 3 and bus 9 respectively. The table below gives the rating of
the transformer used in the simulation.

Capacity Conntection Primary Secondary

(MVA) between bus Voltage(kV) Voltage (kV)
Transformer 1 100 Bus 1 and bus 4 230 16.5
Transformer 2 100 Bus 2 and bus 7 230 18
Transformer 3 100 Bis 3 and bus 9 230 13.8
Table 2: Transformer rating in IEEE 9 bus

3.2.4 Transmission lines

There are 6 lines in the IEEE 9 bus test case and the standard data provided in the
example of ETAP IEEE 9 bus system was used for the simulation.

3.2.5 Current transformer

21 CT were uesd in the system for the current measurement for relays. The secondary of
all the CT used are 5A. The rating of different CT used are in the table below.

Primary Current (A) Secondary Current (A)

CT 1 1000 5
CT 3 1000 5
CT 4 1800 5
CT 5 600 5
CT 6 1800 5
CT 7 35000 5
CT 8 500 5
CT 9 2000 5
CT 10 1000 5
CT 11 950 5
CT 12 1000 5
CT 13 2500 5
CT 14 800 5
CT 15 2000 5
CT 17 30000 5
CT 18 30000 5
CT 19 2000 5
CT 20 30000 5

19
CT 21 30000 5
CT 22 35000 5
Table 3: CT rating

3.2.6 Circuit breaker

High voltage circuit breaker were used in the simulation. There are a total of 21 CB. The
rating of the CB are automatically set automatically accourding to the components
connected to it. A sample of high voltage circuit breaker info can be seen in the figure
below.

Figure 10: Circuit Breaker 2 rating in ETAP

3.2.7 Relays
The relays are configured with the CB and CT. ETAP has a library of different relay
manufactures and a suitable relay was selected through this library. In this simulation

20
there are 21 relays of which 12 are directional and rest of the others are non-directional.
The relay used in this study is ABB manufactured and model 51I with 50 which is
applied for phase and ground protection and has a function of overcurrent. For the
operation of the CB respective CT is configured as an input to the relay. This can be seen
in the figure below.

Figure 11: Overcurrent Relay 19 input rating in ETAP

21
 Figure 12: Overcurrent Relay 19 output rating in ETAP

3.2.8 Static load

There are 3 static loads used in the IEEE 9 bus system. They are connected at three
different buses. Static load A is connected to bus 5 and has a load of 125 MW. Static load
B is connected to bus 6 and has a load of 87 MW and load C is conntected to bus 8 and
load of 96 MW.

22
 Figure 13: Static load C ETAP rating

3.3 Load flow Study in ETAP

Load flow study is performed in ETAP using all the data for the single line diagram of
IEEE 9 bus system. Load flow analysis is done for determining the operation of existing
system and also in planning the future expanision of the power system. It is analysed in
normal steady state condition. From load flow study we are able the get the voltage’s
magnitude and phase and also active and reactive power flow in the line. A load flow was
carried out in ETAP using the single line diagram of IEEE 9 bus system. The diagram
and load flow calculation are given below.

23
Figure 14: Single line diagram of IEEE 9 bus system in ETAP

Figure 15: Load flow study in ETAP

24
ID Nominal kV Voltage (%) MW loading
Bus 1 16.5 104 71.337
Bus 2 18 102.5 163
Bus 3 13.8 102.5 85
Bus 4 230 102.58 71.334
Bus 5 230 99.57 124.761
Bus 6 230 101.27 89.939
Bus 7 230 102.57 162.984
Bus 8 230 101.59 99.975
Bus 9 230 103.23 84.996
Table 4: Load flow Bus results

ID From bus To bus MW flow Mvar flow % pf % voltage

drop
Line 1 Bus 5 Bus 4 40.46 38.642 72.32 3.01
Line 2 Bus 6 Bus 4 30.453 16.556 87.86 1.31
Line 3 Bus 7 Bus 5 86.6 -8.45 -99.53 3
Line 4 Bus 9 Bus 6 60.842 -18.099 -95.85 1.97
Line 5 Bus 9 Bus 8 24.066 24.295 70.38 1.65
Line 6 Bus 8 Bus 7 75.909 10.683 99.02 0.99
T1 Bus 4 Bus 1 71.337 26.963 93.54 1.42
T2 Bus 2 Bus 7 162.984 -9.269 -99.84 0.07
T3 Bus 3 Bus 9 84.996 -14.981 -98.48 0.73
Table 5: Load flow branch results

ID Rating Rated kV MW % pf % loading Terminal

MVA voltage(kV)
Load A 135.532 230 124.761 92.85 99.6 99.57
Load B 92.449 230 89.939 94.87 101.3 101.27
Load C 102.637 230 99.975 94.39 101.6 101.59
Table 6: Load flow loads results

ID Rating MW Rated kV Mvar % pf % Generation

G1 247.5 16.5 29.963 93.54 28.8
G2 163.2 18 6.562 99.92 99.9
G3 108.8 13.8 -10.885 -99.19 78.1
Table 7: Load flow source results

3.4 Short circuit study in ETAP

Short circuit is an condition in an electrical system. A very low impedance is encoured
due to which a high current flows in the system. A short circuit analysis and coordintation
of relay is critical for safe, well ordered and economical operation of an electrical system.
Short circuit study is used to etablish proper interrupting ratings.
The short circuit analyis in ETAP is done in short circuit analysis mode. To perform this
the typical data provided by the ETAP was used for transient, sub-transient impedance of

25
generators and machine. After this data are provided the fault bus has to be specified in
order to get the fault current. Short circuit analyis report of fault at bus 5 can be seen in
the ETAP report in the figure 17 below.Similarly the fault can be achieved at different
fault at different bus.

Figure 16: Short circuit anlaysis in ETAP with fault in bus 5

Figure 17: Short Circuit Analysis report in ETAP with fault in bus 5

26
3.5 Relay coordination study in ETAP
Relay coordination study is used in power system to selectively isolate the faults. ETAP
Star-Protective device cordination program is used for this section of study. It has a Time
Current characteristics curve with graphical user interface, extensive device library
etc.With this study we can troubleshoot false trips, relay miscoordinaton etc. Also,
graphical adjustment can be done in this part of study with section of ETAP.
For this section of study we need to provide the settings of CTs and CBs and know the
fault current flowing in the line. Using these values relays characteristics is choosen and
is setup. After this the fault is applied to the line or bus and the relay operation is looked
at. If the relay operation is not coordinating then the TCC curve is adjusted to get the
relay coordination. Since, it has a loop system the relay in the loop has a directional
element. Below is the table of the operation of OCR along with its backup relay at fault at
different line.

Fault at Operation time of relay in mili-sec

Primary Backup
Line 1 Relay 16 438 Relay 13 490
Relay 15 551 Relay 17 613
Line 2 Relay 14 486 Relay 15 551
Relay 13 490 Relay 17 613
Line 3 Relay 20 434 Relay 16 860
Relay 21 743 Relay 17 1111
Line 4 Relay 12 418 Relay 14 860
Relay 11 860 Relay 17 1111
Line 5 Relay 7 287 Relay 12 860
Relay 6 408 Relay 8 1074
Line 6 Relay 4 501 Relay 3 718
Relay 5 692 Relay 7 860
Table 8: Operating time of over current relays
If we consider a case of fault at line 1 of the IEEE 9 bus system then the relay associated
with it( relay 16 and relay 15) should trip the circuit breaker( CB 5 and CB 7) associated
with this fault and open the faulted section of the system. If the nearest breaker is not able
to open this section then the conseceutive relay should pick up this current with a certain
delay and act to open the fault. The figure below shows the sequence of operation of the
relay if the fault occurs in line 1 of our system.

27
 Figure 18: Sequence of operation with fault at line 1

Figure 19: Star Time curve characteristics at line 1 protection

28
3.6 Harmonic study in ETAP
Non linear loads were included in this system which are the source of harmonic current in
this IEEE 9 bus system. Harmonics are the deviation of the current from its fundamental
frequency. The total harmonic in power system should be kept low as possible to have
good power factor, lower peak current and higher efficicncy. The frequency spectrum is a
medium of showing the harmonics comprised in a periodic signal and specifies the
amplitude of each harmonic order.
ETAP harmonic frequency scan module computes and plots the magnitudes and phase
angles of bus driving point impedance over a frequency range listed by the user.
Previsously the system has no harmonic and the current is sinusodial wave with no
distortion. On this study the current harmonic was inserted in the static load C from the
harmonic library. Then the harmonics spectrum and waveform was observed in the line 1
which can be seen in the figure below.

Figure 20: Harmonic Spectrum at line 1

Figure 21: Current Waveform at line 1 with harmonic

29
3.7 Effect of harmonic on relay mis-coordination in ETAP
In a power system network if the total harmonic distortion is high then the power factor
of the system is low due to which large load current flows in the system and due to this
the relay that were coordination sequencely with our system would malfuction there by
loosing the coordination. In this study if we apply the same fault in the same line 1 which
has a harmonic content would operate in different order than what is desired. The figure
below shows the miscoordination when the fault occurs in the system which has a
harmonic current.

Figure 22: Sequence of operation during fault at line 1 with harmonic

From the sequence of operation for fault at line 1 we see that due to harmonic in the
system the tripping sequence of the relays were misoperated.

3.8 Harmonic filter and relay coordination in ETAP

From our study we find that due to the harmonic in the power system the sequence of
operation of the relay were changed so for the system to operate in a correct sequence we
need to reduce the total harmonic of the system. So in order to reduce the harmonic
content of the system harmonic filters needs to be inserted in the system. Harmonic filter
reduces the total harmonic content in the system as well as improves the power factor of
the power system. ETAP has an inbuilt harmonic filter design software in it and we can
use it to design the type of harmonic filter based on the harmonic we want to suppress.
The 5th and 7th harmonic content were found to be highest from the harmonic spectrum

30
diagram. Thus we need to suppress this harmonic in order to filter the harmonic from our
system. Two single tuned filter were used in bus 6 and bus 8 to reduce the total harmonic
distortion in our study. The figure below shows the parameter of single tuned filter in
ETAP reduction of total harmonic distortion.

Figure 23: Harmonic Filter 1 rating in ETAP

With the introduction of two harmonic filter in our system the system harmonic content
in the system is reduced which can be seen in the harmonic spectrum and current
waveform given below.

31
 Figure 24: Harmonic Spectrum at line 1 with harmonic filter

Figure 25: Current Waveform at line 1 with harmonic filter

Now we look at the coordination of the relay in our study. Due to the improvement in the
quality the sequence of operation of the relay returned to the previous designed operation
sequence. The figure below shows the same fault being applied at line 1 and the desired
relay operation was achieved.

32
 Figure 26: Sequence of operation during fault at line 1 with harmonic filter

3.9 Design of single tuned filter and comparasion with ETAP

A single tuned filter was designed using the formula 1 through 6. To start with the
calculation we need to select the bus on which we want to put our filter. In our case
choose bus 6 and bus 8. The load MVA and the power factor was found using the ETAP
software and the data are given in table 4 through 7. Then the harmonic analysis is
carried out in the ETAP software and then harmonic which contributes most to distort the
waveform is found.

In our test case the 5th and the 7th harmonic is contributing most to distort the wavefrom.
We used two filter at bus 6 bus 8 in our test case. The load MVA from load flow is found
to be 94.8 MVA and 105.9 MVA repectively. The power factor at these bus is 94.9% and
94.4% respectively. We want to increase the power factor to 99% at each bus. So, using
the formula discussed in chapter 2.8.1 the calculation is done below to decrease the 5th
order harmonic at bus6.

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑃 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑝𝑓0 ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑝𝑓1 )]

𝑄𝑐 = 89.9𝑋103 [tan(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 .949) − tan(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 .99)]
𝑄𝑐 = 17056 KVar
𝑉2
𝑋𝑐 = 𝑄𝑐

33
 2302
𝑋𝑐 =
17056
𝑋𝑐 = 3.1016𝑋103 Ω per single phase
1
𝐶=
2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐
𝐶 = 0.855 μF per phase
𝑋𝑐
𝑋𝐿 = 2
ℎ𝑛
𝑋𝐿 = 124.06 Ω per single phase
𝑋𝐿
𝐿=
2𝜋𝑓
𝐿 = 0.3291 H
𝑋𝑛 = √𝑋𝑐 𝑋𝐿

𝑋𝑛 = 620.31
𝑋𝑛
𝑅=
𝑄

𝑅 = 20.68 Ω per single phase

Calculated ETAP
Bus 6, 5 harmonic Bus 8, 7 harmonic Bus 6, 5th harmonic Bus 8, 7th harmonic
th th

𝑄𝑐 17056 Kvar 20696 Kvar 17069 Kvar 20716 Kvar

𝐶 0.855 μF 1.038 μF 0.856 μF 1.039 μF
𝑋𝐿 124.06 Ω 52.1643 Ω 123.97 Ω 52.11 Ω
Table 9: Comparison of filter design calculated and ETAP

There is a slight variation in the values of calculated and ETAP due to rounding off error
in hand calculation.

34
 Conclusion
In this study IEEE 9 bus system was created and simulated using ETAP. The studied
system contained 9 bus, 6 lines, 3 generators, 3 loads, 3 transformer, CTs, CBs and
relays. The load flow analysis, short circuit study, star coordination of protection was
performed, harmonic analysis and harmonic filter design was performed using ETAP.
The simulation results shows how we can get a proper sequence of operation with ETAP
star coordination and also see the effect of harmonic on the sequence of operation when
the THD is high and design the filter to reduce this harmonic distortion to get a proper
relay coordination. Also, hand calculation of single tuned filter design was done and
compared with ETAP calculation.

35
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[7] C. Russell Mason, “Line Protection with Overcurrent Relays”, Wiley, 1956
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