Chemistry
● It is a subdiscipline of science that
deals with the study of matter
(composition, properties, and
structure)
● Categorized as a natural science
● It is also known as the central
science
Branches of Science
● Mathematics
○ Deals with the logic of shapes,
quantity, and arrangement
● Physics
○ Concerned with the nature
and properties of matter and
energy
● Chemical Physics
○ Investigates the
physiochemical phenomena
using techniques from the
atomic and molecular levels.
● Astronomy
○ Studies celestial objects and
phenomena.
● Medicine
○ Deals with diagnosis
prognosis, treatment, and
prevention of disease
● Biochemistry
○ Deals with the study of
chemical substances and vital
processes occurring to living
organisms.
● Biology
○ Study of the structure,
function, growth, origin,
evolution, and distribution of
living organisms.
● Geochemistry
○ Deals with the composition,
structure, processes, and
other physical aspects of the
earth
● Geology
○ Deals with the study of the
Earth, the materials of which
it is made, material structure,
and processes acting upon
them
Chemists
● They analyze and conduct
experiments in the laboratory. The
experiment conducted is
breakthrough as a result of their
discoveries of experimentations.
● A person who searches for new
knowledge about chemicals and uses
it to improve the way we live
Julian Banzon
● Filipino biochemist and a National
Scientist of the Philippines.
● His research in alternative fuel which
is the "Biofuel sugar cane and
coconuts"
Alfredo Santos
● The father of natural products
research in the Philippines.
● One of the first Filipinos to take a
scientific approach to unlock the
medical potential of plants
Mario Molina
● Is a Mexican visionary chemist and
environmental scientist.
● Won the Noble Peace Prize in
articulating the threat of CFCs to the
earth’s ozone layer.
Alice Augusta Ball
● develop a cure for leprosy
Traits of a chemist:
1. Accurate
2. Critical thinker
- A chemist must carefully
evaluate their own work and the
work of others. They must also
determine if results and
conclusions are based on sound
judgment), analytical thinker
3. Analytical thinker
- Must be able to identify and
define problems, extract key
information from data and
develop workable solutions for
the problems identified in order
to test and verify the cause of the
problem and develop solutions to
resolve the problems identified
4. Punctual, careful,
5. Open-minded
- A chemist accepts whatever outcome
his or her work has and does not try
to force the results into a preformed
opinion
6. Patience
- Chemists recognize their work may
take decades. Most of the time they
need to repeat experiments multiple
times to verify results
Branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
● the study of the structure, properties,
and preparation of chemical
compounds that consist primarily of
carbon and hydrogen.
● Organic Chemist
○ They focus on recreating
molecules found in nature to
develop pharmaceutical drugs
without using natural sources.
Inorganic Chemistry
● The study of the properties and
behavior of inorganic compounds that
do not contain carbon.
● Inorganic Chemist
○ Involve in taking samples
using specialized equipment.
Biochemistry
● Study the structure, composition, and
chemical reactions of substance in
living systems
● Biochemist
○ Studies complex chemical
combinations and reactions
involved in metabolism,
reproduction, growth, and
heredity
Physical Chemistry
● Study how the matter behaves on a
molecular and atomic level and how
chemical reactions occur
● Physical Chemist
○ Responsible to analyze,
discover and understand the
physical characteristics of a
material by performing
various tests and experiments
Analytical Chemistry
● Study of the quantity and quality of
the composition and structure of
matter.
● Analytical Chemist
○ Examines substances to
determine their composition
and looks at elements in a
compound interact with one
another.
Innovations in Chemistry
3d Printing
● It is a process for making a physical
object from a three-dimensional
digital model by laying down many
successive thin layers of material.

Nano bugs for combating climate change

● A nano-bio-hybrid organism capable
of using airborne carbon dioxide and
nitrogen to produce a variety of
plastics and fuels.

Hemostatic Gel
● It is a gel that can stop the bleeding in
seconds rather than traditional
closures which take minutes.

Matter and its properties

Atom
● The basic unit of matter
Molecule
● The simplest unit of a chemical
compound.
● Consisting of two or more atoms held
together by chemical bonds.
Matter
● Made up of particles that give its mass
and volume.
● The arrangement and attraction
between these particles result in
different phases (solid, liquid, or gas)
[effect of temperature to solid]
● When a solid is heated, the particles
move faster and move slightly further
apart
● When a solid is cooled, the particles
move slower and move slightly closer
together
Thermal expansion
● It is the tendency of matter to change
its shape, area, and volume in
response to a change in temperature.
Expansion Joints
● an assembly designed to hold parts
together while safely absorbing
temperature-induced expansion
Jar lids
● Metal has a higher thermal expansion
coefficient than glass, hence the metal
lid expands a little when heated.
● Once the metal expands even a little, it
lets out the inside air pressure and
breaks the seal.
Sagging of Electrical Lines Properties of matter:
● Heat causes the particles of copper Physical Properties
and aluminum to expand, thus, ● These are properties that can be
resulting in a greater length of power measured or observed without
line extending from pole to pole than matter changing to an entirely
under lower temperature conditions. different substance.
● Physical properties are typically
[effect of temperature to liquids] things you can detect with your
● The molecules in cold water move senses.
slowly and are close together. Chemical Properties
● As the water is heated, the molecules ● These are properties that can be
move faster and a little further apart. measured or observed only when
Engine Coolant matter undergoes a change to
● If the radiator is filled completely with become an entirely different kind of
coolant on a cold day, an increase in matter.
temperature could very well cause the Intensive or Intrinsic Properties
coolant to expand until it overflows. ● Type of matter in a sample and not
Water as Coolant in Sweat on the amount (reversible)
● High temperatures damage the tissues ● Density, odor, luster, malleability,
and proteins. Water is a good coolant ductility, solubility, melting point, and
because it takes a lot of energy for freezing point
water to change temperature.
Extensive or Extrinsic Properties
[effect of temperature to gas] ● property of matter that depends on
● When the molecules of a gas are the amount of matter in a sample.
heated, they move faster.
Hot Air Balloon
● The faster-moving molecules inside
the balloon push against the material
the balloon is made out of.
● This push from the inside air
overcomes the inward pull of the
balloon, making the balloon get
Answers:
bigger.
Car Tire
● Over the course of a long drive, as a
result of alternating between braking
and acceleration and of course
steering, tires get heated up. When
this happens, the air within the tires
gets heated up, causing the air within
the tire to expand
Classification of the matter: Mixture
● It consists of two or more components
Pure substance (pure substance) that are mixed
● It consists of only one kind of element together and can be separated by
or compound with a constant physical means.
composition ● Each component of the mixture
● It cannot be separated by physical retains their physical and chemical
means. properties
○ Examples: Copper Wire, Sugar, Homogenous Mixture
Salt, Diamond, etc. ● Composition throughout is uniform
Elements (one phase)
● These are substances composed of ● Solution
only one kind of atom. Heterogeneous Mixture
● They can be classified as metals, ● consists of two or more phases. It
nonmetals, and metalloids. does not have a uniform composition.
Metals ● One substance can be separated from
● Most metals are lustrous. the other
● Solid and the particles are strongly
bonded together. (hard)
● Good conductors of electricity and
heat.
● Malleable
○ can be shaped into thin sheets
● Ductile
○ can be stretched into a wire
Non-metals Answers:
● Dull appearance
● Brittle
● Poor conductors of heat and
electricity
● Good insulators

Metalloids
● Intermediate between metals and
non-metals
● Can be shiny or dull
● Excellent semiconductors

Answers:
Compounds
● These are substances composed of
two or more kinds of atoms that are
chemically bonded together in fixed
proportions.
Methods of Separating Mixtures:
Sublimation
● It is the process of transition of a
substance from the solid to the
gaseous state without passing
through the liquid state. To separate
mixtures that contain a sublimate
with a volatile component from a
non-sublimate impurity.
Sedimentation
● It is a process used to separate the
components of mixtures based on
their varying weights. Heavy
suspended particles are allowed to
settle at the bottom of the container.
Decantation
● When the liquid portion is poured
out carefully without disturbing the
sediments
Filtration
● It is a process where a solid-liquid
mixture is allowed to pass through a
filter paper, trapping the solid in it.
● Residue
○ the solid component that
remained in the filter paper
● Filtrate
○ the clear liquid that is
collected
Evaporation
● It is the process of separating a
soluble solid into a liquid or solvent
by continuously heating the solution.
Centrifugation
● It is a process of separating insoluble
smaller solids from a liquid where
normal filtration does not work well.
Simple distillation
● It is the process of separating two
miscible liquids with enough
difference in boiling points (greater
than 70oC). Pure liquid substance
from a soluble solid-liquid mixture.
Fractional distillation
● It is the process of separating two or
more miscible liquids in which the
differences in boiling points are less
than 25oC.
Separating Tunnel
● It is the process of separating two
immiscible liquids.
Paper Chromatography
● It is the method used to separate
components of different degrees of
solubility using a moving and
stationary fluid.
● Stationary phase
○ is the special quality paper
called the Chromatography
paper or chromatogram.
● Mobile phase
○ is a solvent or a mixture of
solvents
● Retention Factor (Rf)
○ it is the ratio of the distance
traveled by the solute in the
stationary phase relative to
the distance traveled by the
solvent.
Answers:
Fundamental Laws of Matter
Laws of Matter
Law of conservation of mass
● Antoine Lavoisier
○ is known as the father of
modern chemistry.
○ He concluded that the total
mass present before a
chemical reaction is the same
as the total mass present after
the chemical reaction.
○ He formulated the first
fundamental law of matter by
heating magnesium.
Law of Definite Proportions
● Joseph Proust is a French chemist
who proposed the law of definite
composition or law of definite
proportions based.
● His law is based on the experiments
conducted on the elemental
composition of water and copper (II)
carbonate.
● It states that if a compound is broken
down into its constituent elements,
the masses of the constituents will
always have the same proportions,
regardless of the quantity or source of
the original substance regardless of
the quantity or source of the original
substance.
Law of Multiple Proportions
● John Dalton is an English chemist and
meteorologist who proposed the law
of multiple proportions, also known
as Dalton’s law.
● The law of multiple proportions states
that when two elements combine with
each other to form more than one
compound.
● The weights of one element that
combine with a fixed weight of the
other are in a ratio of small whole
numbers.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
● Each element is composed of
extremely small particles called atoms
● All atoms of a given element are
identical, but the atoms of one
element are different from the atoms
of all other elements.
● Atoms of one element cannot be
changed into atoms of a different
element by chemical reactions, atoms
are neither created nor destroyed in
chemical reactions
● Compounds are formed when atoms
of more than one element combine, a
given compound always has the same
relative number and kind of atoms
Steps in balancing chemical
equations:
1. Count the atoms (subscripts) on both
sides
2. Don’t change the subscripts
3. The only thing you can change is the
coefficient
Additional Notes: