Zion Angeles 10-Isaiah

Science 2Q Reviewer 12/4/22

92 Reflection of Light

- Reflection is the bouncing back of light into the same medium it has been
traveling after striking a surface.

- Incident ray is the ray that strikes the surface

- Reflected ray is the ray that rebounds from the surface

- Normal is the line that is perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence

- Angle of incidence is the one on the left/behind the Normal

- Angle of reflection is the one on the right/front of the normal

TYPES OF REFLECTION

- Regular or Specular Reflection

- Smooth surface

- Diffuse Reflection
- Rough surface
- Forms scattered light
- More common

LAWS OF REFLECTION

1) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. That is θi = θr.

2) The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected ray lie on one plane.

94 Mirrors and Reflection of Light

Two types of Mirrors: plane mirror and spherical mirror

- Plane mirror is one with a flat surface

- Spherical mirror has a reflecting surface taken from the surface of a sphere
- concave (diverging) curves inward, forms real image
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- convex (converging) bulges outward, forms virtual image

96 Plane Mirror Images

Real and virtual images may be bigger, same or smaller in size than the actual object

Real
- Object formed by actual intersection of reflected rays
- Formed In Front of the mirror
- Always upside down relative to the object
- formed by concave

Virtual
- Object formed by no actual intersection of reflected rays but by the extended rays
- Formed behind the mirror
- Upright relative to the object
- Cannot be projected on a screen
- formed by convex

98 Spherical Mirrors

Center of Curvature(C) - The center of the sphere from where the mirror was taken

Vertex/Pole (V) - Center of the mirror

Radius of Curvature (R) - Radius Of The Sphere

Principal Axis/Optical Axis - Straight line joining C and Y

Aperture(AB) - Width Of The Mirror

Principal Focus (F) Point where the reflected rays meet as in the case of concave
mirror, or the point where the reflected rays seem to come from behind a convex mirror.

Focal Length (f) - Distance from the vertex to the principal focus. f=1/2R

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Zion Angeles 10-Isaiah
Science 2Q Reviewer 12/4/22

114 Refraction of Light

LAWS OF REFRACTION

Total Internal Reflection

a. When a ray of light passes obliquely from an optically denser medium to a less dense
medium, it is refracted away from the normal.

b. When a ray of light passes obliquely from an optically less dense medium to a denser
medium, it is refracted towards the normal.

c. When a ray of light is perpendicular to the interface, no bending of light occurs.

122 Lenses

- Converging lenses are convex lenses

- Diverging lenses are concave lenses

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134 The Human Eye

Cornea - "window of the eye", the outer thin, transparent membrane of the eyeball.

Conjunctiva - Thin, transparent tissue that lines the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the
outer surface of the eyeball.

Sclera - White background of the eye. Provides Structure, protection, and strength to
the eye.

Pupil - Black circle in the middle of the eye. Opening through which light enters the inner
portion of the eye.

Iris - Colored circle of the eye. Regulates size of the pupil by contraction and relaxation
of the muscles. Claimed that each iris is unique and is a better identifier than
fingerprints
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Crystalline Lens - Behind the pupil. Clear convex structure

Ciliary Muscles - Attached to the crystalline lens and responsible for changing the shape
of the lens

Retina - For normal vision, the image of an object seen by the eye is formed exactly at
the retina

Cones - Can distinguish color and are responsible for our daytime vision

Rods - Enables us to see in the dark

Fovea - Region of the most distinct vision; 200,000 cones but no rods

Blind spot - Point in the retina where the optic nerves exit

Optic nerve - Carries images from the retina to the brain

Choroid - Between the retina and sclera

Aqueous Humor - Between the cornea and lens

How light travels in the Human Eye

137 Vision Problems

Myopia
➔ Nearsightedness
➔ Eyeball is longer than normal or is too curved
➔ Forms image in front of the retina
➔ Can be corrected by using diverging lens or a concave lens.

Hyperopia
➔ Farsightedness
➔ Eyeball is shorter than normal
➔ Forms image behind the retina
➔ Can be corrected by using converging lens or a convex lens
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Presbyopia
➔ "aging eyes" or "old eyes"
➔ Usually exhibited by aged 40 and above
➔ Crystalline lens hardens and ciliary
➔ muscles become less flexible
➔ Can be corrected by using bifocal lens

Astigmatism
➔ Cannot focus simultaneously on horizontal and vertical lines
➔ Caused by cornea's unequal curvature in various directions
➔ Can be corrected by using cylindrical lenses

142 Other Optical Instruments

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General summary

Formulas:

n=c/v

n = index of refraction
c = speed of light in a vacuum (3x10^8 m/s)
v = speed of light in the substance

n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2

n1 = index of refraction of the incident medium

n2 = index of refraction of the refractive medium

θ1 = angle of incidence
θ2 = angle of refraction

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

f - focal length
di - distance of the image
do - distance of the object

M = │-di/do│
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Examples

Index of Refraction
The speed of light in an unknown medium is measured to be 2.25 x 108 m/s. What
is the index of refraction of the medium? (c=3x8m/s)
Given:
V - 2.25 x 108 m/s
C - 3.00 x 108 m/s
Unknown: n
Equation: n = c/v
Solution + answer = 3.00 x 108 m/s / 2.25 x 108 m/s
= 1.33 x 10 m/s - Final answer
Optical fibers are generally composed of silica, with an index of refraction around
1.69. How fast does light travel in a silica fiber?
Given:
n - 1.69
c - 3.00 x 108 m/s
Unknown: V silica
Equation: v = c/n
Solution + answer = 3.00 x 108 m/s / 1.69
= 1x108 m/s

Snell’s Law
Example, Light travels from air into an optical fiber with an index of refraction of
1.44 (a) In which direction does the light bend? (away or towards the normal) (b) If
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the angle of incidence on the end of the fiber is 22°, what is the angle of refraction
inside the fiber? (nair = 1.00)
Given:
n1 = 1.00
n2 = 1.44
Θ1 = 22°
Unknown:
Θ2
Equation:
n1 sinθ12 = n2 sinθ2
Solution + answer:
(1.00) x (sin (22))/ 1.44 = (1.44) (sinθ2)/1.44 =
Steps:
(1.00)x(sin(22) = .37 ÷ 1.44 = .26
sin -1(.26 = 15.07 or 15.1 | a: towards the normal, b: 15.1° - Final answer

Lens Equation
Phoebe placed a box 30 cm from a convex lens. A virtual image is formed at 15
cm from the lens. (a) What is the magnification of the image? (b) What is the focal
length of the lens? Characterize the image
Given:
do = 30 cm
di = 15 cm

Unknown:
M, f

Equation:
M = di/do 1/f = 1/di + 1/do

Solution + Answer:
M = di / do 1/f = 1/15cm + 1/30cm
= 15cm/30cm 1/f = 1/10cm
= 0.5 10 cm = f
0.5, 10cm, Real, upright, smaller than the object - Final answer

Whatever this topic is

Zion Angeles 10-Isaiah
Science 2Q Reviewer 12/4/22

Questions
1. Reflection is the bouncing back of light into the same medium after striking a
surface? True
2. Plane mirrors always form images that are virtual, the same size as the object,
the same distance behind the mirror and in front of the mirror, and inverted. True
3. Center of curvature is the center of the mirror and is also called the pole of the
mirror. False
4. In the laws of refraction, it states that the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the
normal lie in one plane. True
5. Diverging lens is the kind of corrective lens that should be used for a person
suffering from astigmatism. False

Give the four vision problems and their corresponding lenses.

1. Myopia, diverging lens/concave lens
2. Hyperopia, converging lens, convex lens
3. Presbyopia, bifocal lens
4. Astigmatism, cylindrical lens

Give 4 applications of Refraction.

1.
2.
3.
4.

A ray of light is incident from air to water at 50 degrees.Find its angle of refraction (n air =
1.33)

Sara is farsighted and she has a near point of 60 cm. What should be the power of her
corrective lens in order to see clearly at a distance of 25 cm.
Zion Angeles 10-Isaiah
Science 2Q Reviewer 12/4/22

Eye Camera Function

Pupil Aperture

Muscle of the iris Diaphragm

Cornea, lens, humors Refracting system

Film Where image is formed

Shutter Regulation of time of

exposure to light

Explain how light travels in the eye.