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Air-conditioning System:

Comfort describes a delicate balance of pleasant

feeling in the body produced by its surroundings. A
comfortable atmosphere describes our surroundings
when we are not aware of discomfort.

Comfort involves four things: (1) temperature, (2)

Air-conditioning humidity, (3) air movement, and (4) air cleanliness.
System
Class Instructor :
RINO D.A. FERNANDEZ

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

3 direct ways the human body gives off heat:

Conduction Convection Radiation

Air-conditioning System:
Psychometric Chart:
4th way the human body gives off heat:
The study of air & its
Properties
Evaporation of
perspiration

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Air-conditioning System:
Psychometric Chart:
Psychrometric Chart Components:
Dry-bulb Temperature
• Dry-bulb temperature
• Wet-bulb temperature the sensible-heat level of
air and is taken with an
• Relative humidity
• Specific volume ordinary thermometer
• Moisture content
• Heat content

Psychometric Chart: Psychometric Chart:

Wet-bulb Temperature Moisture Content

temperature that is taken amount of moisture

with a thermometer with present in a unit
a wick on the end that is mass of air
soaked with distilled
water

Psychometric Chart: Psychometric Chart:

Total Heat Content Relative Humidity

the relationship between

the weight of water vapor
in a pound of air compared
with the weight of water
vapor that a pound of air
could hold if it were 100%

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Psychometric Chart: Psychometric Chart:

Volume of Air

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Air-conditioning

A mechanical
installation system
providing warmed,
cooled, clean and
otherwise treated air
into the habitable
spaces of a building

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat

from where it is not wanted.

- Heat is removed from food to preserve its

quality and flavor

- Heat is removed from room air to establish

human comfort

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

The liquid called the refrigerant is fundamental to Heat in buildings comes principally from four
the heat transfer accomplished by a refrigeration sources: electrical energy, the sun, outdoor air
machine. temperatures and the building’s occupants

- a commercial refrigerant is any liquid that - Every kilowatt of electrical energy in use produces
will evaporate and boil at relatively low 3413 Btu/h
temperatures. During evaporation or - At noon, a surface directly facing the sun may
boiling, the refrigerant absorbs the heat. receive 300 Btu/h, on a clear day

- An individual will give off about 400 Btu/h in a 23.3°C

room

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Refrigerants are used in the process of refrigeration.
Refrigeration is a process whereby heat is removed
from a substance or a space.
A refrigerant is a substance that picks up latent
heat when the substance evaporates from a liquid
to a gas.

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Sulfur dioxide
Common Refrigerants: - colorless but toxic liquid or gas, therefore not a
safe refrigerant
Sulfur dioxide
Methyl chloride Methyl chloride
Ethyl chloride - a good refrigerant but flammable
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide Ammonia
Freon - a very toxic & flammable gas

Carbon dioxide
- very harmful in large concentration & without the
presence of oxygen

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Freon
- reason for tremendous growth of residential air- Freons effect to the environment:
conditioning system
- major contributor to ozone depletion
- not flammable
- 1987 Montreal Protocol call for total phase-out of
- low toxicity freon & other chlorofluorocarbons

- can cause frostbite on skin contact - 1996, non-production in developing countries

- no thermal effect to most metals

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:
Alternative to Freon:
By adding some components to the system,
- Genetron AZ 20 these problems can be eliminated.
The four major components that
- SUVA 410A make up mechanical refrigeration
systems are the following:
- Puron
1. The evaporator
2. The compressor
3. The condenser
4. The refrigerant
metering device

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

The evaporator The evaporator

The evaporator The evaporator

absorbs heat into absorbs heat into
the system the system

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

The evaporator The compressor

The evaporator The compressor is

absorbs heat into the heart of the
the system refrigeration
system

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

The compressor The condenser

The condenser rejects

both sensible (measurable)
and latent (hidden)
heat from the refrigeration
system

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

The condenser The metering device

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

Removing moisture

Dehumidifying the air

means to remove the
moisture, and this is
frequently desirable in
refrigeration systems

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Types of Air-conditioning System: Types of Air-conditioning System:

Duct-free Type Ducted Type Duct-free Type

Window Type System

Split Type System

Multi-split Type System

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Duct-free Type: Duct-free Type:

Package Equipment:

Window Room Air Window Room Air

Conditioners (WRAC) Conditioners (WRAC)

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Air-handling Unit (AHU)
Hi-wall
Slimpacs
Duct-free Type:

Package
Terminal Air Underceiling Cassette
Conditioners
(PTAC)

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Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Aircon Type hp Applicable Area Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area

Wall Mounted 1.00 20 Ceiling Mounted 3.00 45

1.50 24 4.00 50

2.00 32 6.00 80
2.50 38 Ceiling Cassete

4.00 50

Floor Mounted

Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area

Ceiling Cassette 3.00 45 Floor Mounted 3.00 45

5.00 85 5.00 80

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Condensing Unit (CU)

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Multi-Split System:
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Multi-Split System: Multi-Split System:

Variable Refrigerant Variable Refrigerant
Flow (VRF) Flow (VRF)

Electronically
commutated
motors
VRF refers to the ability of the system to
control the amount of refrigerant flowing to Inverter-driven
motors
each evaporators of differing capabilities
and configurations Multiple
compressors

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Multi-Split System: Multi-Split System:

Variable Refrigerant Variable Refrigerant
Flow (VRF) Flow (VRF) Air-cooled
System

Water-cooled
System

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Building Services Systems:

Air-conditioning Systems (Types):

Ducted Type:

Ducted Type (Centralized Type)

Air-conditioning System:
ACU SPACES:

Distribution Comparison:
CHILLED
WATER PLANT

COOLING
TOWER

AIR-
HANDLING
UNIT

ACU SPACES: ACU SPACES:

CHILLED CHILLED
WATER PLANT WATER PLANT

COOLING COOLING
TOWER TOWER

AIR- AIR-
HANDLING HANDLING
UNIT UNIT

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CHILLED WATER PLANT CHILLED WATER PLANT

Air-conditioning System:
CHILLED WATER PLANT

CHILLED WATER PLANT
- Space which produces cold water (usually 5° to
6°C) that is used for cooling the building.
- The chillers are fueled by electricity, gas, or
steam.
- The chillers give off heat, noise, and vibration, and
should not be located near spaces they will
adversely affect.
- They may be placed anywhere in the building from
basement to roof, but they are heavy and require
deeper-than-normal structural members for
support.

- An outside wall location is desirable to allow for

the necessary ventilation and maintenance access.

COOLING TOWERS
CHILLED WATER
PLANT
Cooling towers
extract heat from the
Ceiling height: water that is used to
cool the condenser
a minimum of coils of the chilled
3.66 m (bldg water plant.
of moderate
size)

a maximum of
4.88 m (very
large bldg)

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COOLING TOWERS

The cooled water is collected in a pan at the

bottom of the tower and circulated back to the
chillers.

COOLING TOWERS COOLING TOWERS

Heat is removed by
evaporation and
convection to a Common location is the roof of the building
stream of air that is
forced through the the towers should be isolated acoustically from the
tower by fans. frame of the building due to the noise & vibration it
accumulates

and noise-sensitive areas should not be located

directly below them.

FAN ROOMS (AHU) AND OUTDOOR

COOLING TOWERS
AIR LOUVERS

In an all-air
system, an air
handling unit in a
fan room
Cooling towers range between 4.00m and 12.00 m circulates air
in height through a filter and
thermostatically
The height for a given building can be estimated by controlled hot
interpolating between these two extremes. water and chilled
water coils to
The towers usually have a 1.20m crawlspace condition it.
beneath.

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FAN ROOMS (AHU)

AND OUTDOOR
AIR LOUVERS

FAN ROOMS (AHU)

AND OUTDOOR
AIR LOUVERS

It can be
advantageous to
have a separate fan
room for each floor
of a building,
because this saves
floor space by
eliminating most or
all of the vertical
runs of ductwork

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Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Air-conditioning Systems (Types): Duct System Configurations:

Ducted Type (Centralized Type)

Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Duct System Configurations: Duct System Configurations:

Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Duct System Configurations: Duct System Basic Parts:

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Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Basic Mechanical Symbols: Basic Mechanical Symbols:

Typical Grilles & Diffusers Designs Typical Grilles & Diffusers Designs

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