Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 6

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Evaluate Opinion and Truth through Fallacy

Name of Learner: ______________________________________

Grade Level: ______________________________________
Strand/Track: ______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
Date: ______________________________________

A. Background Information for Learners

Critical thinking and logic are important tools to distinguish facts from opinions. An
opinion can be a belief or judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete
certainty. It is a personal view attitude or appraisal or personal feelings. Asking relevant
questions, assessing arguments and statements, looking for evidence to support assumption
and beliefs and deciding rationally what to believe or not, are important to evaluate opinions.
However, we have to be careful in evaluation things because of the so-called fallacy.

This Activity Sheet focuses on evaluating truth from opinion in different situations
through fallacy.

B. Learning Competency with code

MELC 6: Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using methods of
philosophizing.

C. Directions/ Instructions
After going through with this unit, you are expected to:
1. Read and follow each direction carefully.
2. Accomplish each activity for the mastery of competency.
3. Use the Learning Activity Sheets with care.
4. Record your points for each activity.
5. Always aim to get at least 80% of the total number of given items.
6. If you have any questions, contact your teacher through Messenger or cell
phone number.

D. Exercises/Activities

D. 1. INTRODUCTION

a. What I Need to Know?

After going through with this activity sheet, you are expected to:
1. define fallacy; and
2. enumerate the types of fallacy.

b. What’s New?

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

ACTIVITY 1: “Question to Ponder”

DIRECTIONS: Answer the question posted below. (Rubric to be used for

checking your answer is available in Letter F)

Should we observe correct reasoning

at all time?
MY SCORE:

____________
D. 2. DEVELOPMENT

a. What I Know?

ACTIVITY 2: “Pool of Words”

DIRECTIONS: From the pool of words, choose the correct answer.

a. Hasty generalization f. Against the Person

b. Composition g. False Cause
c. Appeal to Force h. Division
d. Appeal to People i. Equivocation
e. Appeal to Ignorance j. Appeal to Pity

___1. Someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or
her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.
___2. This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or
belief of the person advocating the premise.
___3. One reasons logically that something true of a thing must be also be true
of all or some parts of it.
___4. Whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa.
___5. This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but
giving the particular word a different meaning each time.
___6. This fallacy is also referred to as coincidental correlation, or correlation not
causation.
___7. An argument where force, coercion, or threat of force, is given as
justification for a conclusion.
___8. This fallacy is common based on a broad conclusion upon the statistics of
a survey of a small group that fails to sufficiently represent the whole
population.
___9. This infers that something is true of what the whole from the fact that it is
true of some part of the whole.
___10. An argument that appeals or exploits people vanities, desire, esteem and
anchoring on popularity.
MY SCORE:

____________

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

b. What’s In?

ACTIVITY 3: “Differentiation”

DIRECTIONS: Differentiate the different methods of Philosophy from each other.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
MY SCORE:

____________
c. What is It?

DISCUSSION: Evaluate Opinion and Truth through Fallacy

Fallacy

In logic, errors or mistakes in reasoning are called fallacies. The term

came from the Latin word faller, which means "deception" or "false." Hence,
fallacies are false reasoning. One important note to think about is that if a
reasoning or argument committed a fallacy, it does not necessarily mean that its
conclusion is already false. The fallacies are committed in the reasoning process
itself. It usually follows that if the reasoning is false, then the conclusion is also
false.

Types of Fallacies

1. Against the Person (Argumentum ad hominem) - this fallacy attempts to

link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person
advocating the premise.
Example: You are a prostitute; you cannot be trusted.

2. Appeal to Force (Argumetum ad baculum) - an argument where force,

coercion, or threat of force, is given as justification for a conclusion.
Example: If you don't want to get beaten up, you will agree with what I say.

3. Appeal to People (Argumentum ad populum) - an argument that appeals or

exploits people vanities, desire, esteem and anchoring on popularity.
Example: This fruit drink is endorsed by my favourite actress.  Therefore, fruit
juice is good.

4. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam) - A specific kind of appeal

to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by
exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.
Example: Oh come on, I've been sick.  That's why I missed the deadline.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

5. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam) - Whatever has not

been proved false must be true, and vice versa.
Example: No one has even proven that there is life after death. Therefore,
there is no life after death.

6. Fallacy of Equivocation - this is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a

word several times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each
time.
Example: He is drinking from the pitcher of water; he is a baseball pitcher

7. Fallacy of Composition - this infers that something is true of what the

whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.
Example: Alex failed the written test. He has poor communication skills.

8. Fallacy of Division - one reasons logically that something true of a thing

must be also be true of all or some parts of it.
Example: That car is red.  Therefore, its engine is red.

9. False cause (post hoc) - since that event followed this one, that event
must have been caused by this one. This fallacy is also referred to as
coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation.
Example: When the rooster crows, the sun rises.  Therefore, the rooster
causes the sun to rise.

10. Hasty generalization - this fallacy is common based on a broad

conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group that fails to
sufficiently represent the whole population.
Example: I think I won't accept the job at Office Depot. My boss would be a
woman, and at my last job my boss was a woman, and she was the worst
boss I've ever had.

D. 3. ENGAGEMENT

a. What is more?

ACTIVITY 4: “Poem Making”

DIRECTIONS: Define fallacy using a two-stanza poem. (Rubric to be used for

checking your answer is available in Letter F)

______________________________________
Title

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

________________________________________________

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
MY SCORE:

____________
ACTIVITY 5: “Concept Map”

DIRECTIONS: Complete the concept map below.

MY SCORE:

____________
b. What I Can Do?

ACTIVITY 6: “Fallacious Movie Scene”

DIRECTIONS: Identify at least three scenes from different movies which show
any of the types of fallacy. (Rubric to be used for checking your answer is
available in Letter F)
MY SCORE:

____________
c. What other Enrichment Activities can I Engage In?

ACTIVITY 7: “I am Fallacious”

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

DIRECTIONS: Narrate personal experiences where you experience applying the

following fallacies. (Rubric to be used for checking your answer is available in
Letter F)

1. Argumentum ad baculum
2. Argumentum ad populum
3. Fallacy of Equivocation
4. Fallacy of Division
5. False Cause
MY SCORE:

____________
D. 4. ASSIMILATION

a. What I Have Learned?

ACTIVITY 8: “My Takeaways”

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.

1. What is fallacy?
2. What are the types of fallacy?
MY SCORE:

____________
b. Assessment/What I Can Show?

ACTIVITY 9: “Sample…Sample”

DIRECTIONS: Give example of the types of fallacy below. (Rubric to be used for
checking your answer is available in Letter F)

1. Argumentum ad hominem
2. Argumentum ad ignorantiam
3. Argumentum ad misericordiam
4. Fallacy of Composition
5. Hasty Generalization
MY SCORE:

____________
E. Guide Questions (already embedded in the activities)

F. Rubric for Scoring

This rubric will be used to score Activities 1, 4, 6, 7 and 9.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

G. Reflection
Learners will write on their notebooks or journals their insights about the lesson.

 I understand that_________________________________________________.
 I realized that ___________________________________________________.

H. References for Learners

Books

Corpuz, Brenda B. et. al. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person, Lorimar Pubishing, Inc.

Ramos, Cristine Carmela R. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person, Rex Bookstore, Inc.

Electronic Sources

https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-
press-releases/dialogue-and-dialectics-socratic

https://www.slideshare.net/jomarienel/lesson-2-methods-of-philosophizing

Prepared by:

Mary Finn A. Marcellana

Writer
Lemery Senior High School

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

I. Answer Key

Activities 5 and 8 Activity 3 Activity 2 Activities 1, 4, 6, 7

and 9
(please refer to (please refer to 1. j
What is It?) What is It? In 2. f Subjective
Learning Activity 3. h Assessment
Sheet 5) 4. e (please refer to
5. i rubric for checking)
6. g
7. c
8. a
9. b
10. d