INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Chemistry – study of matter “the central science”

MATTER – Anything that occupies space and has mass/weight

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Pure substance – is a state of matter that has definite composition and distinct properties.
Elements – is a substance that cannot be separated in simpler element by chemical means.
Compounds – is composed of atom of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportion.

Mixture – combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct
identities.
Homogeneous mixture – (solution) can’t see in the mixture
Heterogeneous mixture – can see in the mixture

STATES OF MATTER
Solid – definite shape and volume
Liquid – has no shape, definite volume
Gas – has no shape no definite volume

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Physical properties of matter - Any characteristic that can be measured, such as an object’s
density, color, mass, volume, length, malleability, melting point, hardness, odor, temperature,
and more, are considered properties of matter.

Intensive Property of matter – does not depend on the amount

Extensive Property of matter – depends on the amount

Chemical Properties of Matter - are characteristics that can only be measured or observed as
matter transforms into a particular type of matter. Reactivity, flammability, and the ability to rust
are among them.
Endothermic – absorbs energy
Exothermic – releases energy

TYPE OF PROCESS
Solid – liquid = MELTING
Liquid – gas = BOILING / EVAPORATION
Gas – solid = DEPOSITION
Solid – gas = SUBLIMATION
Gas – liquid = CONDENSATION
Liquid – solid = FREEZING

SEPARATION TECHNIQUE

Decantation - is the technique of removal of water after using the sedimentation technique.
Filtration - is the method of separation in which impurities are removed from water by using filter paper. 
Evaporation - It is used to separate those mixtures in which solvent is liquid and solute is soluble solid.
Condensation - is the process of conversion of vapors into a liquid state.
Sublimation - is the process in which a substance directly changes from a solid state to a liquid state.
Distillation - It is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that
boil without decomposition and have sufficient differences in their boiling point.
Separating Funnel - It is used to separate two immiscible liquids such as oil and water.
Magnetic Separation - It is used in the separation of components of those mixtures in which one
component shows magnetic properties and another one doesn’t.
Sedimentation - is a separation technique in which heavier impurities present in water settle down at the
bottom after some time if you keep the mixture still in one place.