Signal

Signal Flow
Flow Graphs
Graphs

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5
Block Diagram

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Block Diagram

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Signal
Signal Flow
Flow Graphs
Graphs

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Signal
Signal Flow
Flow Graphs
Graphs

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 SIGNAL FLOW DIAGRAMS: MASON’S
GAIN FORMULA

Instead of a Block diagram as shown below:

+
R(s) C(s) G1(s) G2(s) Y(s)
-

We can represent the system as a signal flow graph:

1 C(s) G1(s) G2(s) 1

R(s) Y(s)

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 Signal
Signal Flow
Flow Graphs
Graphs

A signal flow graph and a block diagram

contain exactly the same information ( there
is no advantage to one over the other; there
is only personal preference)

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 Why SFG?
Block Diagrams are adequate for
representation, but cumbersome.
SFG provides the relation between system
variables without requiring any reduction
procedure.

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 Basic Elements of Signal Flow Graph

n A Signal flow graph is a diagram

consisting of nodes that are connected
by several directed branches.

branch branch

node node

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 Basic Elements of Signal Flow Graph
n A node is used to represent a variable
(inputs, outputs, other signals)
n A branch shows the dependence of one
variable ( node) on another variable
(node)
n Each branch has GAIN and DIRECTION
n A signal can transmit through a branch only in
the direction of the arrow
n If gain is not specified gain =1

G
B=GA
A B
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 Nodes
n A node is used to represent a variable
n Source node (input node)
n All braches connected to the node are leaving the node

n Input signal is not affected by other signals

n Sink node (output node)

n All braches connected to the node are entering the node

n output signal is not affecting other signals

D
Source node A B C Sink node
X Y Z V
U

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Relationship Between Variables
Source node A B C Sink node
X Y Z V
U
Gain is not
shown means
gain=1

U (input)
X=AU+Y
Y=BX
Z=CY+DX
V=Z (output)
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 Another Example
D
Source node
A B Y C Sink node

U X Z V
3 K
H
W

X=AU+Y
Y=BX+KZ
Z=CY+DX+HW
W=3U
V=Z
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 Basic Properties

n Signal flow graphs applies to linear systems only

n Nodes are used to represent variables
n A branch from node X to node Y means that Y depends on
X
n Value of the variable (node) is the sum of gain of branch
* value of node
n Non-input node cannot be converted to an input node
n We can create an output node by connecting unit branch
to any node

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 Terminology: Paths
n A path: is a branch or a continuous sequence of branches that
can be traversed from one node to another node

A B Y C
U Z V
X
3 K
H
W Z

U A X B U
Y C Z 3
H
Paths from U to Z W 19
 Terminology: Paths
n A path: is a branch or a continuous sequence of branches that
can be traversed from one node to another node
n Forward path: path from a source to a sink
n Path gain: product of gains of the braches that make the path

A B Y C
U X Z V
3 K
H
W

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 Terminology: loop
n A loop: is a closed path that originates and terminates
on the same node, and along the path no node is met
twice.
n Non-touching loops: two loops are said to be non-
touching if they do not have a common node.

B Y
A B Y C
Z X
U X V
3 K Y C
H
W K
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An example

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 An example…

This have the solution

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 An example

n Self loops a11 , a22 , a12 a21

n Product of non-touching loops a22 a11

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 SGF : in general
n The linear dependence (Tij) between the independent
variable xi (input) and the dependent variable (output) xj
is given by Mason’s SF gain formula

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 The determinant D

n Or
D= is the determinant of the graph = 1 - (sum of all individual loop
gains) + ( sum of gain products of all possible combinations of
two non-touching loops) - (sum of gain products of all possible
combinations of three non-touching loops) + - . . .
n The cofactor is the determinant with loops touching
the kth path removed

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 Example
Determine the transfer function between V and U

A B Y C
U X Z V
3 K
H
W
n The number of forward paths from U to V = ?
n Path Gains ?

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 Example
Determine the transfer function between V and U

A B Y C
U X Z V
3 K
H
W

n The number of forward paths from U to V = 2

n Path Gains ABC, 3H
n Loop Gains B, CK

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Block Diagram and its corresponding
Signal Flow Graph

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 An example:

n Two paths :P1, P2

n Four loops
n P1 = G1G2G3G4, P2= G5G6G7G8
n L1=G2H2 L2=G3H3 L3=G6H6 L4=G7H7
n D= 1 - (L1+L2+L3+L4)+(L1L3+L1L4+L2L3+L2L4)
n For path 1 is L1=L2 =0 and For Path 2 L3=L4 =0
n Cofactor for path 1: D1= 1- (L3+L4)
n Cofactor for path 2: D2= 1-(L1+L2)
n T(s) = (P1D1 + P2D2)/D
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 Another example

3 Paths
8 loops 31
Another example:

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Block diagram and its equivalent signal-flow graph

－
－ －

－1

1 1 1

－1 －1

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Example : Find the transfer function for the following block diagram

b1
+ + ⑥ Y(s)
b2
+
① + ② ③ ④ ⑤
U(s) _ 1/s 1/s 1/s b3
_
_
a1
a2
Solution. a3

1236

12346

123456
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Example : Find the transfer function for the following block diagram

b1
+ + ⑥ Y(s)
b2
+
① + ② ③ ④ ⑤
U(s) _ 1/s 1/s 1/s b3
_
_
a1
a2
a3
Solution.
Applying Mason’s rule, we find the transfer function to be

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Example : Find the transfer function for the following SFG

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ 1 ⑥
1

Solution.

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Example: Find the transfer function for the following SFG

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ 1 ⑥
1

Solution.
Applying Mason’s rule, we find the transfer function to be

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