How does spacetime work (Perkowitz, S., 2021, June 1)?

● Einstein believed that Gravity is geometric and not a force like newton did
● Gravity is the product of curves in spacetime
● Like a rubber sheet. If you place something with mass, it would bend and deform down
○ Flat without anything on it
○ Anything placed would travel towards the center where the mass is, like if there
was a force
○ If something was pushed around it, it would form an orbit
● Spacetime tells matter how to move.
How do rockets work?
● Third law of motion
○ All action has an equal and opposite reaction
○ Its like if you blow up a balloon and let it go, it would cause the balloon to fly
around because of the air shooting out of it
● According to (Miller, 2008) Shoot out exhaust out of a rocket
● Pushes the rocket forward
● First rockets were called fire arrows and used by the Chinese
● Solid Stage
○ At first just gunpowder in a container
○ Hole at the bottom allows gasses to be shot out
○ Ignited which causes the gasses to combust and expands, shoots it out at the
fast speed
● Modern rockets are liquid fuel, most commonly O2 and H2
● Mixed in oxidation chamber
● Exhaust is also shot out
● According to Curran (2004), Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of
electrons.
● Originally meaning combustion with oxygen, hence oxidation but now the loss of
electrons in general even with no oxygen
● Reaction when meaning combustion specifically needs an oxidizer, which takes
electrons, and a reducing agent, which gives electrons and heat
● Also causes heat which furthers the cycle
● Too much heat can cause an explosion
● Can be dangerous like apollo 1 which caught on fire
● There are other types of rockets such as Ion Engines
● These are engines that shoot out ions instead of gasses
● Cathode ionizes gasses which are pushed out using electric fields
● More energy efficient
What are the benefits to rockets (NASA, 2022, ESA, 2022)?
● Nasa records FY21 $15 Billion investing in startups in the private space industry
○ Analysis is most likely conservative, 50 year old model
○ Total of 71 Billion in economic output.
○ 7.7 Billion in tax revenue
○ Budget of 23 billion
 ○ 339,600 jobs
○ Moon to mars campaign with 20 billion, 40% increase from FY 19
○ 107 Billion spending by world governments
○ 90 nations active
○ 469 billion dollar total worth
○ 49 active spaceports
○ 112 patents issued
● Esa
○ Science missions generated 7 Billion total
○ Employment multiplier by 2.1
○ Total investment of 4.5 billion by members
○ Terrae Novae expected to generate 2.8 Billion to gdp of europe and 800m in
taxes
○ Satellite communication, satellite navigation, and Earth observation are worth 60
Billion
○ ¼ of global application market
○ Satellite communications make up quarter of European downstream revenue
○ Every 1 million invested in Advanced Research in Telecommunications has
generated 3.4 million in revenue and would increase to a 9.8 multiplier in 2050
○ Galileo serve 3 billion, largest satnav in the world

● Bureau of Economic Analysis.

a 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Space
Economy1 174,784 181,996 184,405 190,493 190,583 190,481 192,498 194,596
Agriculture,
forestry,
fishing,
hunting, and
mining 10 9 7 20 17 13 7 7
Utilities 2 2 1 4 3 3 2 2
Construction 364 329 509 606 607 893 566 980
Manufacturin
g 53,778 55,222 53,047 52,084 51,400 49,728 50,568 51,158
Of which:
Computer
and
electronic
products2 32,300 32,560 29,582 29,859 30,556 30,170 30,631 30,030
Other
transportatio
n
equipment3 17,708 18,313 19,390 19,788 18,267 16,981 16,970 18,224
Wholesale
trade 23,312 25,032 26,455 29,335 31,005 31,676 33,577 31,587
Retail trade 307 497 645 826 1,390 1,569 1,743 2,280
Transportatio
n and
warehousing 1,685 1,536 1,380 1,331 1,343 1,359 1,675 1,329
Information 56,847 60,476 63,185 65,500 64,062 63,577 60,681 59,704
Of which:
Wired
telecommuni
cations
carriers4 40,127 42,986 45,172 46,258 44,187 43,428 39,858 38,284
Satellite
telecommuni
cations 6,661 6,763 6,569 6,817 6,832 6,343 6,453 6,461
Finance,
insurance,
real estate,
rental, and
leasing 37 80 100 148 140 331 262 349
Professional
and business
services 6,845 7,062 6,496 6,864 6,133 6,720 6,677 6,370
Educational
services 2,058 2,046 2,048 2,133 2,091 2,110 2,465 2,701
Health care
and social
assistance 94 100 88 101 104 98 109 87
Arts,
entertainmen
t, recreation,
accommodat
ion, and food
services 114 120 126 120 121 130 137 140
Other
services,
except
government 3 3 4 4 6 7 7 8
Government
5 29,328 29,484 30,315 31,420 32,161 32,268 34,023 37,894
Federal 26,744 27,021 27,885 28,928 29,697 29,838 31,226 34,771
State and
local 2,584 2,463 2,430 2,492 2,464 2,430 2,797 3,124
Addenda:
Private
industries 145,455 152,512 154,090 159,073 158,422 158,213 158,475 156,701
Space
Economy
excluding
satellite
television,
satellite
radio, and
educational 129,938 134,137 134,105 138,759 140,259 140,174 145,494 148,683
services6

References
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European Space Agency. (2022). Esa_space-economy_brochure_2022_16pp_v04.indd.
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solid-Fuel_Rocket_Diagram.svg
Perkowitz, S. (2021, June 1). relativity. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/relativity
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Newtons_Cradle.jpg