DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, RAIPUR

(C.G.)

FLUID MACHINES LAB

MANUAL[C037523(037)]

B.TECH. 5th Semester

 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAIPUR (CG)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

SUBJECT NAME : FLUID MACHINES LAB

SUBJECT CODE : C037522 (037)/ P302

BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER : 5thSEMESTER (3rd YEAR)

FACULTY INCHARGE : Mr. GULAB VERMA

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VISION OF THE INSTITUTION
To excel in imparting quality technical education with ethical values.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION

M1. Provide state of the art infrastructure for holistic education and eco-friendly sustainable research.
M2. Create and motivate inclusivity for the benefit of society.
M3. Collaborate with national and international organization for education and research alignment.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be centre of excellence in the mechanical and allied domain to address social and industrial needs.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

MD1. Impart the knowledge and skill in the field of Mechanical and allied domain.

MD2. Develop the student with leadership skills, professional ethics and employability skill.

MD3. Establish and upgrade infrastructure required for education and research.

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PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PO1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the Knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching, substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental consideration.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to access social,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge of and need for sustainable
development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as member or leader in diverse
teams and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to once own work as a member and leader in a team to
manage projects and multidisciplinary environments

PO12: Life –long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change

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PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Develop and implement new ideas on product design and development with the help of 3-D printer
and CNC machines (Lathe and Milling) while ensuring best manufacturing practices.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

1. Graduate will have professional and technical career in core & inter disciplinary domain providing
innovative and sustainable solution using modern tools.

2. Graduates will have effective communication, leadership, team building, problem solving, decision
making and creative skill for career development.

3. Graduate will practice ethical responsibilities toward their peers, employers and society.

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 Knowledge
CO CO Statement
Level

P302.1 Analyze the performance parameters of Pelton Turbine. K4

Analyze the performance parameters of Francis and Kaplan

P302.2 K4
Turbine
Analyze the performance parameters of Centrifugal Pump K4
P302.3
and Reciprocating Pump.

P302.4
Determine Lift and drag force over an air foil. K3

Explain the construction and working of various fluidic K2

P302.5
devices.

MAPPING OF CO-PO-PSO

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1
COURSE
KL
OUTCOME
3 5 6 5 6 3 3 3 3 6

P302.1 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 2

P302.2 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 2

P302.3 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 2

P302.4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 2

P302.5 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1

P302 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 2

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS WITH CO’s

S. No. CO
Name of Experiments

1 Performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine. 1

2 Performance characteristics of Francis turbine 2
3 Performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine. 2
4 Performance characteristics of variable speed centrifugal pump. 3
5 Performance characteristics of rated speed centrifugal pump. 3
6 Performance characteristics of multi stage centrifugal pump. 3
7 Study of Wind Tunnel (Open Circuit blower type) 4
8 Determination of Lift and drag force over an airfoil. 4
9 To study the working of fluidic devices (Analog and Digital) 5
10 To study the Hydraulic Accumulator. 5
11 To study the Hydraulic Intensifier. 5
12 To study the Hydraulic Crane. 5
13 To study the Hydraulic lift. 5
14 To study the Hydraulic Ram. 5
15 To study the Jet Pump. 5
16 To study the Air Lift Pump. 5

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 Branch: Mechanical Engineering Semester: V
Subject: Fluid Machines Laboratory Code: C037522 (037)/ P302

List of Experiments:

1. Performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine.

2. Performance characteristics of Francis turbine

3. Performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine.

4. Performance characteristics of variable speed centrifugal pump.

5. Performance characteristics of rated speed centrifugal pump

6. Performance characteristics of multi stage centrifugal pump.

7. Study of Wind Tunnel (Open Circuit blower type)

8. Determination of Lift and drag force over an airfoil.

9. To study the working of fluidic devices (Analog and Digital)

10. To study the Hydraulic Accumulator

11. To study the Hydraulic Intensifier

12. To study the Hydraulic Crane

13. To study the Hydraulic lift

14. To study the Hydraulic Ram

15. To study the Jet Pump

16. To study the Air Lift Pump

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 INDEX

S.NO EXPERIMENTS PAGE

NO.

1. Performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine. 11-16

2. Performance characteristics of multi stage centrifugal pump. 17-19

3. Performance characteristics of variable speed centrifugal pump. 20-23

4. To study of Reciprocating pump. 24-25

5. To study the Hydraulic Accumulator 26-27

6. To study the Hydraulic Intensifier 28-29

7. To study the Hydraulic Crane 30-31

8. To study the Hydraulic Ram 32-33

9. To study the Air Lift Pump 34

10. To study the Hydraulic lift 35

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 List of DO’s & DON’Ts

DO’s

1.Operate the machines after learning thoroughly from operating manual.

2.Follow the instructions as per given format in manual.
3.Handle the machines gently.
4.Use proper devices before operating the machines.
5.Take necessary sub-items which are needed for different practical.
6.Clean the machines before and after use.
7.All the items are to be deposited to concerned staff after performing practical.
8.Note down all the readings in the Lab files and find out the results.

DON’Ts

1.Do not handle the machine without proper precaution.

2.Do not wear loose clothes while handling the machines.
3.Do not touch the electrical cable and electrical motor while running.
4.Be away from running machines.
5.Do not run the machine in dry condition.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 01

AIM-Performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine.

DESCRIPTION

The unit essentially consists of casing with a large circular transparent window

Kept at the front for the visual inspection of the impact of the jet on buckets a

Bearing pedestals rotor assembly of shaft, runner and brake drum, all mounted on suitable sturdy cast
iron base plates. A rope brake arrangement is provided to, load the turbine. The input to the turbine
can be controlled by adjusting the spear position by means of a hand wheel fitted with indicator
arrangement. The water inlet pressure is measured, by a pressure gauge and for the measurement of
speed, hand tachometer is used.

The test rig mainly consists of (1) Pelton Turbine (2) Flow Measuring unit

Consisting of a venturimeter and pressure gauges and (3) Piping System

(4) ASuitable capacity sump tank.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Tachometer
2. Stop watch

FORMULA USED:

(1) Head over the turbine

H = Pressure gauge reading (Kg /cm2) ×10 m..

(2) Water flow rate

2 ghw
Q = Cd × a1×a2 × m 3 sec
a1  a 2
2 2

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 Where a1 = Inlet area of venturimeter (diameter- 50mm)

a2 = Throat area of venturimeter (diameter 29.58mm)

Cd =co-efficient of discharge = 0.98

hw = Water head across venturimeter

= Manometer difference (h) = 12.6 m of water

(3)Power supplied to turbine.

\ Pin = w Q H watts

Where w = 9810 N / m3

(4) Brake power

B.P. = (2 π N Re W × 9.81 ) / 60000 watts

Where N = turbine speed in rpm

T - Torque in kg m,

(Effective radius of the brake drum in meters (R")

x The net brake load in kg(W)

= (Spring balance difference in kg) x 9.81x (0.128 + 0.006)Nm.

N Pin
(5) Specific speed Ns = (where Pin is in KW)
H54

(6)Overall efficiency of Turbine –

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 B.P.
ηo =  100%
Pin

Where N = Turbine speed in RPM

T - Torque in kg m, (effective radius of the brake drum in meters

(Re) x The net brake load in kg.(W).

PROCEDURE

After starting and running the turbine at normal speed for some time, load the turbine and take
readings. Note the following:

(a)Net supply head

(b) Discharge (pressure gauge readings)

(c) Turbine shaft speed

(d) Brake weight (Dead weights plus hanger and rope weight) (1 Kg)

(e) Spring Balance reading

For any particular setting of the spear first run the turbine at light load and then gradually load it, by
adding dead weights on the hanger. The net supply head on the turbine shall be maintained constant
at the rated value, and adjusting the gate valve fitted just above the turbine can do this.

(1) Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank.

(2) Keep the Venturimeter valves closed.
(3) Close nozzle by operating the spear, press "Green" button of starter, so that pump start
running.
(4) Observe direction of pump rotation during starting. It should be clockwise, as seen from
fan end .If it is reverse, interchange any two phases in supply line. If direction of pump is

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 correct, pressure gauge will read the pressure about 3.0-4.5 kg /cm2. If it is reverse,
pressure gauge will read 1-2 kg/cm2.
(5) First open air valves then open the venturimeter valves, remove all the air bubbles and
close the air valves slowly and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away into
water. Slowly open the nozzle. Turbine will start rotating adjust the spear at 1/4 opening.
(6) Load the rope brake with 0.5 kg load, note down the speed.
(7) Go on adding the load, without disturbing spear position, Note down head, speed,
discharge and load each time.
(8) Repeat the procedure for 1/2, 3/4 and full spear opening. This is a constant head test.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Brake Drum Diameter D=0.2m

Input total head H in m of water =Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2× 10

Rope diameter t = 0.015m

Venturimeter head h in m of water h = (P1 –P2) ×10meter

Effective radius of = (D/2 +t )

Discharge Q = K √h (h in m of water)

Brake drum = 0.115m Input power

IP = γ × H × QkW (H in meter of water)

Weight of rope and hanger = 1 kg.

Break drum net load W = (W1+weight of rope hanger) - W2 kg

Spear opening = full, ½, ¾, ¼,

Gate valve = full

Turbine output OP = (2 л NW Re× 9.81) / 60000 kW

Efficiency η = (out put / input) × 100 %

K value = 3.183 × 10-3

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s. Pressur Pressure Venturimete Discharg Weigh Spring Net Spee Out Input Efficienc
no e gauge gauge r h in meter e t on balanc loa d put powe y
. reading reading hanger e d powe r
PS Q in W1 readin N r ηo
kg /cm2 W IP
m3 /s g W2 RPM
Kg Kg. OP
/cm2 Kg. Kg. KW KW

P P P
1 2 3

CALCULATIONS

GRAPHS

(1) N Vs B.P. for all openings.

(2) N Vs ηo for all openings.

(3) N Vs Q for all openings.

RESULT

B.P. is maximum at ------RPM for ------- opening

Overall efficiency is maximum at ------------RPM for ----------------------opening.

PRECAUTIONS

1. While putting 'ON' the pump see that the nozzle is closed by the spear and load on the brake
drum is released.
2. Use clean water in the tank.
3. Operating all the controls and switches gently.
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 4. Lubricate all bearings, before experiment.
5. Drain the water after completion of Experiment.

Viva Questions
1. What do you mean by an impulse turbine?
2. How does an impulse turbine differ from a reaction turbine?
3. Why is a pelton wheel suitable for high head only?
4. What is the specific speed range of a pelton wheel?
5. What is meant by a speed ratio of a pelton wheel?

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim: -To study the constructional details ofa centrifugal pump and draw its characteristics curve.
Apparatus used: -Centrifugal pump test rig , tachometer.
Theory: - The hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of
centrifugal force acting on the fluid iscalled centrifugal pump.
The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the flow in
centrifugal pump is in the radial outward directions. The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced
vertex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is related by an external torque, the rise in
pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place.
The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportionalto the square of the tangential
velocity of the liquid at that point. Thus atthe outlet of the impeller radius is more, the rise in pressure head
will bemore and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high pressurehead. Due to this pressure
head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.

Constructional details:-
Main part of a centrifugal pump:-
1. Impeller:-The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called “Impeller”. It consists of a series of backward
curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an electric motor.
2. Casing:- The casing of a centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of a reaction turbine. It is an air-tight
passage surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water
discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves the casing
and enters the delivery pipe.
The following three types of
casing are commonly adopted:-
(i) Volute casing
(ii) Vortex casing
(iii) Casing with guide blade
3. Suction pipe with a foot-valve and a strainer: - A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the
pump and other end dips in to water in a sump is known as suction pipe. A foot valve which is a non-return
valve or one way valve is fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. The foot valve opens only in the upward
direction. A strainer is also fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe.
4. Delivery pipe:- A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end delivers the
water at a required height is known as delivery pipe.

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Formulae used:-
Inlet pressure head (P1)m=
Discharge pressure head(P)2m=
Flow rate (Q)m3/s=
In centrifugal pump, we take
Manometer head H = Total head at inlet- Total head at outlet
Datum head (Z2)m=
Total head across pump H = (P1-P2) +Z2
Torque T (load. arm distance)=
Input power (P=2π. speed in r.p.s. T) Watts=
Water power (Po = ρ. g. H .Q) Watts=
Efficiency ή% = Water power /Inputpower .100

Procedure:-
1. Note down the area of collecting tank, position of delivery pressure gauge and arm distance of the spring from the
centre of shaft.
2. Priming the pump set before starting.
3. The speed control on the motor is set to a value and at the same time the flow regulating valve was adjusted to give
the maximum possible discharge.
4. Conditions were allowed to steady before the rate of discharge Q, suction head, load on the motor and r.p.s. value
were recorded.
5. The flow rate is reduced in stages and the above procedure is repeated.
6. The procedure is repeated other type of values.

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Observation table:-
Position of delivery pressure gauge (datum head) = Z2m
Arm distance = m
ρg = 9810
Area ofcollecting tank, a = cm2

Discharge measurement Water Input

Suction Manometri
Sl. Discharge Discharge Delivery Load Torque η
c power power
no Initial Final Time Head
h2(m Q s(m3/s) Q (m3/s) head (m) K(g) (Kg-m) %
(m) head (m) (w) (w)
h1(m) ) (Sec.)

Result:-

Viva Questions:-
1. What is pump?
2. The centrifugal pump is works on which principle?

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 EXPERIMENT NO. – 03

AIM- Performance characteristics of variable speed Centrifugal pump.

DESCRIPTION
The Single Stage Centrifugal Pump consist of a rotor or impeller with equally spaced backward
curved vanes, the impeller is enclosed in a spiral casing whole area of cross section gradually
increases in the direction of flow. The impeller is mounted on a shaft connected to a A.C. motor.
Gauges are connected on to the suction & delivery for recording the respective pressures. Delivery
valve regulates the flow out of the pump. The discharge coming out of the pump measured using a
collecting tank, while the input to the pump is measured using the energy meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer

Stop watch

PROCEDURE

1) The pump was checked up for priming, if required it was primed by filling the liquid into the
casing through the priming cock. Priming has to be done to make sure that there are no air pockets.

2) The delivery valve was fully closed and the motor coupled to the pump is started. (Note: Delivery
valve has to be kept closed in order to reduce the starting torque of the motor).

3) The delivery valve was fully opened, the corresponding gauge reading on the delivery and
suction sides were noted.

4) The time taken (T) to collect a known height (H) of water in the measuring tank was
recorded.

5) The time taken ( tr) for say 10 revolutions of the disc in the energy meter was also
recorded.

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 6) Steps (3), (4) &(5) were repeated for different valve openings and also for different
speeds.

7) After completion of the experiment, the size of the collecting tank, diameters of the
suction and delivery pipes, a long with their respective lengths, energy meter constant were
measured and recorded.

8) The discharge, manometric head, input, output and efficiency for eachobservation were calculated
and hence the characteristic curves were plotted

FORMULA USED:

Pressure gauge reading Pd= -- --- kgf /cm2 = ---- ---kgf/m2

Delivery head ha =

Suction gauge reading h's =- ----cm of mercury=------meter of mercury

Suction head hs = h's X 13.6 = ----------------------------------meter of water

Discharge Q = (Area of collecting tank x height of water collected) /Time taken

 BLH  3
=  = --------------------- m /s
 T

4Q
Velocity of water in suction pipe Vs =
 ds 2
1

4Q
Velocity of water in delivery pipe Vd =
 d 2d

8 f lsQ 2
Head loss due to friction in the suction pipe hfs =
g 2 d s5

8 f ld Q 2
Head loss due to friction in the delivery pipe hfd =
g 2 d d5

 Vs2 Vd2 
Manometric head Hm = hs  hd  x  h fs  h fd   
 2g 2g 

Output of the pump =  Q H m

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 n 1
Input to the motor =   1000  60  60  
E t

Where E is energy meter constant in rev / kwh

n is no. of revolution of energy meter ,t is time taken for n revolution in sec. and

Input to the pump = Input to the motor x Efficiency of the motor (= 60%)

out put
Efficiency of the pump = 100
in put

OBSERVATION TABLE

L= Length of the collecting tank = --------------------------

B =Width of the collecting tank = --------------------------

ds =Diameter of the section Pipe = ------------------------

dd =Diameter of the delivery Pipe = ----------------------

ls =Length of the suction Pipe = ---------------------------

ld =Length of the delivery pipe= ---------------------------

x =Vertical distance between the center of gauges = ------------------

E = Energy meter constant = ------------- revolution /KWh

CALCULATIONS

s. no. Pd kgf/sec2 h’s Collecting tank Energy meter RPM

cm of
Initial final Rise(H) Time(T) No of Time
Hg
rev. taken t1
1
2
3
4
5

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GRAPHS - 1) Manometric Head (H*) Vs Discharge (Q),

2) Input Power (P) Vs Discharge (Q),

3) Efficiency (η ) Vs Discharge( Q).

(Note: Q on x - axis)

RESULT-

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONS

1. What is Euler head? What is the effect of number of vanes of impeller on

efficiency?
2. What is cavitation?
3. Define specific speed?
4. Why centrifugal pumps primed?
5. What are the hydraulic losses in the centrifugal pump.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 04

AIM - To study of Reciprocating pump.

DESCRIPTION
The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump, i.e. it operates on the principal of actual
displacement of pushing of liquid by a piston or plunger that executes a reciprocating motion in a
closely fitting cylinder. The liquid is alternately

-drawn from the sump and filled into suction side of the cylinder.

- led to the discharge side of the cylinder and emptied to the delivery pipe. The piston or plunger
gets its reciprocating motion by means of a crank and connecting rod mechanism. The pumps
designed with disk pistons create pressures upto 2.5MN/m2 and plunger pumps build up still higher
pressures. Discharge from these pumps is almost wholly dependent on the speed of the pump.

Reciprocating pump

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MAIN COMPONENTS OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

A reciprocating pump consists essentially of:

(i) A piston or plunger that reciprocates (moves backward and forward) in a closely fitted cylinder

(ii) Suction and delivery pipes which are provided with non return valves, a suction valve in the
suction pope and a delivery valve in the delivery pipe

(iii) Crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by a power source which may be a steam engine,
an internal combustion engine or an electric motor.

In a single acting reciprocating pump, liquid acts on one side of the piston only. When the crank
turns clockwise from IDC to ODC, the piston moves outward to the right and rarefaction (partial
vacuum, pressure below atmospheric level) develops in the left space of the cylinder. This vacuum
causes suction valve to open and consequently liquid is forced from the sump in to the left side of the
piston. When the crank is at ODC, the suction stroke is completed and the left side of cylinder is full
of liquid. When the crank further turns from ODC to IDC, piston moves inward to the let and high
pressure is built up in the cylinder. The increased pressure causes the suction valve to close and the
discharge valve to open. Consequently, the liquid is forced out of the cylinder in the discharge pipe.
The delivery stroke is completed when the crank occupies the ODC position. The suction and
delivery strokes are alternately carried out and the liquid is pumped from the sump to the discharge
tank.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

(1) Why reciprocating pump is known as positive displacement pump.

(2) What are the disadvantages of single acting reciprocating pump

(3) How the continuous discharge can be obtained.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.05
To study the Hydraulic Accumulator

THEORY:
Hydraulic accumulator is a device used to store the energy of liquid under
pressure and make this energy available (as a quick secondary source of power) to
hydraulic machines, such as presses, lifts and cranes. In case of hydraulic crane or lift,
the liquid under pressure needs to be supplied during upward motion of the load only.
This energy is supplied from hydraulic accumulator. But when the lift is moving
downward, no large external energy is required and during that period the energy from
the pump is stored in the accumulator.
The function of hydraulic accumulator is analogous to that of the flywheel of a
reciprocating engine and an electric storage battery. It damps out pressure surges and
shocks in the hydraulic system, and thus it functions as a pressure regulator.
SIMPLE HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING:

It consists of a fixed vertical cylinder, containing a sliding ram/plunger. A
load/weight is placed on the top, to create pressure in the cylinder chamber. One side
of the cylinder is connected to the pump and other side to the machine in the
beginning; the ram is at the lowermost position During idle periods to driven machine
(say crane or lift) high-pressure liquid supplied by the pump is admitted in the hollow
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space of the cylinder, it raises the ram, on which the heavy load is placed. Flow of more
liquid continues till the ram is at its uppermost position; at this position, the cylinder is
full of water and the maximum amount of pressure energy is accumulated. This
accumulated energy is alley discharged to the driven machine, during its working
stroke (i.e. when it requires maximum amount of energy).
DIFFERENTIAL HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR

The advantage of this accumulator is that liquid can be stored at a high pressure by a
comparatively small load on the ram. It consists of a fixed vertical ram/plunger inside
which is provided a central liquid passage of small diameter. This fixed cylindrical
ram/plunger is surrounded by closely fitting brass bush, which is surrounded by an
inverted sliding cylinder having a circular projected collar on which weights are placed.
Passages for liquid to enter and leave the unit are provided in the fixed ram; and
connected to the inlet and outlet pipes.
The liquid supplied from the pump enters the cylinder through central vertical hole
provided in the fixed ram and causes the loaded cylinder to move upwards, thus
storing the hydraulic energy. When the liquid is drawn by the machine from the
accumulator, the liquid leaves the cylinder through the same central hole. The liquid
entering the cylinder exerts pressure on the annular area of the cylinder, which is
equal to cross-sectional area (horizontal)

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 06
To study the Hydraulic Intensifier

THEORY:
Hydraulic intensifier is a device, which increases the intensity of pressure of a given
liquid with the help of low-pressure liquid of large quantity. It finds its application at places
where a liquid of very high pressure is to be developed from available low pressure. It is
located between the pump and the machine (e.g. press, crane, lift) that needs high-
pressure liquid for its operation. Its action is similar to that of a step-up electrical
transformer.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING:

An hydraulic intensifier consists of a fixed ram surrounded by the sliding
cylinder, which is itself encased in a bigger and fixed cylinder. The sliding cylinder contains
water at high pressure (which is supplied to the machine through fixed ram) whereas the
fixed cylinder contains water from the main supply at a low pressure. Initially when the
sliding cylinder lies at the bottom of the stroke, the fixed cylinder is full of low-pressure
liquid. The valves V2 and V4 are then closed; the valve V1 opened thus admitting the low
pressure liquid in to the sliding cylinder. The valve V 3 is also opened which permits the low-
pressure liquid from the fixed cylinder to be discharged to the exhaust and the sliding
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cylinder to move upward. When the sliding cylinder reaches its topmost position the inside
of the sliding cylinder is full of low-pressure liquid.
The valves V1 and V3 are then closed and the valves V2 and V4 are opened. The low-
pressure liquid (from supply) then enters the fixed cylinder, and forces the sliding cylinder
to move downward; pressure of liquid beneath is raised and the high-pressure liquid is
supplied to the driven machine.

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 EXPERIMENT NO 07
To study the Hydraulic Crane

THEORY:
Hydraulic crane is a device, which is used for lifting heavy loads (up to 25 MN). It is
widely used in docks for loading and unloading ships, warehouses, and foundry workshops
heavy industries.

CONSTRUCTION:
A hydraulic crane consists of a crane and a hydraulic jigger. The crane has a central
mast from which a tie and a jib are fixed. The mast is fixed on a pedestal, which can
revolve. The load can be lifted and moved around the crane area depending upon the
length of the jib. The load is suspended by a wire rope, which passes over a pulley at the
end of the jib and over the tie-rod to the hydraulic jigger. The hydraulic jigger consists of
a cylinder and a ram at the end of which pulleys are attached. The pulleys enable to
increase the velocity ratio between the wire rope and the ram (A four sheave pulley
block system will have a velocity ratio 4:1, thus the load suspended at one end of the
wire rope will move with 4 times the speed of the ram).

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WORKING:
When the load is to be lifted by the crane, liquid under pressure is admitted to the
cylinder of the jigger; the liquid forces the sliding ram to move vertically up. Due to the
movement of the ram in the vertically upward direction, the movable pulley block (attached
to the ram) also moves upward. The distance between the two pulley blocks increases, the
wire is rope is pulled and the load is lifted up. Lowering of the load is achieved by removing
the liquid from the cylinder of the by Jigger through the outlet valve. As the liquid leaves
the cylinder, the distance between the two sets of pulleys decreases which results in
releasing more length of the wire rope and the load gets lowered.
The lifting speed of a modern hydraulic crane may be about 75 m per minute. However, the
electric cranes have replaced hydraulic cranes these days.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 08
To study the Hydraulic Ram

THEORY:
Hydraulic ram is device with which small quantities of water can he pumped to
higher levels from the available large quantity of water of low head. It works on the
principle of water hammer.

CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of a valve box wherein low headwater flows. The box contains a waste
valve V1 that opens inwards, and a delivery valve V2, which opens outwards. Both the valves
V1 and V2 are non-return valves that allow the flow only in one direction. Valve V 2
communicates with an air vessel, which is connected to the delivery tank through a delivery
pipe
WORKING:
It works on the principle of 'water hammer'. When a flowing liquid is suddenly
brought to rest, the change in momentum of liquid mass causes a sudden rise in
pressure. This rise in pressure is utilized to raise a portion of the liquid to higher levels.

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 — Initially the water flows down the supply pipe, the valve V is open and water
escapes through it to waste.
— As the velocity of flow in the supply pipe increases, dynamic pressure on the
underside of valve V1 becomes amply high so as to lift the valve V, and ultimately
close it.
— Due to quick closure of valve V1water in the supply pipe is suddenly brought to
rest and consequently pressure in the valve box increases.
— The increased high pressure lifts the valve V2 and a part of water enters the air
vessel. Subsequently air pressure inside the air vessel increases and that forces water
to delivery tank through the delivery pipe.
As soon as momentum of water gets destroyed in the valve box, valve V 2 closes and the
valve V1 opens (the pressure in the valve box falls below the atmospheric pressure
momentarily); the flow of water from supply tank recommences and the cycle is
repeated. The air vessel provides storage and helps to regulate the flow at the delivery
end.

Characteristic features of hydraulic ram

The characteristic features of hydraulic ram are as follows:
1. It works automatically and requires very little maintenance.
2. It does not need any external energy to pump water, but it works at the cost of
large quantity of water.
3. Negligible running cost.
4. Due to absence of moving parts, frequent oiling is not required.
5. It is particularly suitable for pumping water from rivulet for irrigation purposes. It
can be used for supplying water to remote regions where other means of
pumping water to higher heads are not available.
With the increasing availability of electric power to drive pumps even at remote
places, hydraulic ram is becoming absolute. However it is used in that place where plenty of
water can be wasted.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 09
To study the Hydraulic Air Lift Pump

The air lift pump is a device which is used for lifting water from a sump by using
compressed air. The compressed air is made to mix with the water. The density of the
mixture of water and air is reduced. The density of this mixture is much less than that of pure
water. Hence the very small column of pure water can balance a very long column of water
mixture. This is principle on which the air lifts pump work.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 10
To study the Hydraulic Lift

A hydraulic lift is a device used for carrying passenger or goods one floor to
another floor in multi storied building.

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