Heat Transfer L6

Heat Exchanger
(Part-1)

Vipin Kumar Yadav

Heat Exchanger

The heat transfer in a H.Ex can take place due to

1. Temperature difference i.e., sensible heat transfer

E.g., Heater, Cooler etc.

2. Phase change i.e., latent heat transfer

E.g., Boilers & Condensers etc.
Heat Exchanger

Mostly Heat Exchanger have thermal heat exchange between two fluids separated by a solid surface.

Mechanism
• Conduction in wall separating fluid.
• Convection within the fluid.

Analysis
It is convenient to use overall heat transfer coefficient (U) to calculate heat transfer in the H.Ex.
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics: SFEE
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics: SFEE
Types of Heat Exchangers

A. Nature of heat exchange process.

B. Mechanical design of heat exchange surface.

C. Physical state of heat exchanging fluid.

D. Relative direction of motion of fluids.

Types of Heat Exchangers
A. Nature of heat exchange process.

I. Direct contact or open heat exchanger

• Complete physical mixing of hot and cold fluid to reach common temperature.
• e.g., Water cooling tower, Jet condensers.

II. Regenerators
• Hot and cold fluid flow alternatively through a storage matrix made up of
cellulose (high heat capacity)

III. Recuperators
• Hot and cold fluid separated by wall.
• Majority of industrial application uses this kind of heat exchanger.
Types of Heat Exchangers

B. Mechanical design of heat exchange surface.

I. Concentric tube heat exchanger

II. Shell and tube heat exchanger

Types of Heat Exchangers
C. Physical state of heat exchanging fluid.

I. Condenser
The temperature of hot fluid will remain constant throughout the heat exchanger (only latent
heat is transferred)

II. Evaporator
The temperature of cold fluid will remain constant throughout the heat exchanger (only latent
heat is transferred)
Types of Heat Exchangers
D. Relative direction of motion of fluids.

I. Parallel flow

II. Counter flow

III. Cross flow

Heat Exchangers Analysis: LMTD Method
Parallel flow Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchangers Analysis: LMTD Method
Parallel flow Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchangers Analysis: LMTD Method
Parallel flow Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchangers Analysis: LMTD Method
Parallel flow Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchangers Analysis: LMTD Method
Parallel flow Heat Exchanger
Log Mean Temperature Difference: Parallel Flow H.Ex

This parameter takes into account the variation of ΔT w.r.t x by averaging it to the length of H.Ex.

ΔT2 − ΔT1 ΔT1 − ΔT2

ΔTm = =
ΔT ΔT
ln 2 ln 1
ΔT1 ΔT2
Thi
Hot Fluid

The

Tce

Cold Fluid
Tci
Log Mean Temperature Difference: Counter Flow H.Ex

This parameter takes into account the variation of ΔT w.r.t x by averaging it to the length of H.Ex.

ΔT2 − ΔT1 ΔT1 − ΔT2

ΔTm = =
ΔT ΔT
ln 2 ln 1
ΔT1 ΔT2
Parallel Vs Counter Flow H.Ex

Thi
Hot Fluid Thi

The Hot Fluid

Tce
Tce The

Cold Fluid
Tci
Cold Fluid Tci
Log Mean Temperature Difference: Assumptions

• The overall heat transfer co-efficient, U is constant.

• Flow condition is steady.
• The specific heats and mass flow rate of both fluid are constant.
.
• Q surrounding = 0
• No phase change.
• ΔKE = ΔPE = negligible.
• Axial conduction along the tubes of the heat exchanger is negligible.
Log Mean Temperature Difference: Special Cases
ΔT2 − ΔT1 ΔT1 − ΔT2
1. One fluid is undergoing phase change ΔTm = =
ΔT2 ΔT
ln ln 1
ΔT1 ΔT2

Steam Condenser Steam Generator

ΔT𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 = ΔT𝒎 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍

Log Mean Temperature Difference: Special Cases
ΔT2 − ΔT1 ΔT1 − ΔT2
Special Cases: One fluid is undergoing phase change ΔTm = =
ΔT2 ΔT
ln ln 1
ΔT1 ΔT2
Steam Condenser
Log Mean Temperature Difference: Special Cases
Log Mean Temperature Difference: Special Cases

2. Both Fluids have equal heat capacity

Log Mean Temperature Difference: Conclusions

For same inlet and exit temperature of hot and cold fluid we can say:

( Δ 𝐓𝐦 )parallel < ( Δ 𝐓𝐦 )cross < ( Δ 𝐓𝐦 )counter flow

( A )parallel > ( A )cross > ( A )counter flow

Hence, we can say counter flow heat exchanger is more compact.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Heat transfer through H.Ex is given by 𝑸ሶ = 𝐔. 𝐀 . ΔT𝒎

When the two fluids of the heat exchanger are separated by a plane wall

Ta 𝐡𝐨
Ti
𝑄ሶ
To
𝐡𝐢
Tb

Ta Ti To Tb
𝑄ሶ 𝑄ሶ
𝟏 𝐋 𝟏
𝐡𝐢 𝐀 𝐢 𝐤𝐀 𝐡𝐨 𝐀 𝐨
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Heat transfer through H.Ex is given by 𝑸ሶ = 𝐔. 𝐀 . ΔT𝒎

When the two fluids of the heat exchanger are separated by a cylindrical wall
To
Based on Inner Area 𝑄ሶ
Ti

Ta , 𝐡𝐢
𝐫𝐨 𝐡𝐨 , T b

𝐫𝐢

Ta Ti To Tb
𝑄ሶ 𝑄ሶ
𝟏 𝐫𝐨 𝟏
𝐥𝐧
𝐡𝐢 𝐀 𝐢 𝐫𝐢 𝐡𝐨 𝐀 𝐨
𝟐п𝐤𝐋
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Heat transfer through H.Ex is given by 𝑸ሶ = 𝐔. 𝐀 . ΔT𝒎

When the two fluids of the heat exchanger are separated by a cylindrical wall
To
Based on outer Area 𝑄ሶ
Ti

Ta , 𝐡𝐢
𝐫𝐨 𝐡𝐨 , T b

𝐫𝐢

Ta Ti To Tb
𝑄ሶ 𝑄ሶ
𝟏 𝐫𝐨 𝟏
𝐥𝐧
𝐡𝐢 𝐀 𝐢 𝐫𝐢 𝐡𝐨 𝐀 𝐨
𝟐п𝐤𝐋
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Fouling Factor
However, during normal operation, the tube surface get covered by deposits of ash, soot (smoke), dirt and
scale etc. This phenomenon of rust formation and deposition of fluid impurities is called Fouling.

Since it is difficult of find thickness and thermal conductivity of deposits, we take the effect of
scale on heat flow as “Equivalent scale heat transfer coefficient “, hs .

𝟏
𝐑𝐬𝐢 = Thermal resistance due to scale formed on inside surface
𝐡𝐬𝐢 𝐀𝐢
𝟏
𝐑𝐬𝐨 = Thermal resistance due to scale formed on outside surface
𝐡𝐬𝐨 𝐀𝐨
Performance Parameter: Capacity Ratio
Performance Parameter: Number of Transfer Units(NTU)
Performance Parameter: Effectiveness

.
Qact
ε= .
Qmax
Performance Parameter: Effectiveness

For any Heat Exchanger 𝛆 = 𝐟 𝐍𝐓𝐔, 𝐂

C=0

1−e− 1−C NTU

C=0.5
Counter Flow HE, ε=
1−Ce− 1−C NTU
ε C=1

1−e− 1+C NTU

Parallel Flow HE, ε=
1+C
NTU
Performance Parameter: Special Case

1. When one of the fluid is undergoing phase change: Steam condenser or generator(C=0)

1−e− 1−C NTU

Counter Flow HE, ε=
1−Ce− 1−C NTU

1−e− 1+C NTU

Parallel Flow HE, ε=
1+C
Performance Parameter: Special Case

2. When both hot and cold fluid are having equal heat capacity (C=1)

1−e− 1−C NTU

Counter Flow HE, ε=
1−Ce− 1−C NTU

1−e− 1+C NTU

Parallel Flow HE, ε=
1+C
Performance Parameter:

0 ≤ C ≤ 1

steam Balanced
condensing
Summary: