Cellular senescence 

is an irreversible cell cycle Altered fibroblast function

arrest that is progressive with age. The accumulation of The dermis makes up the bulk of the skin and provides
these poorly functional senescent cells results in its structural strength. It protects the body from
impaired intercellular communications and compromise mechanical injury and functions in thermal
tissue function promoting inflammation, consequently regulation and as a receptor of sensory stimuli. It
induce cell death and loss of cardiomyocytes. interacts with the epidermis in maintaining normal skin
structure during embryogenesis, repair, and
Vitamin D promotes intestinal calcium absorption and remodeling. A fibroblast is a type of cell that contributes
helps maintain adequate blood levels of calcium and to the formation of connective tissue, a fibrous cellular
phosphorus, which is necessary for healthy bone material that supports and connects other tissues or
mineralization. organs in the body. Fibroblasts secrete collagen proteins
that help maintain the structural framework of tissues
Reduced in vitamin D production
Vitamin D deficiency in children can cause rickets,
leading to a bowlegged appearance due to the softening Decreased inflammatory response
of the bones. Similarly, in adults, vitamin D When your body encounters an offending agent (like viruses,
deficiency manifests as osteomalaciaTrusted Source or a bacteria or toxic chemicals) or suffers an injury, it activates
softening of the bones. Osteomalacia results in poor your immune system. Your immune system sends out its first
bone density and muscular weakness. responders: inflammatory cells and cytokines (substances
that stimulate more inflammatory cells).
Long-term vitamin D deficiency can also present
These cells begin an inflammatory response to trap bacteria
as osteoporosis. and other offending agents or start healing injured tissue. The
Reduced in sensory function result can be pain, swelling, bruising or redness. But
inflammation also affects body systems you can’t see.
The sense of touch makes you aware of pain,
temperature, pressure, vibration, and body position. There are two types of inflammation:
Skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and internal organs have Acute inflammation: The response to sudden body damage,
nerve endings (receptors) that detect these sensations. such as cutting your finger. To heal the cut, your body sends
Some receptors give the brain information about the inflammatory cells to the injury. These cells start the healing
position and condition of internal organs. Though you process.
may not be aware of this information, it helps to Chronic inflammation: Your body continues sending
identify changes (for example, the pain of appendicitis). inflammatory cells even when there is no outside danger. For
example, in rheumatoid arthritis inflammatory cells and
Your brain interprets the type and amount of touch substances attack joint tissues leading to an inflammation
sensation. It also interprets the sensation as pleasant that comes and goes and can cause severe damage to joints
(such as being comfortably warm), unpleasant (such as with pain and deformities.
being very hot), or neutral (such as being aware that
you are touching something).
With aging, sensations may be reduced or changed.
These changes can occur because of decreased blood
flow to the nerve endings or to the spinal cord or brain.
The spinal cord transmits nerve signals and the brain
interprets these signals.
Delayed wound healing
Age-related differences in wound healing have been
clearly documented. Although the elderly can heal most
wounds, they have a slower healing process, and all
phases of wound healing are affected. The inflammatory
response is decreased or delayed, as is the proliferative
response. Remodeling occurs, but to a lesser degree, and
the collagen formed is qualitatively different. Diseases
that affect wound healing are more prevalent in the
elderly and have a greater adverse effect on healing than
in young adults.