Chapter One First Semester 2020-2021

Yarmouk University
Department of Civil Engineering
Design of Reinforced
Concrete II
Dr. Faris Matalkah
Email: matalkah@yu.edu.jo
Academic Website: http://faculty.yu.edu.jo/matalkah/SitePages/Home.aspx
Dr. Faris Matalkah 1

Reinforced Concrete Design II
Design of Reinforced Concrete II
Main References
Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced

Concrete, 9th edtion. Harper & Row
Publishers, New York.
Building Code Requirements for

Reinforced concrete ACI 318 – 11,
ACI 318-14


Course Objectives: Course Outline:
Reinforced Concrete can be defined as both a It is presumed that students have acquired
Science and Art. Successful design of reinforced previously a good and sound understanding of
concrete not only satisfies the design basics in structural analysis (structure 1), concrete
equations, but also must be capable of being Technology and reinforced concrete 1. This course is
built at a reasonable cost. Therefore the designed to focus on the analysis and design of
objective of this course as one of the series of reinforced concrete structures. The material will be
reinforced concrete courses is to enable the covered in the chapters devoted to the design and
engineering students to understand the basic analysis of a certain advanced concepts in
concepts in design and analysis of reinforced reinforced concrete structures such as design of
concrete elements subjected to several cases continuous structures, design of slender columns,
of loading. design of two-way slabs, design of footings, design
for torsion, . . . etc. Details of these chapters as
shown below.


COURSE OUTLINE
Chapter 2: Slender Columns
• Introduction
Chapter 1: Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures
• Non-sway and sway frames
• Introduction
• Slenderness effects
• Qualitative influence lines
• k-factors with alignment charts and using equations
• Loading, load combination and placement of loads
• First order analyses using special member properties
• Limit analysis and design
• Slender columns in non-sway and sway frames
• Methods of elastic analysis
• Slenderness effects under ACI Code
• Moment redistribution under ACI Code
• Magnification of column moments in non-sway frames
• Approximate analysis of continuous beams
• Magnification of column moments in sway frames.
• ACI coefficient for continuous beams and slabs
• Analysis of sway frames
• Approximate analysis of continuous structures for vertical
loads Chapter 3: Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs
• Equivalent rigid-frame method • Introduction
• Assumed points of inflection • Types of slabs and economical choice of slab
• Approximate analysis of continuous structures for lateral • Design concepts
loads • Design of two-way slabs by the ACI Code
• Frame analysis by portal method • Column and middle strips
• Development length requirements for continuous • Shear resistance of slabs
members • Depth limitations and stiffness requirements


Chapter 3: Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs Chapter 4: Analysis and Design of Footings
• Slabs without interior beams • Introduction
• Slabs with interior beams • Types of footings
• Direct Design Method (DDM) • Actual and allowable soil pressure
• Limitations on the DDM • Design of wall footings
• Total factored static moment • Design of isolated square and rectangular footings
• Longitudinal distribution of moments in slabs • Footings for round and polygon-shape columns
• Transverse distribution of moments • Load transfer from column to footings
• ACI provisions for effects of pattern loadings • Combined footings
• Reinforcement details • Footings under axial loads and moments
• Design of two-way slabs with and without beams, slabs • Transfer of horizontal forces
with and without edge beams. • Plain concrete footings
• Design of flat slabs and flat plates.
• Waffle slabs
• Equivalent Rigid Frame Method
• Introduction


Chapter 5: Design for Torsion Chapter 6 Serviceability of Structures
• Introduction • Introduction
• Torsional reinforcing • Importance of deflection
• Equilibrium and compatibility torsion • Control of deflection; minimum thickness, max. deflection
• Torsional stresses • Calculation of deflections
• Torsional moments in rectangular sections • Effective moment of inertia
• Combined shear and torsion • Instantaneous deflection
• Torsional strength of plain concrete sections • Long-term deflections
• Torsional strength of reinforced concrete sections (ACI • Allowable deflections
Code) • Deflections due to combinations of loads
• Torsional geometric parameters • Simple-beam deflections
• Cracking torsional moment • Continuous-beam deflections
• Limitations on torsional moment strength • Types of Cracks and Control of flexural cracks
• Hollow sections • ACI Code provisions for cracks
• Web reinforcement • Cracks in flexural members: secondary cracks, shrinkage cracks,
• Minimum torsional reinforcement secondary flexural cracks, corrosion secondary cracks, main cracks
• Crack width and crack control
• ACI Code requirements

Chapter One
Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures
A load placed in one span of a continuous structure will
cause shears, moments, and deflections in the other spans
of that structure. Not only are the beams of a reinforced
concrete structure continuous, but the entire structure is
also continuous. In other words, loads applied to a column
affect the beams, slabs, and other columns, and vice versa.
The result is that more economical structures are obtained

because the bending moments are smaller, and thus 9𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 4
member sizes are smaller. 𝑀2 = δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 185 𝐸𝐼
128

Chapter One Reinforced Concrete Design II
Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures

Stress Redistribution

Qualitative Influence Lines

Qualitative influence lines are based on a principle
introduced by the German professor Heinrich Muller-
Breslau.
This principle is as follows: The deflected shape of a
structure represents to some scale the influence line for a
function such as reaction, shear, or moment if the function
in question is allowed to act through a small distance.
It is possible to sketch the diagram roughly with sufficient
accuracy to locate the critical positions for live loads for
various functions of the structure.



Qualitative Influence Line for Moment in Frames
Qualitative influence lines are particularly valuable for

determining critical load positions for buildings, as
illustrated by the moment influence line for the building
shown in the Figure
In drawing diagrams for an entire frame, the joints are

assumed to be free to rotate, but the members at each
joint are assumed to be rigidly connected to each other
so that the angles between them do not change during
rotation. The influence line shown in the Figure is for
positive moment at the center of beam AB.


Q3: Draw qualitative influence lines and place the
Homework No.1 live load for the positive moment at X and for
positive shear at X.
Q1: Draw qualitative influence lines and place the live load
for the reactions at A and B, positive moment and positive
shear at X
Q2: Draw qualitative influence lines and place the live load
for reactions at B and D, negative moment and negative
shear at X.


Q4: For the continues beam shown, locate where the live
load should be added to produce
(d) Maximum negative moment at support E
(e) Maximum reaction at support A
(f) Maximum negative moment at C
(a) Maximum negative shear at midspan BC

(b) Maximum positive shear at midspan BC
(c) Maximum negative moment at support B


Solved Examples

Limit Design
It can be clearly shown that a statically indeterminate beam or frame normally will not collapse when its ultimate
moment capacity is reached at just one section. Instead, there is a redistribution of the moments in the structure.
If one section of a statically indeterminate member reaches this moment, it begins to yield but does not fail.
Rather, it acts like a hinge (called a plastic hinge) and throws the excess load off to sections of the members that
have lesser stresses.
Moment–curvature relationship for an ideal plastic Typical moment–curvature relationship for a reinforced
material. concrete member.

The Collapse Mechanism

To understand moment redistribution in steel or reinforced concrete structures, it is necessary first to consider
the location and number of plastic hinges required to cause a structure to collapse. A statically determinate
beam will fail if one plastic hinge develops. The propped beam is an example of a structure that will fail after
two plastic hinges develop. The fixed-end beam cannot fail unless the three plastic hinges are developed.
Plastic hinge formation in a Plastic hinge formation in a propped Plastic hinge formation in a fixed-fixed
statically determinate beam. cantilever statically indeterminate beam. statically indeterminate beam.

Plastic Hinge: Examples

Plastic Hinge: Examples
Tension steel Tension steel

at the bottom at the top

Limit Design
The Limit State of a structure is a term that describes when a structure is on the limit of becoming unfit to
use. This may occur as a result of failure of one ore more members, overturning instability, excessive
deflection or any event which resulting the structure failure to meets its design purpose.
When designing a structure, we use Limit State Design method, which requires the structure to satisfy two
principle criteria:
1. Ultimate Limit State

2. Serviceability Limit State

Limit Design Under the ACI Code

Tests of reinforced concrete frames have shown that under certain conditions, there is definitely a
redistribution of moments before collapse occurs.
The ACI Code’s percentage of moment redistribution has
purposely been limited to a very conservative value to be
sure that excessively large concrete cracks do not occur
at high steel stresses and to ensure adequate ductility for
moment redistribution at the plastic hinges.
The ACI Code likely will expand its presently conservative
redistribution method after the behavior of plastic hinges
is better understood, particularly in regard to shears,
deflections, and development of reinforcing.


Solution
Example: Assume the code permits of 10% decrease
in the negative or positive moments. Calculate the
redistributed moments considering the maximum
positive moments in the end spans
Factored loads are: WL=5.1 K/ft WD=2.8 K/ft

MB and MC=-308 ft-K
A B C D
෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
24 ft 24 ft 24 ft
A B C D 𝐴𝑦 = 82 𝐾𝑖𝑝


To find the distance where maximum moment occurs New negative moment at B
For maximum moment --- Shear equals to zero ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐶 = 406 𝐾-ft
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑋 =10.38 ft
෍ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 425 𝐾-ft

For maximum moment at mid span BC:
For 10% Moment Reduction ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 383 𝐾-ft

𝐵𝑦 = 145.3 𝐾𝑖𝑝
New Reaction at A
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
෍ 𝑀𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 77.9 𝐾𝑖𝑝 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 204 𝐾-ft


Solution: Homework No.2
Q1: Assume the code permits of 10% decrease in the negative

or positive moments. Calculate the redistributed moments
considering the maximum positive moment in mid span.
Factored loads are WL=5.1 K/ft WD=2.8 K/ft
MB and MC=-308 ft-K
Solution:
Maximum positive
moment in span 2
Maximum positive moment in end spans
23

Q2: Assume the code permits of 10% decrease in the Summary: The result of these various redistributions
negative or positive moments. Calculate the redistributed is actually an envelope of the extreme values of the
moments considering the maximum negative moment at moments at the critical sections. The envelope for
support B. Factored loads are WL=5.1 K/ft WD=2.8 K/ft the three-span beam considered in this section is
presented in the Figure below
Max positive moment in the 1st span =345 ft-k
MC=-260 ft-K
Solution:
Moment Envelope
Maximum negative moment at support B.


Q3: For the given over-hanged beam shown. Calculate the percentage of negative moment at support C to
be redistributed based on the ACI code requirement. Use h equals to 21 inches and b equals to 12 inches.
1.5”
18”
h
NA
2.5”
b
Section at C


The reductions in bending moments because of moment redistribution as
described here do not mean that the safety factors for continuous
members will be less than those for simple spans. Rather, the excess
strength that such members have because of this continuity is reduced so
that the overall factors of safety are nearer but not less than those of
simple spans.
Various studies have shown that cracking and deﬂection of members

selected by the limit design process are no more severe than those for
the same members designed without taking advantage of the
permissible redistributions.

ACI Coefficients Method


The shown Figure gives the ACI terminology for the various spans,
support and support faces.
Note:
wu = The total factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab.
ln = The clear span from face to face of supports for positive moment, or the Spandrel beam floor beams
average of the two adjacent clear span for negative moment.

Case I Case II
Beam with two spans only Beam with more than two spans
Slabs with span not exceeding 10 ft Case IV

Case III
Beams in which the sum of column stiffness's
exceeds 8 times the sum of the beam stiffness's


Example 1: Design the following beam using ACI
Coefficients method. Where:
fy=40,000 psi
f’c= 3000 psi h Clear span
WL = 100 lb/ft
h/2 𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2
WD = 200 lb/ft
Beam cross section 24 9 9 24
Solution:
𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2
WU = 1.2 (200) + 1.6 (100) = 400 lb/ft
14 14
Case I: Spandrel
To assume h, use Table 9.5a in ACI code
9600 lb-ft 25600 lb-ft 25600 lb-ft 9600 lb-ft
Moment 16457
16457
values lb-ft
lb-ft


𝑓𝑦
Deflection multiplier factor : 0.4+ 100000 = 0.8
center-center
25
h= × 0.8 ×12 = 12.97 inch
18.5
Use h of 14-inch, b=7 inch and d= h-1 (cover) = 13 inch
To determine the reinforcement ratio, Rn
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 = Φ = 0.9
Φ𝑏. 𝑑 2
108.2 288.5 288.5 108.2

𝑹𝒏
185.48 185.48


108.2 288.5 288.5 108.2
To determine ρ, use Table A8 or the following
equation 𝑹𝒏
185.48 185.48
0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1- 1 − 0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐 )
𝑓𝑦 0.00277 0.00767 0.00767 0.00277
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = ρ. 𝑏. 𝑑 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝝆 0.00487 0.00487
0.25 (0.455) 0.698 0.698 0.25 (0.455)
𝑨𝒔𝒕 (in2) 0.443 (0.455) 0.443 (0.455)
3 no. 4 4 no.4 4 no.4 3 no.4

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.374 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 0.455 Reinforcement
3 no.4 3 no.4
Use 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 of 0.455 in2 (Table A2)


Example 2: Design the continuous slab shown in the
Figure for moments calculated with the ACI
coefficients. The slab (6-inch thickness) is to support
a service live load of 165 psf and a superimposed
dead load of 5 psf in addition to its own dead weight.
f’c= 3000 psi and fy= 40,000 psi. The slab is to be
constructed integrally with its spandrel girder
supports, and the spandrel supports are 12 in. wide.
Concrete density 150 pcf.
Textbook Page 449


Homework No.3
Q1: Design the continuous beam, ABCD shown, using the ACI coefficients method. Given the
factored DL = 300 lb/ft and factored LL = 200 lb/ft are uniformly distributed on the beam.
Use: f’c= 4000 psi and fy= 40,000 psi.

Assumed Points of Inflection

Another approximate method of analyzing statically
indeterminate building frames is to assume the locations of the
points of inflection in the members. Such assumptions have the
effect of creating simple beams between the points of inflection
in each span, and the positive moments in each span can be
determined by statics. Negative moments occur in the girders
between their ends and the points of inflection.


Homework No.4
Q1: Draw the shear and

moment diagrams for
member AB of the frame
shown in the accompanying
illustration if points of
inflection are assumed to be
located at 0.15L from each
end of the span.
(Ans. max M = 304 ft-k

@ centerline)
Moment diagram

Q2: For the given frame and loading, given that the factored
dead load equals to 5 k/ft and factored live load of 20 Kip
(located at the beam centerline).
(a) Assume the point of inflection occurs at 20% of beam
length, Calculate the negative moment at D for beam HD
(b) Assume the point of inflection occurs at 15% of beam
length, Calculate the negative moment at D for beam HD
(a) Ans. 278.4 Kip/ft

(b) Ans. 219.6 Kip/ft

Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Lateral Loads

Building frames are subjected to lateral loads as well
as to vertical loads. The necessity for careful
attention to these forces increases as buildings
become taller. Rigid-frame buildings are highly
statically indeterminate; their analysis by “exact”
methods (unless computers are used) is so lengthy
as to make the approximate methods very popular.
The approximate method presented here is called the

portal method. Because of its simplicity, it has
probably been used more than any other approximate
method for determining wind forces in building
frames.
The 16-story Apoquindo Tower, Santiago, Chile.

Portal Method
For the portal method, the loads are assumed to be applied at the
joints only. If this loading condition is correct, the moments will vary
linearly in the members, and points of inflection will be located fairly
close to member midpoints.
In the portal method, the entire wind loads are assumed to be
resisted by the building frames, with no stiffening assistance from the
floors, walls, and partitions. Changes in the lengths of girders and
columns are assumed to be negligible

Portal Method
D H
Example: Analyze the building frame shown using the portal method.
At least three assumptions must be made for each individual portal or
for each girder. In the portal method, the frame is theoretically
divided into independent portals, and the following three C G
assumptions are made:
1. The columns bend in such a manner that there is a point of
inflection at mid-depth.
2. The girders bend in such a manner that there is a point of
inflection at their centerlines.
3. The horizontal shears on each level are arbitrarily distributed
between the columns. One commonly used distribution (and the
one illustrated here) is to assume that the shear divides among
the columns in the ratio of one part to exterior columns and two
parts to interior columns.

Portal Method
Shear in Column: The shears in each column on the various levels were obtained first. The total
shear on the top level is 15 k. Because there are two exterior and two interior columns, the
following expression may be written:
V=2.5 k
V V
2V 2V
V=12.5 k
V=7.5 k
V V V V
2V 2V 2V 2V

Portal Method
Moment in Column: The columns are assumed to have points of inflection at their mid-depths;
therefore, their moments, top and bottom, equal the column shears times half the column heights.
𝑉.𝑙
Moment = 2
M=25 k-ft M=50 k-ft M=50 k-ft M=25 k-ft


Portal Method
Moment and Shear in Girder: At any joint in the frame, the sum of the moments in the girders equals
the sum of the moments in the columns. The column moments have been previously determined.
Beginning at the upper-left corner of the frame and working across from left to right, adding or
subtracting the moments. It follows that with points of inflection at girder centerlines, the girder shears
equal the girder moments divided by half-girder lengths.
𝑀 2.5 k 2.5 k
Shear in girder= 0.5𝑙
2.5 k H 50 k-ft
D 25 k-ft
25 k-ft 25 k-ft
5k 10 k
25 k-ft G
2.5 k 5k 100 k-ft 100 k-ft
2.5 k
25 k-ft 10 k 15 k
C 75+25=100 k-ft 50 k-ft
10 k 150 k-ft
75 k-ft 7.5 k

Portal Method

Portal Method
Q2: For the given Frame and lateral forces, assume the
Homework No.5
inflection point accrues at mid-span of beams and columns.
Determine the (a) shear force at mid-span of beam KJ and (b)
Q1: Calculate moments, shears, and axial forces for all the the moment of joint J for beam KJ
members of the frame shown using the portal method.
Ans.
(a) 0.375 Kip
(b) 4.5 Kip.ft
(Ans. V = 12.5 k, M = 75 ft-k, and S = 6.6 k for lower left column)

Development Length Requirements for Continuous Members
0.25 ln1 0.33 ln1 0.33 ln2 0.33 ln2 0.33 ln3
Standard
90° hook
ln1 ln2 ln3

6” 6” 6” 6” 6”
0.125 ln1 Min 0.25 As 0.125 ln1 0.125 ln2

Min 0.25 As
Recommended bar details for continuous beams.

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Yarmouk University

Department of Civil Engineering

Dr. Faris Matalkah 1

Design of Reinforced Concrete II

Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced

Building Code Requirements for

Dr. Faris Matalkah 2

Design of Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Faris Matalkah 3

Design of Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Faris Matalkah 4

Design of Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Faris Matalkah 5

Design of Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Faris Matalkah 6

The result is that more economical structures are obtained

Dr. Faris Matalkah 7

Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures

Dr. Faris Matalkah 8

Qualitative Influence Lines

Dr. Faris Matalkah 9

Qualitative Influence Lines

Dr. Faris Matalkah 10

Qualitative Influence Lines

Qualitative influence lines are particularly valuable for

In drawing diagrams for an entire frame, the joints are

Dr. Faris Matalkah 11

Qualitative Influence Lines

Dr. Faris Matalkah 12

Qualitative Influence Lines

(a) Maximum negative shear at midspan BC

Dr. Faris Matalkah 13

Qualitative Influence Lines

Dr. Faris Matalkah 14

Dr. Faris Matalkah 15

The Collapse Mechanism

Dr. Faris Matalkah 16

Plastic Hinge: Examples

Dr. Faris Matalkah 17

Plastic Hinge: Examples

Tension steel Tension steel

Dr. Faris Matalkah 18

1. Ultimate Limit State

Dr. Faris Matalkah 19

Limit Design Under the ACI Code

Dr. Faris Matalkah 20

Limit Design Under the ACI Code

Factored loads are: WL=5.1 K/ft WD=2.8 K/ft

Dr. Faris Matalkah 21

Limit Design Under the ACI Code

෍ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 425 𝐾-ft

For 10% Moment Reduction ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 383 𝐾-ft

Dr. Faris Matalkah 22

Limit Design Under the ACI Code

Q1: Assume the code permits of 10% decrease in the negative

Limit Design Under the ACI Code

Dr. Faris Matalkah 24

Limit Design Under the ACI Code