ale aqua afewa & aror fret sh fafa ¥ fret faeg vx Rewa-ata sf diaar- area AB Us flagd afays Fst +q sik —q adel @ fear set 81 Sark dra A ah 2 aa afeys & mem fag os (ee) feufea H rat aw um fag pe, fore We faaga aa Hirer ae Het FI E Past feet AB& seqieer atsir i EB | " Pat at watts ueet a faaticre fran or aera & Benes E, 1) P cosé, A,B, & seqfeer Pe 2) P sind, A,B, & Hepler Y By a Qu" A Sy od 28 a i: B “ay A q ital qThe electric field intensity at a point in any position due to a small electric dipole is- Let AB be a dipole composed of +q and —q charges. The shortest distance between them is 2I. Let there be a point P at a distance r from the center (middle point) 0 of this dipole at the (1,8) position at which the electric field intensity is to be found. Then the direction of p will be along AB =~ P can be split into two right-angled components- 1) P cos@, along A; By 2) P sin@, along AzByP cosd andar faeg P safer feat & 81 ara: feeg Pox aqaela A dtvar 1 ped 2s Grey” P sing as ember fang P rear RU at RI are: Reg Par eaeehat ft chao 1 Psind a= Grey’ 13 aie E, ait £, eR asad 8) ara: faeg Pax oko dwar e et at = [EP +E2 1 2Pcos0)” 1 Psino\* Anéy 3 Ane, r3 2Pcos6\" / Psind\* 3 fH 3 r r E= 4negrs P E= /Gcos?@ +1) 4negr?in the axial position with respect to the component pcosd. Thus, the electric field intensity at the point P with respect to this The point P component 2Pcoso ane, The point P is in equatorial position with respect to the component psin@. Thus, the electric field intensity at the point P with respect to this component 41 Psind ~ are, E,= Ex £1 and £2 are perpendicular to each other. So, if the resultant intensity at point P is E, then e= fez+e? 1_2Pcos0)* , (_1_ Psino\* ane, ane, 2Pcos0 PsinO Bare (25322)" +( 7 | P| (Gast) ~ geo r?oRoret eta fr fear > ate faq ate ar oar £, He £, & ater a HOT aetar B at 1 Psind _ fy _ amen” tana = == —t~"pPcos6 4neéy’ 3 1 sin tana = 5. tana =~. tand 2 feat 1. af @=0 E= me v (3cos20° + 1) Ten ame wear tana = >.tan0® =5x0 tana = tanO a=0The direction of the resultant field if the magnitude of the electric field makes an angle a with E1 and E2 then Case 1. iz 1_ Psin@ 2_ 41ers tana = 5 = 1 ~ 3p cos6 ae 8 1 sind tana =>. Oe 1 tona =>. tané if @=0 P E =-——.,. J (3cos?0° + 1) a Anegr3” 1 2P Oe trey and tana =>.tand? =2x0 tana = tanO a=0feafa 2. aff @=90 P E=7—,. Aner? ¥(3cos?90° + 1) aa tana = ee tan90° = : x 00 tana = tan90° a=90Case 1. if 0=0 E= a y (3cos?90° + 1) Anegr3 1a famegtTs 1 1 and tana ==. tan90° == x 0 tana = tan90° a=90% veut faqae-aa a va aqua qfaya vx wer airqot - Arete wee dager afaee vasa faqucceta E A 9 wor aera ET Tat war Fl Arto +q sie -q at atau are & fra ara FT att 2) 3) aeae-as ES HRT +q ae OR UH aa GE, Aa A a A aM -q Hae WR sat & aa, aa Ar er # aaa ¥ a aat aa oRarer a arat ¢ Varga & Wale ¢ Ta fanta feer A art axa & 1 Ha: Bw Toa ar feratoT AA @ ot qfaya a GA aa Ee dated ort aT FART AXA Bl SH ToTH aH Vea Toys HEA EI WaT FAGIA aireet = Uh Fel x Geil sell & Ha A araaa qT AC =AB sin@ Baa (1) A Alet Taal &, T=qE XAB sin@ T =qE X2i sind+ Torque on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field - Suppose an electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E making an angle @ . Let +q and —q be two dipole charges whose distance between them is 21. Due to the electric field E, a force gE on the +q charge is in the direction of the field and an equal force on the -q charge is in the opposite direction of the field. These two forces are equal in magnitude and parallel to each other and opposite direction. work in. So they form a force pair. This force pair is called the restoring force. Moment of restoring force = a force x perpendicular distance between the two forces T=qE XAC ea(A) AABC , Substituting the value in equation (1), T =qE XAB sino T =qE X 2/ sineT=PE sin@ feafe |. afe @ = 0° et aaltenret (2) a, T= pE sind = 0 (RIAA) za feria a afaya eet dae dar 81 feafe aie @ = 90° a BATT (2) B, t = pE sin90°= pE, (31a)Case |. if @ = 0° If From equation (2), T=PE sing T= PE sin0° = 0 (minimum) In this case the dipole is in stable equilibrium. Case Il. if @ = 90° If From equation (2), t = PE sin90° = PE (ma« Gaya at faqqa ata A yard A arsed aw (Work done in Deflecting a Dipole inElectric Field) — aye fe P arept ar wen daa afeera E cisar & facaa ata a var gar el afe psik E& ate ar arr 6 él, Aaa Ge MY OTe Meena aaa ST SET eet grt q T=pE siné Ba: aes Br sreo HoT de H yay A rer wear wt dw = 1.0 dW = PE sing da Sa var afera ar o ator S yay a fear rar ary We= {pe sing do W= PE) sind dd ...(1) W = pE [-cose] W = pE [-cos 0 + cos 0°] W=pE (1-cos@) (2) aét aega efaya at fag aa A fear & o ator grt oe Peed aa art & faw cise BI«Work done in Deflecting a Dipole inElectric Field — field of intensity E. If the angle between p and E Let an electric dipole of dipole moment P be placed in a uniform elect is , then the moment of restoring force acting on the dipole is T=pE sing Hence, the work done in rotating the dipole through a small angle d@ dW =1.d0 dW = PE sin@ dé Thus the work done in rotating the dipole by an angle 6 We= f’ pE sing do We= PE{® sin@ do ...(1) W = pE [-cose] W = pE [- cos 0 + cos 0°] W = pE (1-cos@) (2) This is the expression for the work done when the electric dipole is rotated @ angle with the direction of the electric field.fasts feafear - Feafet |. ae = 0° a, at W = pE (1 -cos 0°)= pE (1-1) = 0 feafa il. afe @= 90° a, ar W = pE (1- cos 90°) = pE (1-0) =pE Fea il. aie a= 180° a, at W = pE (1 -cos 180°) = pE(1+1)= 2pEspecial situations— Case I. if @= O° then, W = pE(1-cos 0°) = pE (1-1) = 0 Case Il. if @= 90° then, W = pE(1-cos 90°) = pE (1-0) = pE Case Ill. if @= 180° then, W = pE (1 - cos 180°) = pE(1+1)= 2pEvada faqaa-ata AF afaya cr feaferer Fat (Potential Energy of Dipole ina Uniform Electric Field) — ~ ian aa afara a Pee g F arerp Rafe @ adarer Rafe ay yaret A fea aa Artal P afaya srect ar wa deda afaya waaared flag aa EA 6 PT Tar TAT Bl FS CaYS NL caret aA Weare sos aT STECT ge nae : Tv = pE siné. Het: afays Ht soo HT do S are A Far sar art dW =pEsing do Se Ta cfaga ae, 8 6, cm gary A Pear sara W = {2 pE sino dé W = PE {5 sino do W =pE [cos@, - cos@,] w(1)Potential Energy of Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field — Potential Energy- The work done in rotating an electric dipole from the standard position to the present position in an electric field is called potential energy of the dipole. Suppose an electric dipole of dipole moment P is placed in a uniform electric field E making an angle with the field. Then the moment of retraction force acting on the dipole. T = pE sind. Hence, the work done in rotating the dipole through a small angle d@ dW = pEsin@ dé Thus the work done in rotating the dipole from 6, to 62, Wwe Vee pE sing do W= PE {sino do W =pE [cos@,-cos#,] —...(1)aR 0, = § (rm FRR) ET 0, = 0 TE FRU) at aster (1) @, W = pE (cos* - cos@) W= pE(0-cos@) Sem SS it Weasel ol oe aclex Mo IET io asc g a ee ae U = -pE cosé feafe |. aie e= 0° a, at watRT (3) S, U= -pEcos0° = -pE , oft fi eeerct & fearfa i. ae @ = 90° @, at water (3) a, U= pEcos90° = 0m 6, = 5 (standard position) and @, = 6 ( present position ) Then eq.(1) W = pE ( cos; -cos6) W= pE(0-cos@) This work is equal to the potential energy of the dipole. Therefore, the potential energy of the electric dipole is equal to U =-pE cosé Case |. if @= 0° then eq.(3), = -pEcos0° = -pE , Case Il. if @ = 90° then eq.(3), U= pEcos90° = 0Fafa il. aie @ = 180° a, at U = 2pE Sate ae — * Ungar faaud as A fae afaya ws ae ar septa at aXe (F=0) Afar SH Set SECT HT AT ara aét datz "4 «oa afaya tad mt aeya Aa & THe HX Sale Ad SH N Fol To HET HI ArT Yes Mt aT FI « feage ata & afttoraad efaya wx sor ae aor STE Hr Aret Yee ele FI » Heaa Rage as A afaya w se oer ae arEpl ar Art Yer at tet BICase Ill. if @ = 180° then U = 2pE worth knowing - Electric dipole experiences no force in a uniform electric field (F = 0) but the value of the moment of force on it is not zero. When the dipole parallels itself to the electric field, the total moment of force on it becomes zero. The force on the dipole normal to the electric field and the value of the moment of force are zero. + Inan unequal electric field, the value of force and moment of force on a dipole is not zero.aiger ater ar ata afeer (Area Vector) — agi Fes oT aia we alee TRY ete fret ohare & urea fear sf eet S1Gso Haas (Planar) 31&at ashlar (Curved) et Heat @1 fear AT das sae Wart as at yatta aed Sl sah Teer al wos Shieadage ok ae aie aaadtr po & afteiaad sex Ht fer a wats ee a, at me AS. er Sh sele She ernie Seen safer Peat gael cee ee ee eer & aan vele Hosa & arr aa weer > = AS. A Pace frat ot WHat & — oefaqya-rerre (Electric Flux) - Beare a Fadl ex sae O aftarsad ore att gor sor Larsit SH sear aw aay vara wed ZI MB Op = E.dS Cos ag va aifeer wer eI SI. Al = dec Alex aga werera ar faster Fr (Dimensional format of electric flux)- [M L37~3A~*] > aaicH Faqye Ferra we eS a eae faa tere oex FT i oT Ee act é at faye FART GecHer eat Sl — —_ Fela a a fare 458 a ae tad a aa = Se t e frat awe are Faye RA faqgya at oso & aaa ae faqya ata a gre ar it ait Tet atch & at fay ForRa OMAR Btarfaqacd-Teare (Electric Flux) - The total number of lines of force passing non it ic field i i i denoted by Oy - Pp g Normally through an area in an electric field is called electric flux. It is =P O, = E.dS Cos It is a scalar quantity. S.1. unit = volt meter Dimensional format of electric flux - [M L3T7~34-1] > positive electric flux- When the lines of electric force passing through a surface are going outward, the elect case the lines of electric force diverge. > negative electric flux - When the electric force lines passing through a surface are cor this case the electric lines of force converge. Sami. It is clear from (1) that the electric flux passing through a surface depends on the area of the surface and the inclination of the surface with respect to the electric field. g inwards, the electric flux is negative. In