Cardiovascular: Blood and Blood Vessels s@ Anemia Polycythemia Vera oo —-~@ Leukemia Leukopenia @o~ co 8 Leukocytosis Thrombus eo Embolus Hemophilia exc — —“*~“@® Thrombocytopenia Peripheral Vascular Disease eoCardiovascular: Blood and Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/symptoms. It is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to equate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia can make a person feel tired and weak. CAUSES: + Body doesn't make enough red blood cells * Decreased or faulty red blood cell production * Destruction of red blood cells SYMPTOMS Anemia signs and symptoms are: Fatigue Weakness Pale or yellowish skin Irregular heartbeats Shortness of breath Dizziness or lightheadedness Chest pain Cold hands and feet HeadachesTHOSE TCU Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. @ POLYCYTHEMIA VERA Polycythemia vera is a blood disease in which the body makes too many red blood cells. When a person have too many red blood cells, its blood thickens and flows more slowly. The red blood cells can clump together and form clots inside your blood vessels. CAUSE: The mutations (changes) to the gene are the main cause of the disease. The gene controls production of a protein that helps make blood cells. SYMPTOMS Polycythemia vera signs and symptoms are: Headaches, dizziness, and weakness Shortness of breath and problems breathing while lying down Double or blurred vision and blind spots Excessive sweating Very painful swelling in a single joint, usually the big toe (called gouty arthritis) Bleeding from your gums and heavy bleeding from small cutsCardiovascular: Blood and Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. 3 LEUKEMIA It is a cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including in the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. The white blood cells are potent infection fighters in the body, however in leukemia the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, which don't function properly. CAUSE: The leukemia is caused by a rise in the number of white blood cells in the body a person. SYMPTOMS Common leukemia signs and symptoms include: Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen Easy bleeding or bruising Recurrent nosebleeds Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae) Excessive sweating, especially at night Bone pain or tendernessCardiovascular: Blood and Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/symptoms. 4 LEUKOPENIA A low white blood cell count (leukopenia) is a decrease in disease- fighting cells (leukocytes) in your blood. Leukopenia is almost always related to a decrease in a certain type of white blood cell which is neutrophil. CAUSES: Leukopenia may be caused by various diseases and drugs. Some of these causes are the followin; Bone marrow damage or suppression Bone marrow disease Autoimmune disorders Hypersplenism Pseudoleukopenia + Severe infections SYMPTOMS Common leukemia signs and symptoms include: * Infection * Chills and fever above 100.4 degrees + SweatingHCL | Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. e LEUKOCYTOSIS It is the condition in which the body has a higher level (more than 11,000 leukocytes per cubic mm of adult human blood) of white blood cells (WBC) than normal level. CAUSE: Some causes of leukocytosis: * Infection + Immune Reactions * Tissue damage * Inflammation * Bone marrow problem * Pregnancy SYMPTOMS Symptoms are often from the cause of the leukocytosis. The following are common symptoms: * Bleeding or bruising + Pain or tingling in your arms, legs, or abdomen Trouble breathing, thinking, or seeing Losing weight without trying, or a poor appetite Feeling dizzy, faint, or sweatyPHC Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. 6 THROMBUS It is a condition forming blood clot in one or more of the deep veins in the body and blood move slowly through veins. It is develop when a person is subjected to certain medical conditions that affect how the blood clots. CAUSE: ‘Thrombus are caused by: * Serious health issues. Conditions like Irritable bowel disease, cancer, and heart disease can all raise your risk. * Certain inherited blood disorders. Some diseases that run in families can make your blood thicker than normal or cause it to clot more than it should. + Injury to a vein. This could result from a broken bone, surgery, or other trauma. SYMPTOMS Here are some of the most common symptoms of thrombus: + Pain in leg, The pain often starts in the calf and can feel like cramping or soreness + Red or discolored skin on the leg. * A feeling of warmth in the affected leg.TCH TT Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. @ EMBOLUS It is a blockage in one of the arteries of the body due to a blood clot that has broken off from another location in the body (embolus) and traveled through the bloodstream to lodge in a small blood vessel. CAUSE: ‘The causes of blood clot formation and embolism include: + Atherosclerosis (buildup of plaque on the walls of the coronary arteries; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis + Atrial fibrillation + Endocarditis (inflammation of the lining and valves of the heart) * Mitral stenosis SYMPTOMS The main symptoms of a stroke are drooping of the face, weakness or numbness in one arm, and slurred speech, or an inability to talk or understand what is being said.Cardiovascular: Blood and Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. ® HEMOPHILIA Hemophilia is a genetic disorder which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). CAUSE: Hemophilia is caused by a mutation or change, in one of the genes, that provides instructions for making the clotting factor proteins needed to form a blood clot. This change or mutation can prevent the clotting protein from working properly or to be missing altogether. SYMPTOMS, Signs and symptoms of spontaneous bleeding include: * Unexplained and excessive bleeding from cuts or injuries, or after surgery or dental work * Unusual bleeding after vaccinations * Blood in your urine or stool * Nosebleeds without a known causeHUT Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. oo THROMBOCYTOPENIA Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries. CAUSE: Thrombocytopenia has many causes. One of the most common causes of low platelets is a condition called immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). SYMPTOMS Thrombocytopenia signs and symptoms may include: + Easy or excessive bruising (purpura) + Superficial bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash of pinpoint-sized reddish-purple spots (petechiae), usually on the lower legs + Prolonged bleeding from cuts + Bleeding from your gums or noseBlood in urine or stoolsHUT Blood Vessels Briefly describe the following pathologies. Include their pathophysiology/ cause and signs/ symptoms. 10 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE Peripheral vascular disease, also called PVD, refers to any disease or disorder of the circulatory system outside of the brain and heart. The term can include any disorder that affects any blood vessels. CAUSE: The most common cause of PVD is atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque inside the artery wall. Plaque reduces the amount of blood flow to the limbs. It also decreases the oxygen and nutrients available to the tissue SYMPTOMS Symptoms of Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) may include: * Changes in the skin, including decreased skin temperature, or thin, brittle, shiny skin on the legs and fe Weak pulses in the legs and the feet Gangrene (dead tissue due to lack of blood flow) Pain (described as burning or aching) at rest, commonly in the toes and at night while lying flat Paleness when the legs are elevatedCardiovascular: Blood and Blood Vessels REFERENCE: Diseasedie (2020). Leukocytosis - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Retrieved from: https;//diseasesdic.com/leukocytosis-causes-symptoms-treatment/Diseasedic (2020). Leukocytosis - Causes, Symptoms and ‘Treatment. Retrieved _from: https://diseasesdic.com/leukocytosis-causes-symptoms-treatment/ Llyod William (2018). E https nholism. Healthgrades Opera //www-healthgrades.com/right-ca ng Company, Inc. Retrieved from: r-conditions/embolism Mandal Ananya (2019). Leukopenia Causes. Ne https://www.1 's Medical Life ews-medical.net/health/Leukopenia-Causes ences. Retrieved from aspx Mayo Clinic (2019). Anemia: overview - types, symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications and prevention. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases. conditions/hemophilia/symptoms-causes/sy¢-20373327 Mayo Clinic (2020). Leukemia: overview, symptoms, causes and risk factors. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) . Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes 20374373 National Institute of Health (n.d). Polycythemia vera. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved from: https://www-nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/polycythemia-vera