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IIT Bombay

Course Code : EE 611

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: Jayanta Mukherjee

Email: jayanta@ee.iitb.ac.in

Lecture 4

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Impedance of Loaded Transmission Lines
V+
V- =j b+a

Z0 ZL
Z(d)

x
0 l

d
l 0
The impedance along a transmission line at position x is given by
V( x )
Z( x ) = , where the complex voltage V(x) and current I(x) are :
I( x )
+ -x - γx V + − x V - γx
V(x) = V e +V e , I( x ) = e − e
Z0 Z0
The reference plane for V + and V - is located at x = 0
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Impedance Calculation
The impedance at the position x = l is the load impedance Z L
V ( l ) VL
Z( l ) = = = ZL
I( l ) IL
Now from the voltage and current wave solutions we have
V L = V ( l ) = Z L I L = V + e − l + V − e l (2)
V + − l V − l
I L = I( l ) = e − e (3)
Z0 Z0
Solving for the incident wave amplitudes V + and V - we obtain

V + = ( Z L + Z 0 )I L e l
1
2
V − = ( Z L − Z 0 )I L e − l
1
2
Substituting the incident wave V + and V - amplitudes in Eqn 2 and 3
V(x = 0 ) Z + Z 0 tan( l )
Z( − l) = = Z0 L
I(x = 0 ) Z 0 + Z L tan( l )
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Lossless Case
For a loss free line we have γ=jβ and the impedance reduces to:
Z L + jZ 0 tan( bd )
Z( d ) = Z0
Z 0 + jZ L tan( bd )
The impedance Z is then periodic function of frequency and
position:
• In terms of the electrical angle θ=βd the impedance Z repeats
every period π
• In terms of position d it repeats every half wavelength λ/2 since
we have βd=(2π/λ)d

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Impedance of a Shorted Transmission Line

V+
V- =j b

Z0 ZL
Z(d)

Z L + jZ 0 tan( bd )
Z( d ) = Z0
Z 0 + jZ L tan( bd ) x
0 l

d
l 0

• For a short circuited line, ZL=0 and we have Z(d)=jZ0tan(βd)

• For an open circuited line, Z L =  and we have Z(d)=-jZ0cot(βd)

• For a matched load, ZL=Z0, and we have Z(d)=Z0 for all values
of d
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Impedance of a Shorted Transmission Line
Im[Z(d)]

Inductance
l/4 3/4l
0
l/2 l d
Capacitance

• The input impedance alternates between shorts (Z=0)

and opens ( Z =  )
• The short is transformed into an open for d=λ/4

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Matched Line

Z0

ZL Z0

• When ZL=Z0 , the load is said to be matched

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Impedance Matching vs Conjugate
Impedance Matching
Z0
ZG Z0

ZL Z0

• Impedance matching should be distinguished from conjugate

impedance matching ZG=ZL*used for maximum power transfer

• Both load matching and conjugate impedance matching can

happen when ZG = ZL*= Z0

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Quarter Wave Transformer for a Resistive
Load RL
•For a line of one quarter of a wavelength (d=λ/4) we have

2 l 
bd = = and since tan(/2) =  the line impedance
l 4 2
is
RL + jZ 0 tan(bd) Z 02
Z in = Z(d = l/4) = Z 0 =
Z 0 + jR L tan(bd) RL

Z 02
The line input is then matched to the generator : Z in = R G =
RL
if we use Z 0 = R GRL

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Quarter Wave Transformer for a Resistive
Load RL

RG

Z0=(RGRL)
1/2 RL

b d= /2
d=l/4

The impedance matching is only realized at the frequency

where the transmission line length is quarter wavelength

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Reflection Coefficient
L
(x)

V+(x)

load

V-(x)

x=-d 0

We define the reflection coefficient at a position x as the

ratio of the reflected wave to the incident wave :
V − e x V0− V0− V L−
(x) = = e 2 x = e 2 ( l − d ) = e − 2 d = L e − 2 d
V + e − x V0+ V0+ V L+
where L = (x = l)
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Reflection Coefficient Along a Line
For a loss less line the reflection coefficient can be written as :
(d) = L e -2jbd = L e j( a − 2bd ) if we define L = L e ja

Toward Im[]
the load
L = |L | e j a

Toward the
generator
a

Re[]
−2b d

(d) for d>0

 plane

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Reflection Coefficient Along a Line
• As we move along the line, Γ(d) moves along a circle of radius

|ΓL|

• The reflection coefficient Γ(d) rotates clock wise as d increases

and we move towards the generator

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Power Dissipated at the Load

Power dissipated by the load :

L
PL = Re VI *rms
1

= Re VI *
2

amplitude
 ZL

 V −  
 +
= Re V + V (  +
− V
− 

)

 Z
 0 Z 0   Z0 = jb
+ 2 − 2
V V
= −
Z0 Z0
+ 2 − 2
V V
= −
Z0 Z0
= P + − P − = P + ( 1 − L
2
) (incident minus reflected power)

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Relation between impedance and Reflection
Coefficient
Z(x) ZL
(x) L

V+(x)

load
= j b
Z0
V-(x)

x=-d 0

V ( x ) V + e − x + V − e x 1 + ( x )
Z( x ) = = + −
= Z
1 − ( x )
0
I( x ) V V
e − x − e x
Z0 Z0
Inverting :
Z(x) - Z 0 Z − Z0
(x) = and particularly at the load : L = L
Z(x) + Z 0 Z L + Z0
Note : for a matched load ZL = Z 0 and we have L = 0 (no reflection)
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The Smith Chart
Bilateral Transform connecting the impedance Z and the
Reflection coefficient Γ . The smith chart maps the x-plane on the
Γ plane Z
−1
Z − Z0 Z z −1 Z
= = 0 = with z = = r + jx
Z + Z0 Z z+1 Z0
+1
Z0
x
j
1
0.5 1
0.5
-1 0 1
0 0 0.5 1 Open
0 0.5 1 r Short
0 -0.5
-0.5 -1

-1 -j

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Extended Smith Chart
For negative resistance r<0 we have |Γ|>1
Z
−1
Z − Z0 Z0
= =
Z + Z0 Z
+1 x
Z0 -0.5 j
1
z −1 0.5 1
= 0.5
z+1 0
-1
0
0
1
1

-0.5 0 0.5 r 1 0.5 Open

Short
Z 0
with z = = r + jx -0.5 -0.5 -1

Z0 -1 -j

For r=-1 (Re{Z}=-50 ohms) we have Γ=infinity

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Active and Passive Load

Im[L ]

| L | >1
Active Devices

| L | <1 Re[L ]
Passive Devices

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Inductance and Capacitance on Smith Chart
Locus of the reflection coefficient for an inductor and a capacitor
In a Z Smith chart

w= infinity
w=0 Short w=0
Short Open Open
w= infinity

Γ plane

Z smith chart

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Y Smith Chart
The Y - smith chart can be obtained by expressing  in
terms of Y :
ZL 1 YL
−1 −1 −1
Z0 z −1 y y−1 Y0
L = = = =− =−
ZL z+1 1 y+1 YL
+1 +1 +1
Z0 y Y0

Short Open Open Short

Γ plane -Γ plane

Normal Rotated

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Y Smith Chart

• The Y Smith Chart is obtained by inverting the Z smith chart

• In the rotated Y-Smith Chart the short and open are exchanged

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Impedance and Admittance Smith Charts
Z Smith Chart ZY Smith Chart

Open Short Open

Short
 plane  plane

Y Smith Chart Y Smith Chart

Open Short Open

Short
−plane  plane

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Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
The voltage wave inside a transmission line can be written using
V−
=
V+
(
V(z) = V + e - jbz + V − e jbz = V + e − jbz 1 + Γe j 2bz )
The voltage varies between
V max = V + (1+ Γ )

V min = V + (1-  )

The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as:

V max 1+ 
VSWR = =
V min 1− 

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Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
• A perfect matching (|Γ|=0) corresponds to VSWR of 1

• VSWR should be less than 2

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Calculation of VSWR with Smith Chart

Read VSWR

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