ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.

143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon

(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

Learning Module In

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

(S.Y 2021-2022)

Prepared by:

Adrian J. Andal

Checked and Approved by:

Nordyl L. Bianzon Jojie R. De Ramos

Instructional Development Committee

Noted by:

Vina N. Mendoza

Directress for Academic Affairs

 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

WEEK 2

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

INTRODUCTION:

When conducting a statistical research, investigation or study, the research

must gather data for the particular variable under investigation. TO describe
situations, make conclusions, and draw inferences about events, the
researcher must organize the data gathered in some meaningful way. The
easiest way to organize a data is by using a frequency distribution.

A frequency distribution is a grouping of the data into categories showing the

number of observations in each of the non-overlapping classes.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. RAW DATA is the data collected in original form.

2. RANGE is the difference of the highest value and the lowest value in a
distribution
3. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION is the organization of data in a tabular
form using mutually exclusive classes showing the number of
observations in each.
4. CLASS LIMITS is the highest and lowest values describing a class.
5. CLASS BOUNDARIES is the upper and lower values of a class for
group frequency distribution whose values has additional decimal place
more than the class limits and end with a digit 5.
6. INTERVAL is the distance between the class lower boundary and the
class upper boundary and is denoted by the symbol i .
7. FREQUENCY is the number of values in a specific class of frequency
distribution.
8. RELATIVE FREQUENCY is the value obtained when the frequencies
in each class of the frequency distribution is divided by the total
number of values.
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

9. PERCENTAGE is obtained by multiplying the relative frequency by

100%

10. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY is the sum of the frequencies

accumulated up to the upper boundary of a class in a frequency
distribution.

11. MIDPOINT is the point halfway between the class limits of each class
and is representative of data within that class.

CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

A grouped frequency distribution is used when the range of the data set is
large; the data must be grouped into classes whether it is categorical data or
interval data. For interval data, the classes is more than one unit in width.

CATEGORICAL FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

The categorical frequency distribution is used to organize nominal or ordinal

level of measurement. Some examples that you can apply are gender,
business type, political affiliation and others.

Example:

Twenty applicants were given a performance evaluation appraisal. The data is

High High High Low Average

Average Low Average Average Average

Low Average Average High High

Low Low Average High High

Construct a frequency distribution for the data.

Solution:

1. Construct a table as shown below:

 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

Class Tally Frequency Percent

High
Average
Low

Step 2. Tally the raw data.

Class Tally Frequency Percent

High IIIII-II
Average IIIII-III
Low IIIII

Step 3. Convert the tallied data into numerical frequencies.

Class Tally Frequency Percent

High IIIII-II 7
Average IIIII-III 8
Low IIIII 5

Step 4. Determine the percentage. The percentage is computed using the

formula:

f
%= × 100
n

where f =frequency of the class∧n=total number of classes

Class Tally Frequency Percent Found by:

High IIIII-II 7 35 ( 7 ÷ 20 )∗100
Average IIIII-III 8 40 ( 8 ÷ 20 )∗100
Low IIIII 5 25 ( 5 ÷ 20 )∗100
Total 20 100
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

DETERMINING THE CLASS INTERVAL:

Generally, the number of classes for a frequency distribution varies from 5-20,
depending primarily on the number of observations in the data set. It is
preferably to have more classes as the size of the data set increases. The
decision about the number of classes depends on the method used by the
researcher.

Rule:

To determine the number of classes is to use the smallest positive integer k

such that 2k ≥ n, where n is the total number of observations. Using the formula
below, we can obtain the class interval:

Range HV −LV
Class Interval ( i )= =
Number of classes k

Where:

HV=highest value in the data set LV=Lowest value in the data set

K=number of classes i= suggested class interval

Example:

Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on the monthly salary of call

center agents of selected call center companies. The research first would
have to collect the data by asking each call center agents about their monthly
salary. The data collected are shown below:
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492
Construct a frequency distribution and determine the following:

a. Range e. Relative frequencies

b. Interval f. Percentages
c. Class limits g. Cumulative frequencies
d. Boundaries h. midpoints

Solution:

Step 1. Arrange the raw data in ascending or descending order. In the

particular example, we will arrange raw data in ascending order.

Step 2. Determine the classes:

 Find the highest and lowst value:

HV =33.70 LV =14.10
 Find the range.
Range=HV −LV =33.70−14.10
 Determine the number of classes.
The objective is to use just enough classes. We can determine the
number of classes (k) using the rule. This will enable us to select the
smallest number (k) for the number of classes such that 2k is greater
than the number of observations (n). Using our example, there are 80
call center agents or n=80. If we apply k =6 , then 2k =26=64 , somewhat
less than 80. Thus, 6 is not enough classes. If we try k=7, then
2k =27=128 which is greater than 80. Therefore, we recommend
number of class is 7.
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

 Determine the class interval.

range HV −LV 19.60
interval= = = =2.80 ≈ 3
number of classes k 7
 Select a starting point for the lowest class limit
The starting point can be the smallest data value or any convenient
number less than the smallest data value. In our case 14 is used.
 Set the individual class limit
We need to add the interval to the lowest score taken as the starting
point to obtain the lower limit of the next class. Keep adding until we
reach the 7 classes, as reflected, 14,17,20,23,26,29,32.
To obtain the upper class limits, we need to subtract one unit to the
lower limit of the second class to obtain the upper limit of the first class.
That is, 17-1=16. Then add the interval to each upper limit to obtain all
upper limits.

Class limit
14-16
17-19
20-22
23-25
26-28
29-31
32-34

 Set the class boundaries in each class. To obtainthe class boundaries,

we need to subtract 0.5 from each lower class limit and add 0.5 to each
of the upper class limit.
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

Class limit Class

boundaries
14-16 13.5-16.5
17-19 16.5-19.5
20-22 19.5-22.5
23-25 22.5-25.5
26-28 25.5-28.5
29-31 28.5-31.5
32-34 31.5-34.5

Step 3. Tally the raw data.

Class limit Class tally

boundarie
s
14-16 13.5-16.5 IIII
17-19 16.5-19.5 IIIII-IIII
20-22 19.5-22.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I
23-25 22.5-25.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III
26-28 25.5-28.5 IIIII-IIIII-II
29-31 28.5-31.5 IIIII-III
32-34 31.5-34.5 III

Step 4. Convert the tallied data into numerical frequencies

Clas Class tally F

s boundaries
limit
14-16 13.5-16.5 IIII 4
17-19 16.5-19.5 IIIII-IIII 9
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492
20-22 19.5-22.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I 16
23-25 22.5-25.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III 23
26-28 25.5-28.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II 17
29-31 28.5-31.5 IIIII-III 8
32-34 31.5-34.5 III 3

Step 5. Determine the relative frequency. It can be found by dividing each

frequency by the total number of frequency.

Clas Class tally F Rf

s boundaries
limit
14-16 13.5-16.5 IIII 4 0.05
17-19 16.5-19.5 IIIII-IIII 9 0.11
20-22 19.5-22.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I 16 0.20
23-25 22.5-25.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III 23 0.29
26-28 25.5-28.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II 17 0.21
29-31 28.5-31.5 IIIII-III 8 0.10
32-34 31.5-34.5 III 3 0.04
total 80 1

Step 6. Determine the percentage, it can be found by multiplying 100 to the rf.

Clas Class tally F Rf %

s boundaries
limit
14-16 13.5-16.5 IIII 4 0.05 5
17-19 16.5-19.5 IIIII-IIII 9 0.11 11
20-22 19.5-22.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I 16 0.20 20
23-25 22.5-25.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III 23 0.29 29
26-28 25.5-28.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II 17 0.21 21
29-31 28.5-31.5 IIIII-III 8 0.10 10
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492

32-34 31.5-34.5 III 3 0.04 4

total 80 1 100

Step 7. Determine the cumulative frequency. It can be found by adding the

frequency in each class to the total frequencies of the class preceding that
class.

Clas Class tally F Rf % Cf

s boundaries
limit
14-16 13.5-16.5 IIII 4 0.0 5 4
5
17-19 16.5-19.5 IIIII-IIII 9 0.1 11 13
1
20-22 19.5-22.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I 16 0.2 20 29
0
23-25 22.5-25.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III 23 0.2 29 52
9
26-28 25.5-28.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II 17 0.2 21 69
1
29-31 28.5-31.5 IIIII-III 8 0.1 10 77
0
32-34 31.5-34.5 III 3 0.0 4 80
4
total 80 1 100

Step 8. Determine the midpoints. The midpoints can be found by getting the
average of the upper and lower limit of each class.
 ICT-ED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273 0908-985-7492
Clas Class tally F Rf % Cf x
s boundaries
limit
14-16 13.5-16.5 IIII 4 0.05 5 4 15
17-19 16.5-19.5 IIIII-IIII 9 0.11 11 13 18
20-22 19.5-22.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I 16 0.20 20 29 21
23-25 22.5-25.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III 23 0.29 29 52 24
26-28 25.5-28.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II 17 0.21 21 69 27
29-31 28.5-31.5 IIIII-III 8 0.10 10 77 30
32-34 31.5-34.5 III 3 0.04 4 80 33
total 80 1 100