CLASS –X BIOLOGY

CHAPTER – CONTROL AND COORDINATION

TOPIC – COORDINATION IN PLANTS & HORMONES IN ANIMALS (HW)

Q 1. What are plant hormones? Explain the role of these hormones.

Ans. Plant hormones or phytohormones are chemicals synthesized by plants to coordinate
growth, development and responses to environment. They are synthesized at places away
from where they act and diffuse to area of action.
Eg. Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinin- Growth Promoters
Abscisic Acid(ABA) - Growth Inhibitor

Role of Hormones
(i) AUXIN - Helps in Cell enlargement (help cells to grow longer).
(ii) GIBBERELLINS – Helps in shoot elongation, breaks dormancy of buds & seeds.
(iii) CYTOKININS - Promotes cell division (present in greater concentration in fruits &
seeds)
(iv) ABSCISIC ACID: (growth inhibitor) Promotes dormancy, promotes wilting and
falling of leaves.

Q2. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of
a shoot towards light?

Movement of leaves of sensitive plant Movement of a shoot towards light

1 Non directional & growth independent
movement (growth is not involved)
Also called Nastic movement.
2 Movement is caused because plant cells
change their shape by changing the
amount of water in them (sudden loss
of water from pulvinus cells).
3 It is a fast or quick response.
Directional, growth dependent
movement towards light. (phototropism)
Also called Tropic movement.
It is caused by diffusion of hormone auxin
(helps in growth)
It is a slow response.

Q3. What are tropic movements? Give examples.

Ans: When plants respond to stimuli slowly by growing in a particular direction, it is called
tropic movement e.g.
Phototropism – The directional growth dependent movement of a plant part in response to
light is called Phototropism.
stem of a plant shows positive phototropism, while, the roots of a plant show negative
phototropism.
Hydrotropism – The directional growth dependent movement of a plant part in response to
water is called hydrotropism. The roots of a plant grow towards water, so roots are
positively hydrotropic.
Geotropism – The directional growth dependent movement of a plant part in response to
gravity is called geotropism. Roots of a plant show positive geotropism, while the stem o
shows negative geotropism.
Chemotropism - The directional growth dependent movement of a plant part in response to
a chemical stimulus is called chemotropism. The growth of pollen tube towards the ovule
during the process of fertilization in a flower is an example of positive chemotropism.

Q4. How do auxin help in bending of shoot towards light? Or How does phototropism
occur in plants?

Ans: When growing plants detect light, a hormone called auxin, synthesized at the shoot tip,
helps the cells to grow longer. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses
towards the shady side of the shoot. This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow
longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend
towards light.

Q5. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a
sensitive plant and the movement in our legs?
Ans:
Movement in sensitive plant Movement in legs
1 Immediate movement in response to touch Voluntary movement controlled by
& leaves get folded. Nervous system.
2 Movement results due to change in shape of Movement results due to change in shape
plant cells by gain or loss of water in them. of muscles cells containing contractile
proteins.

HORMONES IN ANIMALS

Q 1. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?

Ans. Chemical coordination in animals take place by hormones. Hormones are chemical
messengers/substances secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood which carry
them from production site to their target site (site of response/action of hormone).

Q2. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and
coordination in animals.
Ans.

NERVOUS SYSTEM HORMONAL (ENDOCRINE GLAND )

Information travels in the form of electrical-
chemical impulse by neurons.
Information reaches to only those cells that are
connected to nervous tissue like muscle / gland.
Information travels very quickly
SYSTEM
Information travels in the form of
chemicals called hormones by blood.
Information reaches all the cells of the
body steadily & persistently.
Information travels slowly

Q3. Briefly explain the role of various endocrine glands in human beings. Also draw the
diagram showing the location of various endocrine gland.
Ans
GLAND LOCATION HORMONE FUNCTION
RELEASED

1 Hypothalamus Basal part of Releasing hormones Stimulate secretion of pituitary

fore-brain. (factor) hormones. For e.g. when the level of
growth hormone(secreted by pituitary) is
low, the hypothalamus releases growth
hormone releasing factor, which
stimulates pituitary gland to release
growth hormone.

Inhibitory hormones Inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones

(factor)

2 Pituitary Attached to GH(Growth Controls growth & development

Gland the Hormone)
hypothalamus It produces many
hormones that
regulate other glands
thus also called
master gland.
3 Thyroid Gland In neck Thyroxine Regulates carbohydrates, proteins & fats
metabolism in the body & thus provide
best balance for physical growth & mental
development.
4 Adrenal Gland Pair of glands, Adrenaline Prepares the body to face conditions like
one above stress, anger excitement., fear. Also called
each kidney emergency hormone / “fight or flight
hormone”. It increases heart beat,
breathing rate, blood pressure.

5 Pancreas Below the Insulin Lowers the blood sugar level by

stomach converting extra glucose into glycogen
(stored in liver)

6 Testes Extra Testosterone Development of male sex organs &

abdominal, secondary sexual characters in males like
one pair, in development of beard and moustache
scrotal sac Also stimulates sperm production.
7 Ovaries In lower Estrogen Development of female sex organs &
abdomen, one secondary sexual characters in females
pair like enlargement of breast, pelvic region,
regulates menstrual cycle
Also regulates the formation of mature
ovum.

Progesterone Helps in maintaining pregnancy by

suspending ovulation, maintains
thickening of uterus lining, fixes foetus to
wall of uterus.

DRAW Fig. 7.7 pg- 124 NCERT Textbook

Q4. What is feedback mechanism? Why is it important? Give example.

Ans. The timing & amount of hormone released in our body is regulated by feedback
mechanism. It is important because hormones should be secreted in precise quantities &
timings for the normal functioning, growth & development of the body.
Example- If the sugar levels in blood rise, they are detected by the cells of the pancreas
which respond by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is
reduced.