EAPP Q2 REVIEWER
5. Appeal to Force - occurs when a threat, instead of
Manifesto - a document publicly declaring the position
or program of its issuer. It advances a set of ideas,
opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action.
Arguments - reasons or the reasoning given for or
against a matter under discussion — compare evidence,
proof
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF MANIFESTO
1. Goal – what one intends to have happened.
2. List and Rules - items to be achieved or tasks to be
fulfilled.
3. World - aims to create a new world. It’s not about
simple rules, instead, it presents a vision for the future.
Logical fallacies - errors in reasoning that invalidate an
argument.
TYPES OF FALLACY
1. False Dilemma - occurs when an arguer presents
his/her argument as one of only two options despite the
presence of multiple possibilities.
- Either you fully devote yourself to company or you quit.
2. Appeal to Ignorance - occurs when something is
instantly concluded to be true just because it is not
proven to be false, and vice versa.
- The writer does not talk about the connection between
the victim’s killer and his sister, so there must be none.
3. Slippery Slope - occurs when a series of increasingly
superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn.
- If we ban computer shops, then students will not be
able to do research. And if they do not have tools for
research, these students will fail their subjects.
4. Complex Question - occurs when two or more points
are rolled into one and the reader is expected to accept
or reject both at the same time, when one point may be
satisfactory while the other is not
- “Have you stopped cheating on exams?”
reasoning is used to argue.
- If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will
isolate you from the group.
6. Appeal to Pity - occurs when the element of pity is
used instead of logical reasoning
- Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have
a sick mother and a special child to support.
7. Appeal to Consequences - occurs when unpleasant
consequences of believing something are pointed out to
show that the belief is false
- You can’t believe that colonialism is bad, because if it
were, then we would not be civilized.
8. Bandwagon - occurs when an argument is
considered to be valid because it is what the majority
thinks
- Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they think
they look beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be
the real standard of beauty.
9. Attacking the Person - occurs when someone tries
to refute an argument by attacking the character of a
person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument
- I cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you
were not educated at Harvard University.
10. Appeal to Authority - occurs when the argument
quotes an expert who’s not qualified in the particular
subject matter
- Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft, recommends
the effective fabric softening properties of Downy fabric
softener.
11. Anonymous Authority - the authority in question is
not mentioned or named
- Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples.
12. Hasty Generalization - occurs when a sample is not
significant enough to support a generalization about a
Population
- Martha, the foreigner from France is very impolite.
French people are mean and rude.
13. False Analogy - occurs when a writer assumes that
two concepts that are similar in some ways are also
similar in other ways
- Drugs are like massages: they make you feel good.
14. Accident- occurs when a general rule is applied to a
situation, even when it should be an exception
- Jaywalking is not allowed, so you should not have done Position paper - presents the writer’s stand or viewpoint
that even when you were being chased by terrorists. on a particular issue.

15. Post Hoc - it is an informal fallacy that states: “Since

event A followed event B, event A must have been
caused by event B.”

- Dina saw cat when they went home. Along the way,
they crashed into a tree. The black cat must be the
reason why they met an accident.

16. Wrong Direction - occurs when the direction

between cause and effect is reversed

- Liver damage leads to alcoholism.

17. Complex Cause - occurs when the explanation for

an event is reduced to one thing when there are other
factors which also contributed to the event

- We were not able to solve the problem because of

limited time, even if all the other groups were able to do
so.
18. Irrelevant Conclusion - occurs when an argument
which is supposed to prove something concludes
something else instead
- We must support the fight for gender equality between
men and women. Women have suffered enough
violence at home. Violence against women must be
stopped.
19. Straw Man - occurs when the position of the
opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute
- Opponent: We should relax the law governing the
allowed smoking areas in the city.
Fallacy: We should not do so, because the number of
smokers might increase.
20. Affirming the Consequent – any argument of the
form: If A is true then B is true; If B is true therefore A is
true
- If you are drinking wine, you have a problem.
Therefore, if you have a problem, you are drinking wine.
21. Denying the Antecedent - any argument of the
form: If A is true then B id true; If A is not true then B is
not true
- If you are drinking wine, you have a problem.
Therefore, if you are not drinking wine, you do not have
a problem.
22. Inconsistency - occurs when arguments contradict
one another
- Frank is older than Jake, Jake is older than Noli and
Noli is older than Frank.
Diction - refers to the choice of words for the expression
of ideas; the construction, disposition, and application of
words in your essay, with regard to clearness, accuracy,
variety, etc.; mode of expression; and language.
Paragraph - is a means of developing and framing an
idea or impression.
Transitions - provide the reader with directions for how
to piece together your ideas into a logically coherent
argument. They are words with particular meanings that
tell the reader to think and react in a particular way to
your ideas.
Plagiarism - is a form of stealing; as with other offenses
against the law, ignorance is no excuse.
Reports - communicate information which has been
compiled as a result of research and analysis of data
and of issues.
MOST COMMON TYPES OF REPORTS
1. Technical and business - disciplines with an applied
focus such as Engineering, Information Technology,
Commerce, Accounting and Finance, will set report
writing assignments that simulate the process of report
writing in industry.
Technical writing is form of writing technical
communication or documentation in science and
technology or applied science that helps people
understand a product or service.
2. Field reports - are common in disciplines such as
Law, Industrial Relations, Psychology, Nursing, History
and Education.These types of reports require the
student to analyze his or her observations of phenomena
or events in the real world in light of theories studied in
the course.

3. Scientific reports - are another kind of report. They
are common in all the Sciences and Social Sciences.
These reports use a standard scientific report format
describing methods, results and conclusions to report
upon an empirical investigation.
DATA GATHERING METHODS
1. Note taking - the most common and easiest method
of recording your observations.
2. Photographs - can help capture an important
moment in time as well as document details about the
space where your observation takes place.
3. Video or audio recording your observations has the
positive effect of giving you an unfiltered record of the
observation event.
4. Illustrations - refers to the possible need, for
example, to draw a map of the observation setting or
illustrating objects in relation to people's behavior.
The different parts of the research report include the
following:
1. Introductory Phase
2. Review of Literature
3. Research Methodology
4. Body of the Report
5. Conclusion
6. Recommendation
QUESTION WORDING
1. Write short and simple questions
2. Avoid leading questions.
3. Appropriately Open-Ended and Closed-Ended
Questions.
Use open-ended questions when responses need to be
elaborated by the respondents for exhaustive and
comprehensive data gathering.
Closed-Ended questions are popular because they
provide greater uniformity or responses and are easily
processed compared to open-ended questions.
4. Questions must be non-threatening and attempt to
evoke the truth
5. Question Clarity
6. Don’t use double-barrelled questions
7. Clearly define the response scale dimension or
continuum.
8. Minimize presuppositions
TYPES OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE
1. Open-Ended
Best Used for:
- Breaking the ice in an interview
- When respondent’s own words are important
- When the researcher does not know all the possible
answers
2. Closed-Ended
Best Used for:
- Collecting rank ordered data
- When all response choices are known
- When quantitative statistical tool results are desired
Other forms closed-ended questions:
a. Likert-Scale
Best Used for:
- Assessing a person’s opinion and feelings about
something
b. Multiple Choice
Best Used for:
- When there are finite number of options
c. Rating Scales

Best Used for:

- Rate things in relation to other things

d. Ranking Questions

Best Used for:

- Ordering answer choices by way of preference.

ORDERING THE QUESTIONS

1. Adapt a general organizational pattern that

complements a survey’s research objectives. Two
general patterns:

Funnel pattern – begins with broad questions followed

by progressively narrower or more specific ones

Inverted pattern – narrowly focused questions are

followed by more general ones.

2. Topically related questions should be grouped

together. A researcher should group together questions
pertinent to a single topic then move to another topic. It
is easier for the answer questions this way.

3. Easy-to-answer questions should be placed first. Easy

questions serve as motivation.

4. Questions should be ordered to avoid establishing a

response bias.

Response Bias – a tendency of a respondent to answer

all closed-questions the same way regardless of content.

SOME PRACTICAL TIPS ON TESTING A

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Find 5 to 10 people from your target group

2. Ask them to complete the survey while thinking out

loud.

3. Observe how they complete the survey.

4. Make improvements based on the results.