In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time cleared the mysteries around the DNA as a

genetic material, by giving a structural model of DNA, popularly known as, 'Double Helix
Model of DNA'. This model was able to explain various phenomena related to DNA
replication, and its role in inheritance.
The double helix model of DNA proposed by Watson and Crick showed that DNA is composed
of two strands of nucleotides twisted together in a spiral shape, or helix. Each strand is
composed of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. The nitrogenous bases are held
together by hydrogen bonds, forming base pairs. The two strands are held together by
hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. This structure of DNA allows it to easily replicate, as
each strand can act as a template for the other. The structure also works to protect the genetic
information stored in the DNA, as the two strands are held together and do not easily separate.
This structure was an important breakthrough in understanding how DNA works, and how it is
passed down from generation to generation.
In 2003, the Human Genome Project completes sequencing of the human genome. In 1978,
Boyer was able to isolate a gene for insulin(a hormone to regulate blood sugar levels) from
human genome using biotechnology. He then inserted it into bacteria, which allowed the
gene to reproduce a larger quantity of insulin for diabetics.
This process marked the first successful attempt to isolate a gene and utilize it for medical
purposes. Since then, the potential applications of biotechnology have grown exponentially.
Scientists have used it to develop medicines and treatments for diseases, create genetically
modified crops, and produce biofuels. Biotechnology has also been used to develop diagnostic
tests, which allow doctors to diagnose diseases more accurately and quickly. Additionally,
biotechnology has enabled scientists to study the genetic makeup of organisms and create new
organisms with desired characteristics.