Proposal

“Gender Stereotypes analyzing portrayed in the Film of Suffragette (2015)”

By

Dewi Pingkan Kango

(321418005)

English Department

Faculty of Letters and Culture

State University of Gorontalo

2020
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The community environment will not be separated from the name of the social
system because the words system and social itself are closely related to society. In
functionalism (Parsons, 1951 as cited in Kristanto, 2008) the social system is a system of
interactions that takes place between 2 (two) or more actors, each of which contains a
function in a community unit. The social system can be described as a rule that regulates
social interaction based on shared norms and values. Where, both the individual and the
forming group have their respective functions and roles that influence each other. In
society itself, there are so many social systems in it, that's because every community has
its own way of socializing. Every community environment has its own norms and values.
One example of a social system that exists in society is the patriarchal system. This
system is also what is often debated by both social experts and the community.

The patriarchal system is the understanding that men are higher than women,
determines the role of women in society based on the function of their reproductive
organs until they give birth to children (Irigaray, 2004 as quoted in Tano & Tisnawijaya,
2017, p. 68). This patriarchal system is basically a system where men have authority or
privilege over women. However, as previously said, this patriarchal system is often
debated in various circles. This is because the system itself is considered unfair, where
men have more advantages than women and give full power to men. The social system
that was originally formed as a rule that regulates social interaction, is actually often used
by several individuals for profit, satisfaction or personal interests, in this case both groups
and individuals. This is what causes the emergence of several actions that are considered
to deviate from the initial function of the social system itself, one of which is gender-
based violence.

According to UNHCR Gender-Based Violence (GBV) refers to harmful acts

directed at an individual based on their gender. It is rooted in gender inequality, the abuse
of power and harmful norms. Gender-Based Violence (GBV) can include sexual,
physical, mental and economic harm inflicted in public or in private. It also includes
threats of violence, coercion and manipulation. So gender violence itself can only happen
to men against women and vice versa. However, in a patriarchal system, what often
happens is violence against women because those who oppose this system are mostly
women, although not all and not always women are the objects of violence.

In addition, with this patriarchal system in which men are superior to women, it
makes people who adhere to this system have an understanding where men must take
precedence or priority. For example in terms of voicing opinions, here the women's
opinions are represented by male family members in the family. Another example is also
in terms of education, men in every family have the right to get a proper education, but it
is different from women who are actually required to work since they are in their teens
and do not get education from the government. This understanding is known as gender
stereotypes.

This study discusses gender stereotypes and gender-based violence in the film
“Suffragette (2015)” directed by Sarah Gavron. Suffragette (2015) is a drama genre film
produced by Studio Focus Features. It's about how women struggle for social equality.
The film stars Carey Mulligan, Helena Bonham Carter, Meryl Streep, Emmeline
Pankhurst, Ben Whishaw and Brendan Gleeson. According to the Wikipedia site, The
Sufffragette (2015) has received reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of
73%, based on 213 reviews, with an average rating of 6.71/10.

In the film Suffragette (2015), the writer sees gender stereotypes and gender-
based violence depicted in the film. For example, at the beginning of the film there is a
line of dialogue.

“POLITICIAN V/O
Women do not have the calmness of temperament or the balance of mind to
exercise judgement in political affairs.
Through the rising clouds of steam, WOMEN ironing, MRS VIOLET MILLER
[early 40s] amongst them.
POLITICIAN 2 V/O
 If we allow women to vote, it will mean the loss of social structure. Women are
well represented by their fathers, brothers, husbands.”

In this sentence, there is a statement that “If we allow women to vote, it will mean
the loss of social structure. Women are well represented by their fathers, brothers,
husbands” illustrates the existence of an understanding of gender stereotypes which in the
statement says as if women are not allowed to do something that people think men should
do. In the dialogue they talk about voting. They think that only men have the right to vote
because they think that decisions made by women are irrational. According to the male
characters in this film, women's participation will only destroy their social structure. By
watching the film Suffragette (2015), the writer is interested in researching the film.

This study aims to show and explain how the film "Suffragette (2015)" depicts
gender stereotypes and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) using the sociology of literature
approach as a theoretical framework.

B. Research Question

To make it easier for author to analyze the film "Suffragette (2015)”, the

questions discussed are:

1. How are gender stereotypes and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) portrayed in the film

“Suffragette (2015)”?

C. Purpose of Research

Based on the problem formulation, the objectives of study are:

1. To explain what is patriarchal system and how the patriarchal system portrait in the
film of “Suffragette (2015)
2. To explain what is gender stereotypes and Gender-Based Violence (GBV)
3. To explain how gender stereotypes and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) are depicted
in the film “Suffragette (2015)”?
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Patriarchy System
The word “patriarchy” has been recreated in the past two decades to analyze the origins
and conditions of men’s oppression of women (Kamarae, 1992). Originally used to describe the
power of the father as head of household, the term ‘patriarchy’ has been used within post 1960s
feminism to refer to the systematic organization of male supremacy and female subordination
(Kamarae, 1992; Stacey, 1993; Aina, 1998; etc.). Patriarchal system is the ideology that men are
superior to women, determines women roles in society based on her reproduction organs'
functions to childbearing (Irigaray, 2004 as cited in Tisnawijaya & Tano, 2017. p. 68). This
patriarchal system is basically a system where men have the authority or privileges over women.
This system makes men more powerful than women.
Also this culture of patriarchy is a very strong determinant of male dominance over
female and as a result men will sit back in the family to keep the family name and lineage
growing while women will be married out. Thus men are being trained for leadership activities
while women are confined to domestic activities; roles ascribed to them by culture which affect
them later in life, thereby making them to lose self-confident/worth and have low self- esteem in
their career in adult life, politics inclusive. Despite the pronounced commitment of the
international community to gender equality and to the bridging the gender gap in the formal
political arena, reinforced by the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW) and the Beijing Platform of Action, women are highly marginalized
and are poorly represented in political activities. (UNDP Report, 2005 as cited in Makama, 2013.
p. 116).
Okpe, (2005) submits that patriarchy is a broad network or system of hierarchical
organization that cuts across political, economic, social, religion, cultural, industrial and financial
spheres, under which the overwhelming number of upper positions in society are either occupied
or controlled and dominated by men.

Gender stereotypes
 Gender stereotypes are divided into 2 words, namely gender and stereotypes. In general,
the word gender is used to identify differences between men and women from a socio-cultural
perspective. Gender is a basis for determining the influence of cultural and collective life factors
in distinguishing men and women as Wilson (1989 in Maidinda, 2007). The word gender in the
Big Indonesian Dictionary has the same meaning as "sex", namely sex, but these two terms have
different meanings. Gender connotes social, cultural, psychological, and other non-biological
aspects. While sex connotes the biological aspect (Subhan, 2002, as cited in Maidinda, 2007).
In short, gender is a term that is used to distinguish between men and women from a social and
non-biological perspective.

While stereotypes, according to Manstead and Hewstone define a stereotype as a socially

shared belief about characteristics (such as personality traits, expected behavior, or personal
values) that are considered true by social groups and their members (Murdianto, 2018 cited in
Rofidah, 2018). 2021). These stereotypes can be carried out by an individual or group against
another individual or group. This also agrees with the statement of Fakih (1996 as cited in
Maidinda, 2007) which states that stereotype is a labeling or marking of a certain group.

So that it can be interpreted that gender stereotypes are a view or understanding of

society that distinguishes women and men in all aspects, such as roles, physique, nature, attitudes
and other aspects. This is in line with the opinion of Rofidah (2021) which states that gender
stereotypes are views and assessments directed at forming differentiating roles which are
considered appropriate for men and what are appropriate for women.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

According to Austik & Laksono (2015) gender violence occurs because in society there is
"gender deviation" which is rooted in patriarchal culture and is a cultural construction of society
that has been strongly attached. Heggen (as cited in Austik & Laksono, 2015: 2) argues that an
action can be said to be a wrong behavior and or violence if (1) the action involves two parties,
where one party is in a stronger objective situation, (2) the action first and foremost intended.

So what is Gender-Based Violence (GBV)? According to UNHCR Gender-Based

Violence (GBV) refers to harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender. It is
rooted in gender inequality, the abuse of power and harmful norms. Gender-Based Violence
(GBV) can include sexual, physical, mental and economic harm inflicted in public or in private.
It also includes threats of violence, coercion and manipulation.

According to Resna (2022, 06 June) in the SehatQ article, there are 4 types of Gender-
Based Violence (GBV):

1. Sexual violence is any sexual act carried out against the will of a person or against a
person who does not give permission, including rape, violence and sexual abuse of
children, and sexual exploitation by people with more power.
2. Physical violence is violence that is not of a sexual nature. This form of physical
violence includes any form of violence or neglect that causes physical pain or injury. For
example hitting, slapping, strangling, pushing, snatching, pinching, biting, hair pulling,
burning, cutting, shooting or using any weapon.
3. Emotional and psychological violence is a form of violence that causes mental or
emotional suffering or injury. For example, violence is carried out in a non-physical way
by people closest to or people in authority. Examples of emotional abuse include verbal
abuse or insults.
4. Social or economic violence is social violence that is carried out in a non-physical way or
embedded in laws and policies that deny women and girls (and other vulnerable groups)
access to income or income, financial services, assets, and opportunities for
advancement.
B. Approach to Sociology of Literature

Sociology

In general, sociology can be described as an objective study of human beings in social

groups, including social processes that occur in humans and society. This field presents all
social phenomena that need to be explained scientifically as research material. This process
shows how humans as individuals can interact with society and social mechanisms in order to be
accepted into a certain behavior. So, sociology can be briefly understood as a discipline that
aims to study human behavior, the formation of a social structure and mutual agreement in
economics, politics, culture, and others (Durkheim, 1958: 24 in Tri Wahyudi, 2013: 55). This
also agrees with Damono's statement (1978: 6) which says that sociology is an objective and
scientific study of humans in society, the study of social institutions and processes. Sociology
tries to find out how society is made possible, how it exists and how it exists.

Literature

An imaginary form of work or fiction as an expression (disclosure) of human life and

society where literature uses humans and all aspects of life as objects. According to Ahmadi
(2019:1 in Syafitri, 2), where literature is the science of humanity. Because it contains human
values and humanizes humans. All aspects of human life such as religion, economy and social
culture can be used as objects in literary works. This is in line with the opinion of Wellek and
Warren (1995: 109 in Syafitri, 2) that literature presents a life whose contents are mostly based
on social reality. Authors come from the community and they create a work as a reflection of
human life.

Sociology of literature

After looking at the notions of sociology and literature, it can be concluded that there is a
relationship between sociology and literature, namely the object of human life in society. Thus,
a literary work can be researched using the sociological method which is then known as the
sociology of literature approach.

Faruk (1994: 1 in Nasution, 2016: 18) gives the understanding that the sociology of
literature is a scientific and objective study of humans in society, the study of social institutions
and processes. Meanwhile, according to Endraswara (2013: 79) sociology of literature is
research that focuses on human problems. Sociology of literature is a study that can be used as a
tool to examine the relationship of a literary work with the social life of society. This is in line
with the opinion of Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2015: 59) who says that the sociological approach
serves to analyze the relationships that exist in people's lives, by understanding an individual and
society and vice versa (in Syafitri, : 3). So it can be concluded that sociology is a study used to
examine literary works and their relationship with humans in the social life of society.

Definition and Perspective of the Sociology of Literature

After looking at the definition of sociology and literature, it can be concluded that there is
a connection between sociology and literature that is the object, human life in society. Thus, a
literary work can be examined using the sociological method which became known as the
sociology of literature approach.

Faruk (1994: 1 in Nasution, 2016: 18) gives the notion that sociology of literature is a scientific
and objective study of humans in society, the study of institutions and social processes.
Meanwhile according to Endraswara (2013: 79) sociology of literature is research that focuses on
human problems. Sociology of literature is a study that can be used as a tool to examine the
relationship between a literary work and the social life of society. In line with the opinion of
Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2015: 59) who says that the sociological approach functions to analyze
the relationships that exist in people's lives, by understanding an individual with society and vice
versa (in Syafitri, 3). So it can be concluded that sociology is a study used to examine literary
works and their relationship with humans in the social life of society.

According to Endraswara (2013: 80) literature can be studied with the sociology of literature
through three perspectives.

1. The perspective of literary texts, meaning that researchers analyze it as a reflection of

people's lives and vice versa. Texts are usually dismembered, classified, and their
sociological meanings explained.
2. Biographical perspective, namely the researcher analyzes the author. This perspective
relates to the author's life history and social background.
3. Receptive perspective, namely the researcher analyzes the acceptance of literary texts.

Definition of the sociology of literature according to experts

There are several differences in the sociology of literature in the explanations of experts,
but in essence they are the same. All discuss the relationship between literature and society, the
relationship between literature, humans, and social society.

1. Sociology of literature according to wellek and warren

Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book Theory of Literature (1990 as cited in
Damono, 1978:3) classify the sociology of literature which includes:
a. author's sociology,
 Sociology of the author is the sociology of literature which is concerned with social
status, social ideology, and others concerning the author as a producer of literature. The
social aspects experienced by the author, indirectly affect the work he produces. A study
involving the sociology of the author, in the end, will reveal the author's social frame to
increase appreciation of literary texts. The more complete the information about the
author's social frame, the logic of the results of the appreciation and study will be
different (Sutejo & Kasnadi, 2016:6).
b. Sociology of literary works
In the sociology of literature, the problem is the literary work itself; the subject of the
study is what is implied in the literary work and what is its purpose. Sutejo and Kasnadi
(2016) say that the sociology of literary works can include: (1) social aspects (socio-
economic, socio-political, social education, socio-religious, socio-cultural, social); (2)
Aspects of customs (about marriage, about "tingkeban", about baby care, about death,
about cockfighting, about gambling, about worship, and so on; (3) Religious aspects
(faith, piety, worship, law, muamalah) ); (4) ethical aspects (promiscuity between men
and women, friendship, visiting, visiting); (5) moral aspects (prostitution, extortion,
oppression, rape, generosity, helper, affection, corruption, fortitude); and (6) value
aspects (heroism values, religious values, friendship values, moral values, social values,
struggle values, didactic values).
c. Reader's Sociology
Sociology of the reader is the sociology of literature which is concerned with the reader
and the social influence of literary works. Wellek and Warren regard the sociology of
literature as an extrinsic approach with a somewhat negative sense. Sociology of the
reader himself will essentially see how the sociological effect of a literary work on the
sociality of the reader. According to the theory of motivation, what someone reads will
affect the reader. Because reading for someone is a staple food just as we physically
need food and vegetables (Sutejo & Kasnadi, 2016: 7).

2. Sociology of Literature According to Ian Watt

The classification of the sociology of literature is further disclosed by Ian Watt (in
Damono, 1978: 3) classifying the sociology of literature including:
 a. Author's Social Context
All matters relating to the writer's social position in society and its relation to the reading
community, including the study of the author's social context. In this case, it is related to
how the author earns his livelihood, the extent to which the author considers his work as
a profession, and the relationship between the author and the community in this case is
very important, because it is often found that the type of society being addressed
determines the form and content of literary works.
b. Literature as a mirror of society
This relates to the view to what extent literature can be considered as reflecting the state
of society. Things that must be considered are: (a) Literature may not be said to reflect
the society at the time it was written, because many of the characteristics of society
displayed in the literary work were no longer valid at the time it was written. (b) An
author's "different from the others" character often influences the selection and
presentation of social facts in his work. (c) Literary genre is often the social attitude of a
particular group, and not the social attitude of the whole society. (d) Literature which
tries to present the situation of society as accurately as possible may not be trusted as a
mirror of society.
c. Social function of literature
When talking about the social function of literature itself, the problem is to what extent
literary values are related to social values and to what extent literary values are
influenced by social values. In this connection, the things that must be considered,
namely the extreme point of view of the Romantics who consider that literature is equal
to the work of priests or prophets; Literature functions as a reformer and reformer. From
another angle literature serves as mere entertainment, and some kind of compromise can
be reached by borrowing a classic slogan: literature must teach something in an
entertaining way.

3. Sociological Classification of Literature According to Laurenson and Swingewood

According to Laurenson and Swingewood (1971 as cited in Endraswara, 2013:79) there
are three perspectives related to the sociology of literature, namely:
 a. Literature as a social document. Researchers view literature as a social document in
which it is a reflection of the situation at the time the literature was created.
b. Literature as a mirror of the social situation of the writer. Researchers reveal literature
as a mirror of the social situation of the writer.
c. Literature as a manifestation of history and social culture. The author captures literary
works as a manifestation of historical events and socio-cultural conditions.

Target of research sociology of literature

1. The social function of literature
According to Ian Watt (cited in Damono, 1978: 3), when talking about the social
function of literature itself, the problem is how far literary values are related to social
values and to what extent literary values are influenced by social values. In this
connection, the things that must be considered are (1) the extreme point of view of the
Romantics who consider that literature is on the same level as the work of priests or
prophets; (2) literature functions as reformer and reformer. From another angle, literature
functions as mere entertainment, and a kind of compromise can be reached by borrowing
a classic slogan: (3) literature must teach something by entertaining.
Of these three functions, it seems to lead researchers towards empirical. A
researcher will only speculate if it is not accompanied by accurate empirical data. The
function of literature must be extracted directly from society. They determine whether a
particular work has a clear function or not.
In its development, sociology is also used in Marxist research. The understanding
of Marxism assumes that literature, culture, religion in every era are ideological and
superstructural that are dialectically related and are the result of the structure and class
struggles of the era (Endraswara, 2013: 81).
Suwardi Endraswara (2013: 82) describes the sociology of literature research on 2
things. First, research on the sociology of literature can be directed in relation to the
existence of literary texts and their readers. If more literary works are produced and
printed, it is possible that these works will be in line with the tastes of the people. Second,
literary texts can be relevant to the interests of other studies, for example, social history.
2. Literature as a mirror of society
 Basically literature and society are two things that are much related and cannot be
separated. Because literature itself is the result of human creativity whose object is
human life and social society which has been seasoned with the imagination of an author.
Literary context as a mirror, according to Lowenthal (Laurenson and
Swingewood, 1972:16) literature as a mirror of values and feelings, will refer to the level
of change that occurs in different societies and also the way individuals socialize
themselves through social structures. (as cited in Endraswara, 2013:88). The mirror,
according to Stendal, can be a direct reflection of all activities of social life.
In this case, a literary work can be called a documentation of an era that an author
is trying to express. In line with Endraswara's opinion (2013: 89) which explains that
through literary works, the author wants to try to document the era as well as a means of
communication between the author and the reader. The author as a zender (sender of the
message) will convey the news of the times in text form to the onvanger (recipient of the
message), meaning that literary works are at the same time an effective communication
tool.
C. RELEVANT STUDY
Prior to this research, some researchers already researched about the film "Suffragette
(2015)”, but there were different objects, theory and method. Researchers who have discussed
the film "Suffragette (2015)”, includes Luki Adriyani Nur Faizza from Universitas Briwijaya,
Ika Puspitasari from State Islam University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta and Mirte Faber from
Redbound University. For example Luki Adriyani Nur Faizza research with the title “Women
Oppression Depicted in Suffreagette Movie”.
Thus, even though, Luki Adriyani Nur Faizza did the analysis using patriarchy ad a
theoretical framework like the author too but what makes this study different is Luki’s disclose
how women are oppressed by patriarchal system in Suffragette movie. Luki discussed on his
background of study that:

The injustice that suffer by women in the Suffragette movie makes the researcher
interested to look and analyzed the women oppression depict in the Suffragette movie.
This study used patriarcgy and movie studies as a theoriical framework to analyze
woomen’s deppression. Thus, the researcher entitle this research: Women Oppression by
Patriarchy System depicted in Suffragette Movie (2017, p. 4)
 Ika Puspitasari do an analysis of Suffragette (2015) to analyzed Maud as the main female
character and how the Suffragette film depicts the feminism value through the main character
using feminist theory by Betty Friedan. Mirte used a qualitative method with descriptive
analysis. Even we have the same methode, but from the title of Mirte’s thesis we can see that
there is a difference in the focus of research. The title of Mirte’s thesis is Feminist or housewife?
The Negotiation of Gender Roles and Stereotypes in Two Contemporary British Films about
Feminist Icons. Mirte not only analyzed the Suffragette film, but also the film of Iron Lady.
 BAB III

METHODOLOGY

A. METHOD OF RESEARCH

This study is use a qualitative method where the author collects the data in the form of
words (from the original script) and images (from the film) then analyze it. According to Locke,
Spirduso, and Silverman in Creswell (John W Creswell, 2002), "Qualitative research is an
interpretive research. Thus, the researchers' bias, values, and judgments are clearly stated in the
research report. Such openness is considered beneficial and positive. Meanwhile, Garna (1999)
stated that "a qualitative approach is characterized by a research objective that seeks to
understand these symptoms and it is impossible to measure them accurately.

Those are some of the opinions of experts about qualitative research which are the basis
for the authors to use this approach in this study. By using qualitative research methods, it is
hoped that the research carried out can produce findings or data that are more complete, in-depth,
reliability and validity so that the objectives of this study can be achieved.

B. SOURCE OF DATA

As already mentioned above, the data collected is in the form of words, in this case
dialogues and pictures. The data was collected by taken from the original script and the film of
Suffragette (2015).

C. APRROACH METHOD OF RESEARCH

In this research, the approach used by researchers is the sociology of literature approach
by Laurenson and Swingewood. The researcher chose the sociology of literature approach as his
approach because it fits the object of research, namely gender stereotypes and gender violence
that arise because of a patriarchal system where this system is directly related to social society,
which is the object of study both in sociology of literature and the literary work itself.

According to Laurenson and Swingewood (1971 as cited in Endraswara, 2013:79) there

are three perspectives related to the sociology of literature, namely:
 a. Literature as a social document. Researchers view literature as a social document in
which it is a reflection of the situation at the time the literature was created.
b. Literature as a mirror of the social situation of the writer. Researchers reveal literature
as a mirror of the social situation of the writer.
c. Literature as a manifestation of history and social culture. The author captures literary
works as a manifestation of historical events and socio-cultural conditions.

Endraswara (2013) says that these three things can stand alone or be expressed at once in
a study of sociology of literature, depending on the ability of the researcher. That is, if the
researcher only wants to examine one of the three perspectives, then that is permissible, but the
more complete the use of the perspective of a literary work, the more complete his understanding
of a literary work will be.

In this study, where the film under study is a film with a background in the history of the
struggle of women in ancient times, researchers will only use one perspective, namely literature
as a manifestation of history and socio-culture. If you want historical facts of past society, it is
appropriate to use a third perspective (Endraswara, 2013:79)

D. COLLECTION DATA

The writer has some steps in collecting the data. The following steps in collecting data:

1. The author will watch the film to see the whole story of the film
2. Watch back the film and start to pay attention, write dialogues and marking situations
that show or indicate the patriarchal system. Besides writing, there will also be some
pictures that will be taken as data analysis.
3. Read the script to find out the needed data.
4. Start to analyze the data. After finding the needed data completely, the author will
identified the data one by one, and then process the data to analyze them.
5. Furthermore, the results will be described in a description by explaining one by one
the data that has been analyzed.

E. ANALYSIS OF DATA
The following steps in analyzing the data:
1. Identifying the data
The data that have been collected, in this case is the dialog and picture will be
indicating by using theory or study that used, which means patriarchy, feminist theory
and gender inequality.
2. Describing and explaining the data
After identified the data, the result of analyzing will be described used qualitative
method with descriptive analysis.
 REFERENSI

Austik, J., & Laksono, S. P. (2016). Kekerasan Gender Dalam Berpacaran Di Kalangan
Mahasiswa – GENDER ABUSE ON DATING OF UNIVERSITY STUNDENTS (Case
Study in Malang). Jurnal perempuan dan anak, 1(1).
https://doi.org/10.22219/jpa.v1i12747

Damono, S. P. (1978). Sosiologi Sastra: Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas. Jakarta: pusat

pengembangan

Endraswara, S. (2013). Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: CAPS. Center for Academic

Publishing Service, 79-81.

John W. Creswell. (2002). Desain Penelitian Pendekatan Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. Jakarta: KIK
Pers, hal. 147.

Kamarae, C. (1992) "Kondisi Patriarki" di Kramarae Cheris dan Spender Dale (eds.) Ledakan
Pengetahuan: London. Seri Athena, Pers Perguruan Tinggi Guru,.

Kistanto, N. H. (2008). Sistem Sosial-Budaya di Indonesia. Sabda: Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan,

3(2).https://doi.org/10.14710/sabda.3.2.%p

Maidinda, D. (2007). Hubungan antara Gender Stereotype dengan Fear Of Success pada Wanita
Berperan Ganda.

Makama, G. A. (2013). Patriarki dan ketidaksetaraan gender di Nigeria: Jalan kedepan. Jurnal
ilmiah Eropa,9(17).
Nasution, W. (2016). Kajian sosiologi sastra novel dua buku ibu karya arswendo atmowiloto:
suatu tinjauan sastra. Jurnal metamorfosa,4(1):18.

Okpe, O. (2005) Pengarusutamaan Gender dalam Proses Pembangunan Afrika: Kritikterhadap

NEPAD dan Pertanyaan Perempuan. Nigeria: Pers BSU

Resna, N. (2022, 06 June). Kesehatan mental: mengenal kekerasan berbasis gender dan jenis-
jenisnya. Retrieved from
 https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/kekerasan-berbasis-gender/amp#apa-itu-kekerasan-
berbasis-gender

Rofidah, L. Stereotip Gender di Media: Representasi Atlet Angkat Besi Perempuan pada Drama
Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok Joo - Gender Stereotype in Media: The Representative Of
Female Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok Joo Drama, 10(2):15.

Stacey, J. (1993). “Menguraikan Teori Feminis” dalam Richardson D. dan Robinson V.(eds.)
Memperkenalkan Studi wanita: Teori dan Praktik Feminis. Macmillan, London.

Syafitri, N. I., & Fanani, U. Z. Konflik Sosial Tokoh Utama Dalam Film Better Days 《 少年的
你》 Karya Derek Tsang (Pendekatan Sosiologi Sastra).

Tisnawijaya & Tano. (2017). Mulan: NegosiasiKarakter Perempuan MenujuPatriarki (Sarjana,

Jurusan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Pamulang)

Wahyudi, T. (2013). Sosiologi Sastra Alan Swingewood Sebuah Teori. Jurnal Poetic, 1(1):55.