GIS BASED ACCIDENT INFORMATION

SYSTEM
A Project Report
Submitted
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering

Submitted By:
54821 Apoorva Joshi Under the guidance of
54822 Arshad Ansari Dr. SANDEEP GUPTA
54823 Ashu Sharma (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
54856 Sidra Malik

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
G. B. PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY
PANTNAGAR-263145, INDIA
JANUARY, 2023
 DECLARATION

It is hereby certified that the work which is being presented in the B. Tech. Project report entitled“GIS BASED
ACCIDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology and submitted in the Department of Civil Engineering of G.B. Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology is an authentic record of our own work carried out under the guidance of Dr.
SANDEEP GUPTA

54821 Apoorva Joshi

54822 Arshad Ansari
54823 Ashu Sharma
54856 Sidra Malik

Date- 17/01/2023
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
G. B. PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
PANTNAGAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that following students of I semester (Final year) of Department of Civil Engineering have
successfully completed and submitted their project work during session 2022-23 entitled as
“GIS BASED ACCIDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM”
as stipulated in the syllabus for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering fromCollege of
Technology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar.

54821 Apoorva Joshi

54822 Arshad Ansari
54823 Ashu Sharma
54856 Sidra Malik

Dr. P.S. MAHAR Dr. SANDEEP GUPTA

(Head of Department) (Assistant Professor)

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Technology
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who have played a crucialrole in the research
for this project, without their active cooperation the preparation of this projectcould not have been completed
within the specified time limit.

We are also thankful to our project guide Dr. Sandeep Gupta, who supported us throughout thisproject with
utmost cooperation and patience and for helping us in doing this project.

54821 Apoorva Joshi

54822 Arshad Ansari
54823 Ashu Sharma
54856 Sidra Malik
 Analysis of Road Accidents using GIS
ABSTRACT

Accident analysis plays an important part in the strategy to reduce road accidents. In the past, the
main analysis tools available to the road safety engineer were paper maps allied to databases like
Excel spreadsheets. Accidents were identified on the map using road segments or an area-based
location. This was very time-consuming process and lacked accuracy. However, nowadays
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have revolutionized the whole framework of accident
processing and analysis.

INTRODUCTION
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes,and maps all types of data.
GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data (where things are) with all types of descriptive
information (what things are like there).This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in
science and almost every industry.
GIS helps users understand patterns, relationships, and geographic context. The benefits include improved
communication and efficiency as well as bettermanagement and decision making.
Hundreds of thousands of organizations in virtually every field are using GIS to makemaps that communicate,
perform analysis, share information, and solve complex problems around the world. This is changing the way
the world works.

1. Identify problems
Illuminate issues that are driven by geography. In this story, maps and visualizations connect present-day
environmental inequalities to redlining policies.

2. Monitor change
Visualize and communicate change. This story uses maps to show how humansimpact our warming planet and
shares what we can do to create a more sustainable future.

3. Manage and respond to events

GIS delivers real-time situational awareness. The maps in this story help usunderstand the spread of COVID-
19 and the global impact of the pandemic.

4. Perform forecasting
The maps in this story reveal how coastal communities are impacted by sea level riseand explore data that can
help us predict and prepare for flooding.
5. Set priorities
By analyzing soil health, farmers can determine when and where to plant certaincrops, maximizing yield
while minimizing environmental impact.

6. Understand trends
Visualize data with GIS to gain insights that might be missed in a spreadsheet. This story uses maps to
understand bird populations and migration routes.

MERITS OF GIS
1. GIS can be integrated with various hardware and software to create a robustenvironment.
2. This system can analyze past data sets and analytics on future predictionsbased on the trends.
3. It is highly efficient when it comes to data collection, processing, andvisualization.
4. It allows easy record keeping of geographical changes for further analysis.

DEMERITS OF GIS
1. It is incomplete without the available meaningful spatial datasets and
databases.

2. People and organizations complain about GIS being very expensive forimplementing and integrating.
3. Most of the time organizations fail to implement fully functioning GIS.
4. Data privacy and integrity is an important asset of GIS. It has more risks whenit comes to privacy
violation
STUDY AREA
In the vicinity of the spectacular Kumaon lies the district of Udham Singh Nagar whichwas a part of district
Nainital before it gained the identity of a separate district in October 1995. The district was named in memory
of Late Shri Udham Singh who wasa great freedom fighter and killed General Dyre after the brutal Jallianwala
Bagh massacre. Udham Singh Nagar is basically an industrial and agricultural district. It is perfect example
of 'Unity in Diversity' for which India is so widely known as in U.S. Nagar different cultures, religions and
lifestyles are blended in absolute harmony. Withthe aim and objective to accelerate the industrial progress in
the State, at present, more than 150 industries are established here and are in productive stage. The fertileland
lends itself to different forms of agriculture giving rise to agriculture related activities and industry making
this land a green place which has resulted intoprosperity all around.

The study is performed in 6 vidhan sabha seats of Udham Singh Nagar.

• Jaspur

• Kashipur

• Gadarpur

• Rudrapur

• Kichha

• Khatima

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OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

• To analyze accidents data spatially and temporally.

• To perform Network analysis which analyses the geographical network so that first aid can be provided
in minimum time and minimum distance.
• To perform Buffer Analysis to find Black Spots.

SOME ADDITIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Maximize the efficiency of decision making and planning.

2. Provide efficient means for data distribution and handling.
3. Elimination of redundant database- minimize duplication.
4. Capacity to integrate information from many sources.
5. Complex analysis/ queries involving geographical reference data to generatenew information.
6. Update data quickly and cheaply.

HOW GIS WILL ANALYZE

Five generic questions that a GIS software can answer are:

• Location: What exists at a particular location? This question seeks to find out for the answer like,
location of a particular object or area in terms of latitude/longitude or X/Y.
• Condition: Identify where certain condition exists. This tends to answer for all those questions where
certain conditions are satisfied.
• Trends: what has changed since? This question is applied to find a noticeabledifference or change
incurred within a particular time period.
• Pattern: what spatial pattern exists? This system moves to logical question is answered by GIS that
distribution of spatial features and reasons behind that distribution.
• Modelling: It is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects or surfaces as data.

Five M’s Of APPLIED GIS

Mapping is an analysis technique that typically employs software capable of rendering maps
processing spatial data, and applying analytical methods to terrestrial or geographic datasets,

Measuring is used to determine the locations of objects, to the function f, and to therules used to determine
interpolated positions

Monitoring is a powerful management tool that can be used to improve the waygovernments and organizations
achieve results

Modelling is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects orsurfaces as data

Managing includes customer support, operations, data management, and application

development and support
 BENEFITS OF GIS
GIS benefits organizations of all sizes and in almost every industry. There is a growing interest in and awareness
of the economic and strategic value of GIS, in part because of more standards-based technology and greater
awareness of the benefits demonstrated by GIS users. The number of GIS enterprise solutions and IT strategies
that include GIS are growing rapidly. The benefits of GIS generally fall into five basic categories:

1. Cost savings resulting from greater efficiency. These are associated eitherwith carrying out the
mission (i.e., labor savings from automating or improving a workflow) or improvements in the
mission itself. A good case for both of these isSears, which implemented GIS in its logistics
operations and has seen dramatic improvements. Sears considerably reduced the time it takes for
dispatchers to create routes for their home delivery trucks (by about 75%). It also benefited
enormously in reducing the costs of carrying out the mission (i.e., 12%-15% less drive time by
optimizing routes). Sears also improved customer service, reducedthe number of return visits to the
same site, and scheduled appointments more efficiently.

2. Better decision making. This typically has to do with making better decisions about location.
Common examples include real estate site selection, route/corridor selection, zoning, planning,
conservation, natural resource extraction, etc. People are beginning to realize that making the correct
decision about a location is strategicto the success of an organization..

3. Improved communication. GIS-based maps and visualizations greatly assist in understanding

situations and story telling. They are a new language that improvescommunication between different
teams, departments, disciplines, professional fields, organizations, and the public.

4. Better geographic information recordkeeping. Many organizations have a primary responsibility

of maintaining authoritative records about the status and change of geography (geographic
accounting). Cultural geography examples are zoning, population census, land ownership, and
administrative boundaries. Physical geography examples include forest inventories, biological
inventories, environmentalmeasurements, water flows, and a whole host of geographic accountings.
GIS provides a strong framework for managing these types of systems with full transaction support
and reporting tools. These systems are conceptually similar to other information systems in that they
deal with data management and transactions, as well as standardized reporting (e.g., maps) of
changing information. However, they are fundamentally different because of the unique data models
and hundreds ofspecialized tools used in supporting GIS applications and workflows.

5. Managing geographically. In government and many large corporations, GIS is becoming essential
to understand what is going on. Senior administrators and executives at the highest levels of
government use GIS information products to communicate. These products provide a visual
framework for conceptualizing, understanding, and prescribing action. Examples include briefings
about various geographic patterns and relationships including land use, crime, the environment, and
defense/security situations. GIS is increasingly being implemented as enterprise information
systems. This goes far beyond simply spatially enabling business tables in a DBMS. Geography is
emerging as a new way to organize and manage organizations. Just like enterprise-wide financial
systems transformed the way organizations were managed in the ‘60s, ‘70s, and ‘80s, is
transforming theway that organizations manage their assets, serve their customers/citizens, make
decisions, and communicate. Examples in the private sector include most utilities, forestry and oil
companies, and most commercial/retail businesses. Their assets and resources are now being
maintained as an enterprise information system to support day-to-day work management tasks and
provide a broader context for assets and resource management.
WHY GIS IN ACCIDENT ANALYSIS?
1. Accident analysis plays an important part in the strategy to reduce roadaccidents.
2. In the past, the main analysis tools available to the road safety engineer werepaper maps allied to
databases like excel spreadsheets.
3. Accidents were identified on the map using road segments or an area-basedlocation
4. This was very time-consuming process and lagged accuracy. However, nowadays Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) have revolutionized the whole framework of accident processing and
analysis.

GIS BASED ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

1. Identify accident historical trends

2. Identify accident-prone locations

3. Analyze relationships in accident causation -volumes, vehicle characteristics, line of sight, road
conditions, weather, and lighting, etc.

GIS WILL ANALYZE

Location: - What exists at a particular location? This question seeks to find out for the answer like, location
of a particular object or area in terms of latitude/longitude orX/Y.
Condition: - what has changed since? This question is applied to find a noticeabledifference or change incurred
within a particular time period..
Trends: - what has changed since? This question is applied to find a noticeabledifference or change incurred
within a particular time period.

Pattern: - what spatial pattern exists? This system moves to logical question isanswered by GIS that distribution
of spatial features and reasons behind that distribution.
Modelling: - It is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects orsurfaces as data.
 SOME REFERENCE TERMS

GEOREFERENCING
Georeferencing or georegistration is a type of coordinate transformation that binds a digital raster image or
vector database that represents a geographic space (usually a scanned map or aerial photograph) to a spatial
reference system, thus locating the digital data in the real world. It is thus the geographic form of image
registration. The term can refer to the mathematical formulas used to perform the transformation, the metadata
stored alongside or within the image file to specify the transformation, or the process of manually or
automatically aligning the image to thereal world to create such metadata. The most common result is that
the image can be visually and analytically integrated with other geographic data in geographic information
systems and remote sensing software.
A number of mathematical methods are available, but the process typically involves identifying several
sample ground control points with known locations on the image and the ground, then using curve fitting
techniques to generate a parametric (or piecewise parametric) formula to transform the rest of the image.
Once the parameters of the formula are stored, the image may be transformed dynamically atdrawing time,
or resampled to generate a georeferenced raster GIS
file or orthophoto.
The term georeferencing has also been used to refer to other types of transformation from general expressions
of geographic location (geocodes) to coordinate measurements,[4] but most of these other methods are more
commonly called geocoding. Because of this ambiguity, Georegistration is preferred by some torefer to the
image transformation. Occasionally, this process has been
called rubbersheeting, but that term is more commonly applied to a very similarprocess applied to
vector GIS data.

MOSAICKING
Mosaicking is to join several overlapping images to form a single, uniform image. It is similar to creating a
jigsaw puzzle with your images, and then making the seams disappear. For the mosaic to look like a single
image instead of a collage of images,it is important that the images fit well together.

You can achieve better results if you orthorectify your images before creating the mosaic. Using a rigorous
math model ensures the best fit, not only for the individualimages, but for all the images united as a whole. To
achieve a seamless look in themosaic, select images or portions thereof that are not radically different in color.
Place seams, or cutlines, where they are least noticeable.
 Example of a mosaic

BLACK SPOT
Black spots are high risk locations were a number of accidents repeatedly occur. Black spot management
is an effective approach to reduce the accident rates of aplace. The Geographic Information System can be
utilized efficiently for the analysis, prioritization and representation of black spots.

CARTOSAT SATELLITE

The Cartosat is a series of Indian optical earth observation satellites built and operated by the Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO). The Cartosat series isa part of the Indian Remote Sensing Program. They are
used for Earth's resource management, defense services and monitoring.

IKONOS
IKONOS was a commercial Earth observation satellite and was the first to collect publicly available high-
resolution imagery at 1- and 4-meter resolution. It collectedmultispectral and panchromatic imagery.

QUERY
The power of geographic analysis is the ability to ask and answer questions aboutgeographic features and
their attributes and the relationship between them. This iswhat is known as a Query or selection. A query
chooses a subset of records from the database.
BUFFER ANALYSIS

Buffer analysis is used for identifying areas surrounding geographic features. The process involves
generating a buffer around existing geographic features and thenidentifying or selecting features based on
whether they fall inside or outside the boundary of the buffer.

NETWORK ANALYSIS
Network analysis is an operation in GIS which analyses the datasets of geographicnetwork or real world
network. Network analysis examine the properties of natural and man-made network in order to understand
the behavior of flows within and around such networks and locational analysis.

REFERENCES

1. https://civilwale.com/gis-principles-and-application/

2. http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/qgis-introduction-open-source-geographic-information-
system

3. Analysis of Road Accidents using GIS by Dr. Sandeep Gupta Assistant Professor G.B.P.U.A&T
Pantnagar et al.

4. A GIS based Accident System for reducing Road Accidents by Ravin Hasseea, Birmingham UK.

5. https://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/nwauser/principles-gis.pdf

6. https://incois.gov.in/documents/ITCOocean/Introduction_to_QGIS.pdf