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BLOCKCHAIN FOR STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM: NEED OF

TECHNOLOGICAL ADOPTION

Article  in  Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results · October 2022

DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S06.197

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 BLOCKCHAIN FOR STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM: NEED
OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADOPTION
Vidya Bhosale1, Pallavi Jamsandekar2
1
Arts, Commerce and Science College, Palus
2
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Institute of Management and Rural Development Administration, Sangli
DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S06.197

Decentralized and well maintained data transaction with new aspect of block reduces centralized administration burden in many aspects with
automated security measures. Block chain involves series of tasks and transaction performed in decentralized form with high security, trust
and reliability of transaction that creates meaningful information. Evolution of technology and life style demands more reliable and sharable
framework for education system. Students’ information system creates information at different points of interaction leading in some useful
transaction needs super centerlines of administration. Block Chain immutable solution provides more protected, trusted fully functional
block of records which benefits to educational organizations or higher management institutes and creates value relationship with its
stakeholders. An immutable block chain record with distributed ledgers, proof of Work and encryption crop thought run-through and impacts
domain information. This raises a thirst for carrying out the study on mechanism, functions and elements of Blockchain framework for
Student Information System.

Keywords: Block Chain, Encryption, distributed ledgers, Proof of Work, Student Information System.

INTRODUCTION

Though numerous digital solutions are available then also system likes student information system to deal with new challenges
trying to adopt evolutionary digital solutions for records. The study grabs sufficient framework to provide updates of facts in
this field, importance and to carve out a space for research in block chain based student information system. The main objective
of this study is to capture major elements and functions of transaction for different stakeholders, designing blockchain
framework or mechanism addressing information security in the related research fields. Student Information System is helpful
to university/ education institute administrators, experts and executives to analyse and focus processes and performance for
domain stakeholders. A prevalent research directed to blockchain design has proved potential information security in
decentralized form of ledger. The Researcher would like to study blockchain based system more specifically Student
Information system and to explore the mechanism, implementations and some interesting findings of different researchers. This
can be considered to design new framework addressing limitation of existing systems and to trace out required gap. Thus
preliminary investigation will help with framework design and elements identification.

BLOCK CHAIN

Block chain is a distributed database keeping continuously growing list of records or blocks. It is the technology designed to
make it impossible to hack the system or forge the data stored on it, thereby making it secure and immutable

It generates record copy under distributed ledger technology at point of transaction performed. And all copies of distributed
ledger are updated and validated simultaneously.

Blockchain store data in form of Blocks digitally chained together as shown in figure No.1.

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 Figure 1: Blockchain

Fundamentals of Block Chain-

1. Public Distributed Ledger

A blockchain process initiates with decentralized public distributed ledger to store transactions in network.

It is database that is shared among different computer users of computer network as per their requirement.

These transactions can be accessed and verified by associated network users only.

2. Encryption

Cryptographic algorithms (SHA256) are applied to blockchain to ensure security.

Each user in the blockchain uses key to access blocks.

3. Proof of Work

Proof of Work (PoW) is a method to validate transactions in a blockchain network by solving complex mathematical puzzle
called mining.

4. Mining

When miners use their resources as time, money electricity etc. to validate new transactions and record them to public ledger
they are given a reward.

Some major Benefits of Blockchain are Trust, Traceability, Security and Privacy, Immutability, Visibility, Decentralised
Structure, Tokenization, Control of Data, Innovation and Reduced Cost as depicted in figure no.2.

Blockchain is simply a chain of blocks; iterative process confirms integrity of previous block all the way back to the initial
block which is called Genesis block (Block 0). Whereas blocks not selected for chain are called as Orphan Block.

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 Figure No.2 Blockchain Concept and Benefits

Logically it can have several layers as Infrastructure, Networking, Consensus, Data, and Application as represented in table
no.1

Table 1: Block chain Logical Layers

Sr. No. Logical Layer Components

1 Infrastructure Hardware
2 Networking Node discovery, information propagation, verification
3 Consensus Proof of Work, Proof of Stake
4 Data Blocks and transactions.
5 Application Smart Contracts/ decentralised applications

STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Student Information System is the system where student information is stored, handled, retrieved and analysed thoroughly,
steadily and analytically.

Student Information System introduces some common functions as

• Enrolment

• Attendance

• Grading

• Scheduling

• Assignment

1481 Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 6 ¦ 2022

• Discipline

• Reporting

• Counselling

• Interventions

• Dash Boards

• Data Analytics

• Teacher, Admin, Student, Parent Portal

• Alumni

• Placement/Internships

• Certifications

• Fees

Blockchain can be initiated for one of these major functions popularly or frequently. Any associated party or stakeholder with
specified function as per their transaction requirement will trigger the transaction and hence genesis block of transaction will
get created. Further in linked list form next node will be generated with hash function and previous node address.

Blockchain Mechanism

Figure No.3. Block Chain Mechanism

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With new transaction request genesis block that s block zero is initiated and using encrypted key it is authenticated. Further
Block for transaction is sent to every node of network, when particular node validates the transaction, node receives reward for
proof of work and newly created transaction block is added to series of block to create blockchain with all specifications required
for Data, Nonce and Hash.

Blockchain Projects

In Blockchain ecosystem different projects are

1) Bitcoin is the first to use blockchain

2) Ethereum-Smart Contract to create certain rules and trust

3) Neo-Chinese Ethereum-python as main language for application

4) Hyperledger Fabric- Enterprise graded modular project

Importance of Blockchain

Blockchain started in 1991as a way to store and secure digital data. It’s open ledger that several parties can access at once.
Blockchain is immutable, secure, transparent and decentralised. Security of data is major issue of importance as due to digital
explosion personal data security is questionable? AT the same time, Blockchain can increase security and data integrity with
reduction in data redundancy. It can streamline organisation processes.

Figure 4: Types of Blockchain

As depicted in Figure No. 4, Public blockchains are open to all and use proof of stake whereas private blockchains are
permissioned blockchain using hyper ledger. Private Blockchains have restrictions and are not open. Hybrid blockchain or
consortium is combination of centralised and decentralised features. And fourth type sidechain are parallel to main chain.
Sidechain improves efficiency and scalability by allowing movement of digital assets between two different blockchains.

RESEARCH MOTIVATION

With new emerging real world cases blockchain is building trust and exchange value for parties involved in transaction. More
companies than initial bitcoin are trying to realise how blockchain can help them and so are investing time, money and resources
for blockchain implementation.

Evolution in blockchain technologies give the opportunity to Stakeholders and student information system domain experts to
safely record transactions and provide access to transaction blocks, but this task becomes too complex due to challenges like
volume, variety, varied users, velocity and scalability of transaction data. University stakeholders need simple, robust, ample
and more approximate business solution to gain value from transaction’s data.

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The Study aims to explore impact of blockchain on student information system with potential of improved efficiency and
transparency for all stakeholders. So by considering the requirement of improvement in framework design for blockchain can
be focused for improvement in action on student university data.

RATIONALE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• The study will be focusing on designing blockchain framework for Student Information System.

• The study evaluates and identifies the new set of features for Student Information System analysis and pattern
recognition.

• This study will be supporting decision making process which helps administrations and experts to identify focus areas
for anticipating impact of current happenings.

• This will also be significant to identify and focus potential block chain based process stakeholders.

• As most of the users share their sentiments and experiences online, this kind of unstructured data can be transformed to
information which assists decision-making with additional importance.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Sr. Title of Book / Author(s) Publication Key Discussions
No. Research Article / Details, Year etc.
Thesis / Reports
etc.
1 A blockchain-based Sura I. Egyptian A student information system (SIS) can make use
models for student Mohammed Informatics of a decentralized, reliable, and highly trusted
information Ali, Haitham Journal, Volume ledger that stores vital information. SIS that
systems Farouk, 23, Issue 2, 2022, maintains transactions such as students’ and
Hussien Pages 187-196, faculty members’ records, course registration
Sharaf, “A ISSN 1110-8665, records and student marks. In addition, avoiding
blockchain- https://doi.org/10. the role of a super administrator or a centralized
based models 1016/j.eij.2021.12 exposed store where data integrity is vulnerable.
for student .002. Using the proposed models pushes towards an
information (https://www.scie electronic community where genuine certificates
systems”, ncedirect.com/sci can be easily issued and published to the
ence/article/pii/S1 interested parties without the need for involving a
11086652100079 centralized administration. This paper explained
7 the core building blocks and functionalities of our
models within the description. Authors plan to test
the proposed models using the smart
contracts and the Ethereum network, based on
activated the verification, authentication, and
transparency of marks.
2 A Novel Han M, Li Z, Proceedings of The authors discussed in their paper that twenty
Blockchain-based He J (Selena), the 19th Annual four universities in Jakarta have used existing
Education Records Wu D, Xie Y, SIG Conference McRhys model. McRhys is a model to record and
Verification Baba A on Information integrate all activities in university using
Solution. Technology blockchain technology.
Education, Fort
Lauderdale
Florida USA, Sep.
2018, pp. 178–
183.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 6 ¦ 2022 1484

 10.1145/3241815.
3241870.
3 Blockchain: a Z. Dong, F. L J Mod Power Syst EduCTX is a global higher education credit
secure, uo, G. Liang Clean platform that has been suggested. This platform is
decentralized, Energy, 6 (5) (Sep built on the European Credit Transfer and
trusted cyber . 2018), pp. 958- Accumulation System idea (ECTS). It is a
infrastructure 967, 10.1007/s405 worldwide trusted, decentralized higher education
solution for future 65-018-0418-0 credit and grading system that may provide a
energy systems globally united perspective for students and
higher education institutions (HEIs), as well as
other prospective stakeholders such as businesses,
institutions, and organizations.
4 Study Of Factors Mrs. Rashmi Thesis, Tilak As only TAM and UTAUT model was
Influencing The Prashant Maharashtra considered, the future scope may include use of
Use Of Blockchain Dongre Vidyapeeth, Pune, other theories of adoption mentioned in the
Technology In Department Of literature review to cover larger scope of
Student Information Computer Science dependent factors. • This study could cover few
System At February 2022 blockchain applications that could be
Universities implemented in university information system. •
Future scope may cover more in number with
latest available modifications. • Future scope may
also include the identification of various cluster
based on blockchain adoption stage
5 A Blockchain- AU - Chen, VL - ahead-of- Authors Design/methodology/approach
Based Information Weiru print Specifically implemented, a prototype of the
Management AU - DO - blockchain-based information system was
System for Bohloul, 10.1108/IDD-01- developed and tested.
Academic Mahdi 2021-0010 Design/methodology/approach Specifically, a
Institutions: A Case AU - Ma, JO - Information prototype of the blockchain-based information
Study of Yifang Discovery and system was developed and tested. Findings show
International AU - Li, Delivery that a blockchain-based information management
Students' Workflow Ling ER - system has the potential to improve data
PY - transmission efficiency and protect information
2021/09/25 privacy.
SP -
Institutions: A
Case Study of
International
Students'
Workflow
6 A Blockchain- Shadab This research work would offer a detailed analysis
based framework Alam1 , Huda of blockchain Security, Privacy and Trust. It
for secure Abdullah further studies the applications of blockchain
Educational Yousef technology in the domain of education and
Credentials Ayoub2 , involved challenges. Finally, It focuses on three
Rafan key themes: (1) blockchain-based educational
Abdulhaq technologies, (2) the opportunities that blockchain
Ahmed technology could bring to education, and (3) the
Alshaikh3 , complexities of implementing blockchain
Asmaa technology in education. Document
Hayawi authentication is a critical topic with a variety of
Hussen AL- challenging and time-consuming procedures to
Hayawi4 authenticate. A suggestion for future work is to
continue this work by conducting more interviews
to identify some additional characteristics for the
current application areas of Blockchain. In
particular, the field of education in detail.

1485 Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 6 ¦ 2022

 7 A blockchain-based Chen, Information Authors implemented block chain based student
information W., Bohloul, Discovery and information system where results shown
management S.M., Ma, Delivery, Vol. efficiency in digital student registration. Authors
system for Y. and Li, ahead-of-print suggested that blockchain-based information
academic L. (2021), No. ahead-of- management system has the potential to improve
institutions: a case print. https://doi.o data transmission efficiency and protect
study of rg/10.1108/IDD- information privacy.
international 01-2021-0010
students’ workflow
8 The Security of Mingfeng Journal of Authors concluded that the student information
Student Information Yang, Electrical and management system based on blockchain
Management Jianying Computer technology has high security. This experiment is
System based upon Wang(2022), Engineering / 202 relatively smooth on the whole and is preceded
Blockchain 2 / Article, step by step and finally reached effective
Special issue- Big conclusions. But we believe that this experiment
Data Analytics in still has room for improvement in terms of
Mobile experimental methods and efficiency. It is hoped
Information that future experiments can complete the
Systems for experiment and draw conclusions with more
Advanced standardized steps in a shorter time and at a faster
Computing. speed.

9 Blockchain Goes Alok Kumar Cognizant’s Alok Kumar Jain the education industry is
to School, Digital Jain. Education changing before our eyes. No longer solely the
Solutions, Practice, province of a centralized learning environment
Innovation & Cognizant 20-20 in either the physical or virtual worlds, education
Domain Insights, 2018 now occurs via peer-to-peer interactions, online
consulting and from anywhere on the planet. Educational
providers, particularly in higher education, are
struggling to harness digital technology as a tool
for transformation.
10 A comprehensive Stefan K. Dept. of Stefan K. Johansen provided comprehensive and
literature review Johansen, , Information detailed documentation of the current
on the Blockchain Systems, technological and literary state of the Blockchain
as a technological Mannheim technology within Information Systems research.
enabler for University, He outlined in detail what is required for the
innovation 2018. Blockchain technology to function as a
technological enabler for innovation and the
required factors for success. It is noted that the
Blockchain technology in its current state still has
a way to go before the technology will reach a
state considered sufficient for mainstream
adoption.

Existing key approaches for improvement to Blockchain System:

1. Identification of major functions and clusters,

2. Improvement in data efficiency and security,

3. Statistical Methods,

4. Adoption Techniques.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 6 ¦ 2022 1486

RESEARCH GAP

After going through the literature mentioned above much of the work is done.

After Systematic analysis researcher identified GAP as:

• Blockchain needs activated the verification, authentication, and transparency of marks.

• It should include the identification of various cluster based on blockchain adoption stage.

• There is need to improve data transmission efficiency and protect information privacy.

• Document authentication is a critical topic with a variety of challenging and time-consuming procedures to authenticate.

• It has the potential to improve data transmission efficiency and protect information privacy.

• Educational providers, particularly in higher education, are struggling to harness digital technology as a tool for
transformation.

• Blockchain technology in its current state still has a way to go before the technology will reach a state considered
sufficient for mainstream adoption.

Authors suggested improvement to experiment with improvement in framework for more complex blcokchain, types of
blockchain and its elements and functions, and data security measures and methods. And further has mentioned to generate
more complex sentences with the pattern-based model using aggregation to get better results.

Other than this framework, there could be algorithmic design limitation. There is need for optimized design and
implementations for fast accessing of data and authenticate data

Existing block chain based student information system has room for improvement and adoption so new evolutionary methods
need to be implemented. So exploiting hybrid approaches would improve the results.

Current research aims for studying major elements, function for designing framework for blockchain based student information
system and improving these frameworks to overcome limitations they have for student information system...

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The researcher has planned to follow Design and Creation research Strategy. The strategy focuses on design of new prototype
framework design for block chain based Student Information System.

This involves transaction initiations for genesis block generation and further creation of series of blocks to record transactions
and to provide authentic access to stakeholders.

So the researcher would like to study and experiment by implementing approach as given here to get improved design of Block
chain framework design for Student Information System.

In future work researcher has aimed to explore framework design and will develop Blockchain design prototype will optimise
model to get refined solution after considerable iterations.

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 CONCLUSION

The Researcher performed Conceptual analysis for Blockchain concept and performed Review of Literature to track
requirements of study, to track framework and challenges, which formed basis for researcher to enhance subject insights. Proper
analysis helped to avoid repetition of research problem and to come up with Novel concept and problem specification, Review
of literature tracks research gap and methodological gap which needs continuous improvement and adoption in existing
blockchain framework.

Proposed framework gives simplification and improvement in processing logic and speed applied to Student
Information System for management institute may be helpful for future research domain. This will also help organisations to
design strategic policies.

REFERENCES
1. Chen, W., Bohloul, S.M., Ma, Y. and Li, L. (2021), "A blockchain-based information management system for academic institutions: a case study of
international students’ workflow", Information Discovery and Delivery, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-01-2021-
0010
2. Chen, Guang & Xu, Bing & Lu, Manli & Chen, Nian- Shing. (2018). Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education.
Smart Learning Environments. 5. 10.1186/s40561-017- 0050-x.
3. Dongre Mrs. Rashmi Prashant (2022), “Study Of Factors Influencing The Use Of Blockchain Technology In Student Information System At Universities
“, Thesis Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune, Department Of Computer Science.
4. Han M, Li Z, He J (Selena), Wu D, Xie Y, Baba A, “A Novel Blockchain-based Education Records Verification Solution.”, Proceedings of the 19th
Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education, Fort Lauderdale Florida USA, Sep. 2018, pp. 178–183. 10.1145/3241815.3241870
5. Kamišalić, A., M., T., Mrdović, S., & Heričko, M. (2019). A Preliminary Review of Block chain Based Solutions in Higher Education. In Uden L., D.
Liberona, G. Sanchez, & S. Rodríguez-González (Eds.), Learning Technology for Education Challenges. LTEC 2019. Communications in Computer and
Information Science (Vol. 1011, pp. 114-124). Cham: Springer
6. I.Mohammed Ali, Sura. (2021). Using Blockchain in University Management Systems. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education
(TURCOMAT). 12. 3305-3312. 10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2389.
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Computer Engineering / 2022 / Article, Special issue- Big Data Analytics in Mobile Information Systems for Advanced Computing.
8. Shadab Alam1 , Huda Abdullah Yousef Ayoub2 , Rafan Abdulhaq Ahmed Alshaikh3 , Asmaa Hayawi Hussen AL-Hayawi4, “A Blockchain-based
framework for secure Educational Credentials”
9. Stefan K. Johansen, A comprehensive literature review on the Blockchain as a technological enabler for innovation, Dept. of Information Systems,
Mannheim University, 2018.
10. Sura I. Mohammed Ali, Haitham Farouk, Hussien Sharaf, “A blockchain-based models for student information systems”, Egyptian Informatics Journal,
Volume 23, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 187-196, ISSN 1110-8665, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2021.12.002. (https:// www.sciencedirect.com/ science/ article/
pii/S1110866521000797)
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in Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computing and Automation (ICAECA), 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICAECA52838.2021.9675515.
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