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History - RIPH Notes not much but yeah

Readings in Philippine History (Pangasinan State University)

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History History is like a bridge that connects the past with

- came from the greek term “historia” which means the present and "pointing the road to the future"
“inquiry or research” - Allen Nerins
- refers to accounts or inquiries of events that
Relevance of Studying History
happened in the past
History is inescapable. All people are living histories- which
and are narrated in a chronological order.
is why history matters.
 Aristotle  Understanding Philippine History is essential to a
- history is a systematic account of a set of natural good understanding of the condition of being human.
phenomena which are arranged in their People builRI, people destroy, and people change.
chronological order. Neither all of these options can be understood well
 Thucydides and Herodotus without understanding the context and starting point
- defined history as learning inquiry about the past of all these. All human beings live in the here and now,
of mankind. but it took a long unfolding history to get enough to
 E.H. Carr "NOW".
- defined history as a never-ending dialogue of
events between the past and the present Primary Sources Vs. Secondary Sources
 Will Durant
- stated that history is a narrative of events of what Primary Secondary
civilized men have thought and done in the past.
 second hand
 Jawaharlal Nehru  raw materials of historical
evidences
research
- the theme of history should be that of man's  documents or artifacts
 these are the
analysis or a
growth from barbarism to civilization closest to the topic of
Meaning investigation.
restatement of
primary sources.
 are often created during
 often describe or
the time period being
explain primary
Importance of History studied
sources
History is to human race whereas memory is to each man.
 Artifacts. Audio, Diaries,
1. Helps every person to draw conclusion from the Recordings, Interviews,
Letters. Photographs  Bibliographies
past events helping the person to understand  Internet communications on  Bibliographical
himself by being acquainted with other people. email works
2. Helps the person or the government avoid the  Journal Articles published in  Commentaries
Example peer reviewed publications,  Criticisms
pitfalls of the present by knowing the rise and fall s  Newspaper articles written  Dictionaries
of the rulers, government and empires. at the time  Encyclopedias
 Patent, Original documents  Monographs
3. Makes a person's life richer and fuller by giving
 Proceedings of meetings,  Textbooks
meaning to the books he reads (especially history  conferences and symposia  Websites
books, the cities and metropolis he visits and the  video recordings, speeches,
records of organizations
cultural performances he hears and listens to)
4. Broaden the person's outlook in life by learning
and understanding the various races, cultures,
idiosyncrasies, habits, rituals, ceremonies, etc. of Internal Criticism Vs. External Criticisms
the making of the contemporary society out of the Internal Criticism External Criticism
diverse forces of the past.
5. Enable a person to grasp his relationship with the Seek to falsify or demonstrate its
past, such as to who ordered the killing of Ninoy discontinuity with an idea by Seek to falsify an
Aquino or why China insists on occupying hypothetically assuming its truth idea without
territories claimed by the Philippines- and because in order to prove some internal hypothetically
of the events, one has to turn to history for a inconsistency or contradiction assuming its truth.
complete answer. with it.
6. Helps social and political scientist or researchers
engaged in research as for example a political
researcher doing a research on federal form of Repositories of Primary Sources
government has to draw his data from the
materials of history.  National Archive R.A. 9470
7. History preserves the cultural values of a nation - Strengthened the record-keeping systems and
because it guides society in confronting various administration program of the archival
crisis. materials as it is the final repository for the
documents in the country.

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Chapter II: Analysis of Selected Primary Sources
Criteria in Analyzing Primary Sources
 Content Analysis
- a research method for studying primary sources
such as documents and communication artifacts,
which can be of a text various formats, pictures,
audio or video. (observation)
- According to Klaus Krippendorf, six questions must
be addressed in every content analysis.
1. Which are data analyzed?
2. How is data defined?
3. From what population are the data drawn?
4. What is the most relevant context?
5. What are the boundaries of the analysis?
6. What is to be measured?
 Contextual Analysis or Textual Analysis
- understanding the historical context of a primary
source is critical in understanding the attitudes and
influences that shaped the creation of the primary
source.
- Five Characteristics
1. Bibliographic Information
2. Creator Name and creation/Publication Date
3. Time and topic under study in your classroom
4. Contextual Clues
5. Extraneous Markings or Annotations
 Author’s Main Point of View or Argument
- overall purpose determines the techniques he
uses. His reason for writing particular book, letter,
articles, documents, etc. may be manipulative as in
propaganda of advertising or may be straight
forward, as in informative writing.
- guide questions:
1. What is the author’s main objective?
2. Does the author seek to persuade, convince,
to identify problem, to provide a solution?
3. What are the forms of evidence by the
author? Are they effective and for whom?
4. Is the author credible?
5. Are important facts in perspectives omitted?
What is left out?
Chapter III: Controversies and Conflicting Views in
Philippine History
Controversies and Conflicting Views
I. The Philippine Physical Features
Number of Islands and Islets in the Philippines
a. Molina- 7083 islands
b. Agoncillo and Alfonso-7,000 islands
c. Alip- 7108 islands
d. Zaide- 7083 islands
e. Ariola-7100 islands
II. Number of named islands and unnamed islands
a. Agoncillo and Alfonso- 3,000 named
islands and 4,000 unnamed islands
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b. Alip- 2,773 named islands, the rest are still
unnamed islands.
c. Zaide- different data in his own books
1. Philippine History for Catholic Schools
and the Republic of the Philippines-
1963-2,773
2. Philippine Political and Cultural
History 1957-2782
d. Some authors- 2,000 islands have been
named
e. Google, Wikipedia- 5,000 islands are yet
to be named
III. Location of the Philippines
a. Zafra-Philippines is located about 700
miles or 1126.54 km from the mainland
of China.
b. Molina- Philippines is located southeast of
its Asiatic Mainland.
c. Alip-Philippines lies 700 miles or 1126.56
km to the southeast Asia Mainand
d. Zide-Philippines is a sprawling archipelago
fringing the Southeastern rim of the Asian
Continent.
IV. Philippine Deep / Philippine Trench / Mindanao
Deep
a. Molina- Philippine Deep which is formed east
of Mindanao is the second lower region of the
Earth.
b. Zaide- It is the lowest region in the world, an
ocean depth east of Mindanao (cited in his
book Philippine history for Catholic High
School)
c. Zaide- It is the lowest part of the Earth
situated about 15 miles ( 24.1402 km)
northeast of Mindanao. It is 34, 218 feet
(10.429646 km) below sea level ( cited in his
book Philippine Political and Cultural history)
d. Zaide- it is the second lowest place in the
world and is located 72.4205 km (45 miles)
east of Northern Mindanao. It is 35,400 feet or
10.78992 km deep (cited in his book Philippine
History).
e. Agoncillo- It is the second deepest sea in the
world which is located east of Mindanao and
with a depth of 35,440 (10.802112 km).
f. Google- The Philippine Deep has a depth of
34,580 feet or 10.539984 km.
V. Longest River in the World
a. Alip- Cagayan River is the longest river in
the Philippines.
b. Molina-Rio Grande de Mindanao is the
longest River in the Philippines.
c. Benitez- Rio Grande de Mindanao is the
longest river in the country.
d. Zaide- The longest river is Cagayan River
(cited in his book Philippine History for
Elementary Schools).
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e. Zaide- The longest river is Cagayan River
(cited in his book Philippine History for
High School).
f. Google- Rio Grande de Cagayan is the
longest and widest river in the Philippines
whereas Rio Grande de Mindanao or
Cagayan River is the country’s second
largest river system.
VI. Straits - It is a naturally formed, narrow but
navigable watering that connects two larger bodies
of water
a. Molina- There are 8 landlock straits in the
Philippines.
b. Agoncillo- There are 20 landlock straits.
c. Zaide-There are 8 landlock straits.
d. Google- There are 22 straits.
VII. Coastline - It is called seashore where the land
meets the sea or oceans, or as line that forms the
boundary between the land and the ocean, sea or
lake.
a. Zaide- The Philippine coastline is thrice longer
than the U.S coastline with 10,850 statute
miles or 17, 461 .382 statute kilometers.
b. Molina- The Philippine coastline is 11.44
statute miles or 18,470.605 statute kilometers.
c. Alip- The Philippine coastline is nearly 11,000
miles or 17,702.784 kilometers.
d. Benitez- The Philippine coastline is 11,440
statute miles or 18,410.895 statute kilometers.
VIII. Mountains
a. Agoncillo- Mt. Apo is 9,600 feet or 2.92608
kilometers high.
b. Alip- Mount Apo is 9, 699 feet or 2.956 plus
kilometers high.
c. Zaide- Mount Apo is 9,690 feet or 2.9535
kilometers high.
d. Google- Mount Apo is 2,954 kilometers high.
IX. Mount Pulag or Mount Pulog
a. Agoncillo- Mt. Pulag is the second highest
peak in Luzon with 8, 481 feet (2.585009 kms)
high.
b. Alip- Mt. Pulag is 9,606 feet high (2. 927 kms)
high.
c. Google- Mt. Pulag is 2.922 kilometers high.
Site of First Mass - we believe that the first mass took place
in Limasawa part of Leyte but some books/authors claimed
that it is in Mazaua.
 Limasawa vs. Mazaua accounts:
1. There was no island named Limasawa in 1521.
2. They went to Mazaua from Suluan, by sailing, as
recorded, downwards-west. From Suluan,
Limasawa can be reached by sailing northwest-
but that’s not their course. They sailed
downwards-west.
3. Upon their departure, they sailed northwards for
Cebu. Had they been in Limasawa, the direction
would have landed them in Ormoc of Leyte not
Cebu.
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The First Cry of Revolution (Bonifacio’s First Cry)
Issues:
1. It has been widely accepted and believed that the
first cry of the revolution took place in Balintawak,
Caloocan on August 23, 1896.
2. The cry occurred towards the end of August 1896
and that all the place mentioned above are in
Caloocan which in this time was a district of
Balintawak.
3. The cry occurred on August 23, 1896 at
Pugadlawin.
The Cavity Mutiny Controversy - GOMBURZA Execution
a. Spanish Version
b. Filipino Version
The Philippine National Flag
Issues:
1. Philippine Flag was banned (Philippine Flag 1907)
2. Inclusion of a 9th ray or cresent in the flag
3. The Blue Color of the Flag
4. Where is the Original Flag
Antonio Luna’s Assassination
Issue:
1. Who really ordered Luna’s murder?
2. Is Aguinaldo a hero or a traitor? History books
blamed Aguinaldo as the mastermind in the death
of General Antonio Luna. Luna suffered over 30
wounds from bolos, bayonets, and bullets. Was the
death of Luna under the command and order of
Aguinaldo?
3. Some authors/books considered Aguinaldo as a
traitor for ordering the death of Luna but some
considered him as a hero.
Rizal’s Retraction Controversy
 Rizal’s retraction letter was discovered by Father
Manuel Garcia in 1935. From this time on, the
letter’s content became a favorite subject of
dispute among history writers, professors and
academicians. The retraction letter dated
December 29, 1896 was said to have been signed
By Jose Rizal himself.
 1ST VERSION: “I declare myself a Catholic and in
this religion in which I was born and educated I
must live and die. I retract with all my heart
whatever in my words, writings, publications and
conduct has been contrary to my character as a
son of the Catholic Church”.
 2nd VERSION: “I retract with all my heart whatever
in my words, writings, publications and conduct
has been contrary to my character as a son of the
Catholic Church”.
 Some Historians also are non-believers of Rizal’s
Retraction.
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Lesson Summary - Readings in Philippine History

Readings in Philippine History (Pangasinan State University)

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Lecture Notes in Readings in Philippines (GE 2)

Lesson 1

A. Meaning and Relevance of History

1. Meaning of History in relation to the course Readings in Philippine History.

 It is the study of chronological records of the past which covers people, places
and events.

2. History

- Historians are the only source of history.

- History is limited only to the story heroes and villains.
- Only primary sources should be used in writing history.
- Its object of study is the past, the events that happened in the past, and the causes of
such events
- Derived from the Greek word historia which means “knowledge acquired through
inquiry or investigation”.
- Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people
through written documents and historical evidences.
- It existed for around 2,400 years and is old as mathematics and philosophy
- study of past events presented in chronological order and with explanation
- sanaysay na may saysay
- kwento na may kwenta

3. Reason why historians and students of history need to thoroughly scrutinize the
primary and secondary sources - to avoid deception and to come up with the historical
truth

4. Historians - Individuals who write about history

5. Historiography - the practice of historical writing; history as history

6. Factors that can affect the point of view of a history writer.

a. writer’s past experience

b. state of being
c. economic status and culture

7. How History is made?

a. Historians attempt to understand the past

b. Historians attempt to understand the past based on evidence
c. Historical evidence that comes directly from society is called primary source.

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d. Historians interpret the primary source to decide what they actually tell us about the
past
e. Interpretation: The process of deciding on the meaning of a historical source
f. Based on these interpretations, historians attempt to create a narrative (a story) about
what happened in the past
g. Historical narratives and interpretations are known as secondary sources.

8. Teodoro Agoncillo - pioneered nationalist historiography in the country by highlighting

the role of the Filipino reformists and revolutionaries from 1872; “lost history”

9. Renato Constantino - “people’s history”

10. Zeus Salazar - “Pantayong Pananaw”; a Filipino historian introduced the new
guiding philosophy for writing and teaching history.

11. Reynaldo Ileto - “history from below”

12. Samuel Tan - mainstreamed the role and relevance of Filipino Muslims in the
country’s national history

Lesson 2

A. Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources

1. Primary – source is considered as contemporary accounts of events

2. Secondary - historical source which studies a certain historical subject.

3. How sources being classified. It depends on the subject of historical research

B. External and Internal Criticism; Repositories of Primary Sources

1. External Criticism – is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by

examining its physical characteristics; consistency with historical characteristics of the
time when it was produced; and the materials used for evidence; it is the examination of
the truthfulness of the evidence

2. Internal Criticism – is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at

the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production; it is the
practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics

3. Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified factors in evaluating sources internally –

a. Originality of the document.

b. Genealogy of the document

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c. Genesis of the document

4. Importance of criticisms of historical evidences

a. It is important because historical deceptions and lies will be highly probable.

b. It is important because we need to countercheck historical claims used as
propaganda

5. Analogy between primary and secondary sources

a. Primary is to direct while secondary is indirect.

b. Primary is to fact while secondary is interpretation.
c. Primary is the first hand witness while secondary uses the first hand witness

C. Different Kinds of Primary Sources

a. Documents
b. Archaeological Records
1. Fossils
2. artifacts
c. Oral and Video Accounts

1. Example of a primary source – Letters, Artifacts and Government records

2. Book can be used as a primary source in historical research. - If a historian chooses

to write about historical methodology of writing Philippine History in the 1950s

3. Other sources of history are the artifacts - It is the remnants of material culture

4. Historical sources convey both primary and secondary source - Newspapers

D. Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

1. Contextual analysis of a written historical source.

a. Interpreting by way of the surrounding conditions.
b. Analyzing the events and circumstances as an integral components

2. Content analysis of an article in history.

a. Understanding the subject matter of the article.
b. Considering the specific data presented

3. Four process of historical analysis

A. Examination of sources.
B. Collection of probable sources.
C. Selection of a subject for investigation

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D. Extraction of credible particulars from the sources

Lesson 3

A. Identification of the Importance of the Text

1. Remedy in case two writers have conflicting scores on one historical issue - Compare
the writers

2. How to evaluate two writers’ point of view in case of conflicting accounts on

significant historical event. - Consider the authors’ potential bias

3. One way to evaluate writers’ conflicting views on a particular issue is to analyze their
arguments, what particular question should you answer to analyze their points of view?
- Do they have appropriate sources?

Lesson 4

A. Examination of the Author’s Main Argument and Point of View

1. Ferdinand Marcos’s Today’s Revolution: Democracy - about martial law in the

Philippines in the 1970s.

2. Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan -
a historical source.

Lesson 5

A. Primary Sources of Some Historical Events

1. First Voyage Around the World by Magellan – Antonio Pigafetta

Analysis:

Pigafetta regarded the indigenous belief systems and the way of life as inferior to
Christianity. He would always remark on the nakedness of the natives or how he was
fascinated by their exotic culture.

Pigafetta’s perspective was narrow to realized that such attire was appropriate to
the tropical climate of the islands. The same true for materials that the natives used for
their houses like palm and bamboo. These materials would let more air come through
the house and compensate for the hot climate in the islands.

Significance of the book First Voyage Around the World by Magellan

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It serves as one of the most important primary sources in the study of the purest
pre-colonial Philippines.

2. On the issue of the place of the first mass ever held in the Philippines, the account of
Pigafetta is more detailed.

3. Description of Pigafetta’s account on the First Mass in the Philippines. The score on
the eventualities was

a. specific,
b. extensive and
c. events oriented

4. Factors in judging Albo’s account on the First Mass as insufficient:

A. Albo himself was not present in all the valuable events Magellan’s group
experienced.
B. He missed mentioning the very first mass that was held in the location

Analysis:

The testimonies of Pigafetta and Albo as revealed on their primary accounts

coincide and support each other. However, Pigafetta’s accounts were more detailed.

Limasawa was the first site of the first mass and not the Butuan.

2. Customs of the Tagalogs

a. Fray Juan de Plasencia- He was born and raised in Extremadura, Spain in the 16th
century during the country’s Golden Age (Siglo de Oro).

b. Datu - He governed the people in the barangay and led them whenever there is war.

c. Aliping Saguiguilid- slaves who served their master and could be sold
d. Aliping Namamahay

e. Miguel de Loarca- A friar and a colonial official who wrote about the Philippines during
the early Spanish colonial period who arrived in the Philippines 1576 and became an
encomendero of Panay.

f. Affirmation of the article of Plasencia “Customs of the Tagalogs”. That Filipinos already
had an established and distinct culture before the arrival of the conquistadors.

g. Bayabayi - the alphabets consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants. – Baybayi

h. Alibata

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3. Kartilya ng Katipunan

a. In 1892, KKK or the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng

Bayan was founded by Andres Bonifacio.

b. It is the only organization that envisioned (1) a united Filipino Nation that would revolt
against the Spaniards for (2) the total independence of the country from Spain.

c. Lessons is not only about monarchy but also about the peasantry - original title of the
most important Katipunan document Kartilya ng Katipunan

d. Bonifacio, had originally intended that his “Decalogue” should be printed and handed
to new recruits, but he then read Jacinto’s Kartilya and decided it was superior.

e. Magdalo – Emilio Aguinaldo

f. Katipunan’s Code of Conduct

- to a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate.

- Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor
- A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not from a desire
to do good is not kindness

g. “Manga Aral ng Katipunan ng mga A.N.B. - Emilio Jacinto

Analysis:

As a document written for fraternity whose main purpose is to overthrow a

colonial regime, we can explain the content and provisions of the Kartilya as a reaction
and response to certain value systems that they found despicable in the present state of
things that they struggled against with.

Moreover, one can analyze the values upheld in the document as consistent with
the burgeoning rational and liberal ideals in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
Equality, tolerance, freedom, and liberty were values that first emerged in the eighteenth
century French Revolution, which spread an illustrado himself, certainly got an
understanding of these values.

Kartilya repeatedly emphasized the importance of honor in words and in action.

The teaching of the Katipunan on how women should be treated with honor and
respect, while positive in many respects and certainly significant stride from the practice
of raping and physically abusing women, can still be telling of the Katipunan’s
secondary regard for women in relation to men.

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4. Declaration of Philippine Independence

a. Don Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista - the author of the act of the Philippine
Independence itself, one of the unhonoured great Filipino’s; he was also the one who
read the declaration during the June 12, 1898 Independence proclamation by Aguinaldo
in Kawit, Cavite.

b. In the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence, Bonifacio and his co-founders

were not mentioned.

- It is because the way of historical narration found in the said document also
reflects the politics of the victors.
- It is because even official records and documents, while truthful most of the
time, still exude the politics and biases of whoever is in power.

c. June 12, 1898 - Proclamation of the Philippine Independence in Cavite Viejo or Kawit,
Cavite; signaled the end of the 333 years of Spanish colonization.

Analysis:

Even in the official document of proclamation of Independence, it contains

politics, biases and selectiveness of information. The way the document was being
narrated shows politics in which only Aguinaldo's part were given focus and Andres
Bonifacio was left out and weren't discussed much.

The proclamation narrates the entire struggle that Filipino faced before the
independence. The document reflects all the important events that happen in Philippine
history during the Spanish Colonial period. It specifically mentioned all the abuses,
inequalities that the Filipino experience under Spanish Civil guards, the unlawful
shooting of prisoners and unequal protection of the law without proper hearing. The
execution of GOMBURZA which awaken the Filipinos .It also contains the Treaty of
Paris which is an agreement made six months prior to the proclamation. Jose Rizal’s
legacy and martyrdom was also mentioned in the document.

This shows that they saw this event as a significant awakening of the Filipinos in
the real conditions of the nation under Spain.

5. Political Caricatures of American Era

a. Political cartoons and caricature - are a rather recent art form, which veered away
from the classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subject.
Such art and technique became a part of the print media as a form of social and political
commentary, which usually targets person’s power and authority.

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b. Cartoons - became an effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of

symbolism. The unique way that caricature represents opinion and captures the
audience’s imagination is reason enough for historians to examine these political
cartoons; effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism which is
different from a verbose written editorial and opinion pieces.

c. The transition from the Spanish Colonial era to the American Occupation period
demonstrated different changes and shifts:

A. Culture
B. Politics
C. Society

d. Reason why political caricatures are significant in the narrative of Philippine history-
Realization that freedom of expression via political caricatures was a key factor in
exposing the ills of American occupation.

e. Newspapers published political cartoons in their editorial section during the American
administration.

A. The Independent
B. The Bag-Ong Kusog
C. The Philippines Free Press

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Lecture Notes in Reading in Philippine History

Readings in Philippine History (Pangasinan State University)

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RPH Reviewer

1. Why was the testimony of the witness on Rizal’s retraction doubtful?

(1 Point)

a. The events which the witness said happened were to many and too long to have taken place

b. Because he was not around when Rizal wrote the alleged retraction letter

c. He, the witness was with Rizal only once and for a short time

d. All of the choices

2. Whose account on the first mass in the Philippines was recognized by the National Historical
Commission?

(1 Point)

a. Albo’s Account

b. Pigafetta’s Account

c. Magellan’s Account

d. Albo and Pigafetta’s Account

3.How did the three tribes manage to gather a flotilla of hundred ships?

(1 Point)

a. It was their inherent nature as Muslims to act as one in times of need

b. It was a part of a pact among the tribes in their sea trade business

c. They agreed to share the riches they would get from the raid

d. All of the choices above

4. How many times was President Cory Aquino interrupted in her speech in the Joint US Congress due to
applauding?

(1 Point)

a. 9 times

b. 10 times

c. 11 times

d. 12 times

5.How many independent commissions were created under the 1987 Constitution?

(1 Point)

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a. Two

b. Three

c. Four

d. Five

6.The following are the places allegedly where the Cry of Rebellion took place by several sources. Which
is not?

(1 Point)

a. Bahay Toro Quezon City

b. Pugad Lawin

c. Kangkong, Balintawak

d. Sampaloc

7. What aspect of the Cry of Rebellion has conflicting accounts by several historians?

(1 Point)

a. Places and People

b. People and Events

c. Time and Venues

d. Venues and Dates

8.It is one of the non-legislative functions of the congress which includes the selection of a Senate
President and Speaker of the House.

(1 Point)

a. Constituents

b. Executive

c. Electoral

d. Judicial

9.Below are dates identified as the day of the Cry of Rebellion by some primary sources. Which one is
not?

(1 Point)

a. August 22, 1896

b. August 23, 1896

c. August 24, 1896

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d. August 25, 1896

10.Fernando Amorsolo is popularly known as the ____________.

(1 Point)

a. Painter of Philippine Sunset

b. Painter of Philippine Sunlight

c. Painter of the Philippine Daylight

d. Painter of the Philippine Bright Sunshine

11.Which of the following correctly differentiates the accounts of Albo and Pigafetta on the site of the
first mass in the Philippines?

(1 Point)

a. Pigafetta did not directly mention the holding of the mass

b. Albo’s account was more comprehensive than that of Pigefetta’s

c. Pigafetta directly mentioned the date of the mass while Albo never mentioned about the mass

d. Albo’s account stated the first mass as well as the planting of the cross on top of the mountain while
Pigafetta only mentioned the erecting of the cross

12.Why was the speech of President Corazon Aquino in the joint US Congress significant?

(1 Point)

a. It gained Aquino’s Administration world recognition

b. It further warranted Cory’s presidency

c. Assured financial support from the US

d. All of the choices

13.What sharing scheme between tenants and landlords under RA No. 34 during the Roxas
administration was established?

(1 Point)

a. 70 - 30 sharing

b. 60 – 40 sharing

c. 50 – 50 sharing

d. 40 – 60 sharing

14.What act was enacted into law providing for the abolition of share-tenancy and prescribed a program
to convert tenant-farmers to lessees and later to owner-cultivators?

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(1 Point)

a. RA No. 1223

b. RA No 1199

c. RA No. 3844

d. RA No. 9099

15.What painting of Luna depicts the agreement between Legazpi and Sikatuna?

(1 Point)

a. Espana Y Filipinas

b. El Pacto de Sangre

c. The Battle of Lepanto

d. The Surrender of Granada

16.The Commonwealth Constitution was originally drafted to provide the President with how many
terms?

(1 Point)

a. 6-year term with no re-election

b. 4-year term with one re-election

c. 6-year term with unlimited re-election

d. 3-year term with 2 re-election.

17.What project or program was created to provide storage facilities for the farmers and guide them
market their products?

(1 Point)

a. Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration

b. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration

c. Agricultural Tenancy Commission

d. Agricultural Land Reform Code

18.Who was the primary source who had several versions of the “Cry of Rebellion?

(1 Point)

a. Valenzuela

b. Alvarez

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c. Masangkay

d. Zaide

19.How many articles does the 1987 Constitution have?

(1 Point)

a. 17

b. 18

c. 19

d. 21

20.What kind of film is the “Raiders of the Sulu Sea”?

(1 Point)

a. Historiography Documentary

b. Cultural Documentary

c. Historical Film

d. All choices

21.Where was the other place that is believed to be the site of the first mass as evidenced by the marker
in front of the Saint James the Great parish church?

(1 Point)

a. Agusan

b. Pangasinan

c. Butuan

d. Leyte

22. In the film “Raiders of Sulu Sea”, what particular approach did the sea-faring Filipino Muslims first
employed in retaliation against the colonizers?

(1 Point)

a. Slave-raiding

b. Slave-trading

c. Slave-killing

d. Slave-buying

23.What law was enacted basically to govern the relationship between land owners and tenant farmers
under the Magsaysay administration?

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(1 Point)

a. RA No. 1223

b. RA No. 1199

c. RA No. 3844

d. RA No. 9099

24.What were the three tribes that connived and organized a group of hundreds of ship to raid Fort
Pilar?

(1 Point)

a. Balangingi-Samal, Ilanuns and Sultanate of Sulu

b. Balangingi, Samal and the Ilanuns

c. Tao-sug, Iranun and Samal

d. Samal, Ilanun and Iranun

25.Which of the following policies is NOT included in the Section 2 of RA No. 3844 or Agricultural Land
Reform Code

(1 Point)

a . Achieve a dignified assistance for the small farmers free from pernicious institutional restrain and
practices

b. Apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both industrial and agricultural wage
earners.

c. Provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement program and public land distribution.

d. Provide expensive machineries and fertilizers to the farmers

26.The Underwood – Simons Tariff Act of 1913 resulted in decreased government revenue because of
the lifting of the export taxes of the following:

(1 Point)

a. sugar, tobacco, hemp and rice

b. sugar, tobacco, copra and hemp

c. sugar, copra, rice and coconut oil

d. sugar, copra, rice and tobacco

27.What two characteristics are depicted in Luna’s Spoliarium?

(1 Point)

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a. Cruelty and Thef

b. Corruption and Dishonesty

c. Oppression and Abuse of Power

d. Abuse of power and Discrimi

28. Accordingly, what was the reason why Rizal retracted his stand against the Spanish clergy?

(1 Point)

a. Seek forgiveness from the church

b. To clam down the Filipino patriots

c. For the safety of his family

d. To marry Josephine Bracken

29.Who were the two gentlemen whose signature appeared in the alleged letter of Rizal as witness?

(1 Point)

a. Jose Villaclara and Eloy Maure

b. Fr. Balaguer and Fr. Estanislao

c. Juan del Fresno and Eloy Maure

d. Taviel de Andrade and Fr. Balaguer

30.Under whose administration was the Extended Value Added Tax or E-VAT implemented?

(1 Point)

a. Fidel V. Ramos

b. Joseph Estrada

c. Benigno Aquino III

d. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

31.Which among the following is an administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to
1946?

(1 Point)

a. Commonwealth of the Philippines

b. Constitutional Authoritarianism

c. Philippine Constitution

d. Malolos Constitution

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32.The Sin Tax Reform is a good example on how tax reform could impact social services.

(1 Point)

a. The above statement is true

b. The above statement is false

c. The above statement depends on the situation

d. The above statement is true only if properly implemented

33.When did the Cavite Mutiny happen?

(1 Point)

a. January 20, 1872

b. January 21, 1872

c. January 22, 1872

d. January 23, 1872

34.Due to the deficits from 2002 to 2004 under President Gloria Arroyo, the government introduced
Republic Act 9337. What is the title of this Republic Act?

(1 Point)

a. Taxation

b. Sin Tax Reform

c. Value Added Tax Law

d. Expanded Value Added Tax

35.Who signed the Code of Agrarian Reform of the Philippines into law which established the
Department of Agrarian Reform, effectively replacing the Land Authority on September 10 1971?

(1 Point)

a. Diosdado Macapagal

b. Ramon Magsaysay

c. Ferdinand Marcos

d. Manuel Roxas

36. What is known as the tax imposed on liquor and cigarettes?

(1 Point)

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a. Value Added Tax

b. Sin Tax

c. Extended Value Added Tax

d. Extended Value Added Tax Reform Law

37.The following are grounds for the succession of the Vice-President to President under the 1987
Constitution EXCEPT:

(1 Point)

a. Death

b. Permanent Disability

c. People Power

d. Resignation

38.What particular recognition was awarded to Fernando Amorsolo after his death?

(1 Point)

a. The first Gold Medal Awardee for Philippine Culture

b. Award for National Painter of the Year

c. The First National Artist in Painting

d. National Artist Award

39.It is defined as a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or
other organization is governed.

(1 Point)

a. Constitution

b. Policies

c. Statute

d. Law

40.What is known as PD 27 issued by of President Marcos that applies to tenant farmers of private
agricultural land?

(1 Point)

a. Agricultural Land Reform Law

b. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law

c. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

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d. Emancipation Tenants from the Bondage of the Soil

41. Who was the lone witness on the retraction of Dr. Jose Rizal?

(1 Point)

a. Fr. Vicente Balaguer

b. Fr Antonio Obach

c. Ferdinand Blumentritt

d. None of the choices

42.Why was the Cavite Mutiny regarded by the Spanish clergy and Gen. Izquierdo as a revolution?

(1 Point)

a. It was pre-planned

b. The scope of the incident was as far as Manila

c. There was collaboration among Indios and Filipino clergy members

d. All of the choices

43. Which among the following methods is NOT used by the landlords so that they will be exempted
from the agrarian program?

(1 Point)

a. Landlords changed their crops

b. Landowners hired workers to till their lands

c. Landlords evicted their tenants and so they become landless

d. Landlords did not share their lands to the landless workers

44. What was the very tragic aftermath of the Cavite Mutiny which further instilled nationalistic feeling
among the people?

(1 Point)

a. The capture and killing of the mutineers

b. Death of the leaders of the mutiny

c. Execution of three martyr priests

d. Deportation of the rebels

45.Who were the sources who had conflicting account on the Cavity Mutiny?

(1 Point)

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a. Montero and Izquierdo

b. Montero and De Tavera

c. De Tavera and Izquierdo

d. Gomez, Burgos and Zamora

46. When was the retraction letter found?

(1 Point)

a. 1940

b. 1938

c. 1935

d. 1930

47.. What major reform in the tax system was introduced under the term of President Aquino which
aimed to promote equity by insuring that similarly situated individuals and firms bear the same tax
burdened?

(1 Point)

a. Donations of the other Countries

b. Tributes from Filipino

c. Value Added Tax

d. Sin Taxation

48.Which of the following is NOT an organ of the government under the Biak-na-Bato Constitution?

(1 Point)

a. Consejo Supremo (The Supreme Council )

b. Camara de Representantes (House of Representatives)

c. Consejo Supremo de Gracia Y Justicia (Supreme Council of Grace and Justice)

d. Asamblea de Representantes (Assembly of Representatives)

49.Which of the choices below was NOT the issue discussed by President Cory Aquino during her speech
in the joint US Congress?

(1 Point)

a. Poverty

b. Foreign Debt

c. Communist Insurgency

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d. Justice System

50. When was the historic speech of President Corazon C Aquino in the joint US Congress delivered?

(1 Point)

A. September 18, 1986

B. September 19, 1986

C. September 18, 1987

D. September 19, 1987

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