Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
IIT Bombay
Email: jayanta@ee.iitb.ac.in
References
1. Robert E Collin, Foundation for Microwave Engineering, 2nd Edition, 1992, McGraw-Hill.
2. Davis W Alan, Microwave Semiconductor Circuit Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984.
3. Peter A. Rizzi, Microwave Engineering, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1988.
Microwave Frequencies
Microwave Frequencies typically range from 0.3 to 30 GHz
Waves
• It is a Phenomenon
t x
v( x ,t ) = sin2 − = sin(t − x )
T
with T the temporal period, λ the spatial period, ω = 2πf the radial
frequency and β=2πλ the wave vector Here v(x,t) could represent
Waves
Wave Motion
Displacement
Position
EE 611 Lecture 1 Jayanta Mukherjee
Lecture 1
IIT Bombay Page 9
Phase Velocity
Consider a wave of the form
t x
v( x ,t ) = sin2 −
T
Wave velocity is obtained by keeping the phase constant
t x
2 − = constant Phase velocity is the speed of
T light in the medium considered
or
d t x
− =0
( r = 1)
dx T v p = c / r r c / r
dx
vp = = =
dt T
EE 611 Lecture 1 Jayanta Mukherjee
Lecture 1
IIT Bombay Page 10
Wave Effects
2
=
Wave Effects
Wave Effects
The propagation of waves from a point A to a point B follows
the fastest path in time not the shortest path in length
A
Life Guard
Velocity V1
Air
Fastest Path
Water
Straight Path Velocity V2
B Swimmer
Wave Effects
At high frequencies the wavelength of the electrical
electromagnetic signal is comparable to the circuits dimension
and the wave nature of the propagation of electromagnetic signal
along wires needs to be accounted for
Coaxial Line
Short
Current
Voltage
Frequency Consideration
vp
• Since the wavelength at a specific frequency f is = where
f
vp is the velocity of light in the medium considered (3 x 10 8 m/s in
0.3 1
3 0.1
30 0.01
300 0.001
Frequency Consideration
Filter
Coupler
Wave Guides