A.

Name of Policing Body

Philippines
Philippine National Police.
United Arab Emirates
Ministry of Interior
Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Safety.
Turkey
General Directorate of Security

B. Brief History of Policing in the Country

Philippines

The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine Constabulary or
the PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as an insular police
force under the American regime. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree no. 765 was
issued, establishing the Philippine Constabulary Integrated National Police or the PC/INP
as the country’s national police force. These fragmented and diverse local police units
were integrated into a national police force with the Philippine Constabulary as its
nucleus. After the People’s Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was promulgated
providing for a police force, which is “national in scope and civilian in character.”
Consequently, Republic Act No. 6975 entitled, “An Act Establishing the Philippine
National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local government
(DILG),” was signed into law on December 13, 1990, which took effect on January 1,
1991. Subsequently, the PNP was operational on January 29, 1991, whose members
were formerly the PC and the INP and the absorption of the selected members from the
major service units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines such as the Philippine Air
Force Security Command, the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy, and the
Philippine Army. Thus, to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and
competent police force, Republic Act No. 8551 entitled “PNP Reform and the
Reorganization Act of 1998” was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending certain
provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.

United Arab Emirates

Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi police were formed in 1957 by the late Shaikh Shakbut Bin
Sultan Al Nahyan. The force of 80 officers were tasked with guarding royal locations,
markets, banks and shipping. Within two years, the number of officers doubled and an
operational base was established to the north of Al Hosn Palace. "In 1971 Shaikh Zayed
Bin Sultan Al Nahyan established the Ministry of Interior [MOI] and the police became
the local MOI of Abu Dhabi Emirate, responsible for establishing security and stability
and providing security to people and property, " said Major General Khalil Badran,
Director of Finance and Services of Abu Dhabi Police. "It was also directly in charge of
naturalization and passport matters, prison affairs, traffic affairs, guarding of oil
installations, liaison with Arab and international police directorates, fighting smuggling
and illegal entry of people, drugs and all forbidden substances and prevention of
crime," he added.

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Saudi Arabia

The police system has been highly centralized since its establishment in 1924. Some
decentralization has occurred recently. Each of the nation's five countries has a police
force. Most police officers spent 3 years in training at King Fahad Security College
following their graduation from high school. The police service has nine ranks. Officers
must spend a specified number of years in each of the lower ranks before moving to
higher ranks. Police responsibilities include the administrative duties relating to
maintaining order, the judicial functions of reporting and investigation, and social
functions relating to crime prevention and giving assistance to citizens. The Director of
Public Safety controls all police forces and reports to the Minister of the Interior. The
two administrative units under the Director of Public Safety are the Criminal
Investigation Section and the Identification of Files Section. Saudi Arabia has 10
prisons, which operate under a Bureau of Prisons that is separate from the public safety
department.

Turkey

Prior to discussing reforms, it is critical to examine the cultural and historical

evolution of the TNP because it differs so greatly from that experienced in Europe and
provides the explanation for the current mindset within Turkey. In fact, this evolution,
especially its completely different cultural mindset, has an impact on the current
problems, specifically in the former Ottoman territories in the Balkans and the Arab
states. While European societies are individualistic and territorial, Turkey, a country
founded on the remnants of the Ottoman Empire, inherited the Empire’s communal and
group-based values. Within this system, the Ottoman Empire was unique since it was
faith-based rather than territorially, ethnically, or linguistically based. This affected how
law, the enforcement of law, and attitudes toward and within the police were and still
are perceived today. Kemalism capitalized on previous reform attempts and rapidly
accelerated the reform movements begun in the nineteenth century.1 These reforms
continue today and greatly influence the contemporary reforms of the TNP.

C. Current Chief of Police

Philippines
Gen. Rodolfo Azurin Jr. as chief of the Philippine National Police
United Arab Emirates
Saif bin Zayed Al Nahyan (Arabic: ‫ ;سيف بن زايد آل نهيان‬born 1968) is United Arab
Emirates’ Minister of Interior since October 2004 and Deputy Prime Minister since May
2009.
Saudi Arabia
The current minister of interior is Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud, who has been in
office since 21 June 2017.
Turkey
Mehmet Aktaş was assigned as the new police chief in turkey.

D. Police Organizational Structure

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Philippines

United Arab Emirates

Saudi Arabia

3
Turkey

E. Police Rank (with picture) and Position

4
Philippines

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

SAUDI ARABIA

5
TURKEY

F. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS OF THE POLICE

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PHILIPPINES

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

The position relating to discrimination in recruitment and selection varies for the
United Arab Emirates (UAE) and its various free zones. The employment of nationals of
the UAE and other member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council requires a valid work
permit, also known as an "identity card" in the free zones. It is not lawful to employ
individuals under the age of 15. The recruitment of foreign nationals to work in the UAE
and the free zones is subject to authorization by the public authorities and the issuing
of an entry visa, a residency visa and a work permit. Emiratisation requirements apply
in the UAE, but not in its free zones. In the UAE, all employers with five or more
employees must keep a personal file for each employee containing certain information,
while in the Dubai International Financial Centre and Abu Dhabi Global Market free
zones employers must keep records of certain information.

SAUDI ARABIA
There is a general prohibition on discrimination in recruitment and selection with
regard to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia nationals, and more particularly in the case of
discrimination on the ground of disability, and discrimination is in fact required in favour
of citizens of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Employers are required by law to notify the
public employment office of all job vacancies and to advertise the vacancies on the
online national jobs portal (Taqat) for specified minimum periods. Other than some
requirements for foreign nationals, there is no general statutory framework governing
the practice of recruitment and selection of job applicants in the private sector. There
are various rules relating to the employment of children and minors. Foreign nationals
are required to have a valid residency visa and work permit for employment in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Non-citizens may be employed only where suitably qualified
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia citizens are not available. Men and women must generally be
segregated in the workplace. All employers with at least 25 employees must, if the
nature of the work allows, ensure that at least 4% of their employees are people with
disabilities.

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TURKEY

This article critically examines selection methods in the Turkish Police recruitment
processes, and the nature of the formal and informal arrangements therein. Semi-
structured interviews and secondary data techniques were used to collect the data
analyzed. It was found that while the formal selection methods involve rigorous
intelligence, medical, physical and background tests, there are a number of important
"invisible" variables that shape the selection process. Although all Turkish citizens who
meet the specified formal requirements officially have equal rights for recruitment to
the police, discrimination on the basis of gender and political affiliation was found to be
present, particularly relating to the police high schools and police academy.

G. POLICE BENEFITS
PHILIPPINES

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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

SSAUDI ARABIA

A person working as a Police Officer in Saudi Arabia typically earns around 9,680
SAR per month. Salaries range from 4,460 SAR (lowest) to 15,400 SAR (highest).

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TURKEY

A person working as a Police Officer in Turkey typically earns around 4,960 TRY per
month. Salaries range from 2,280 TRY (lowest) to 7,890 TRY (highest).

H. CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE POLICE

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

• CORRUPTION
The Philippines suffers from widespread corruption, which developed during the
Spanish colonial period. According to GAN Integrity's Philippines Corruption Report
updated May 2020, the Philippines suffer from many incidents of corruption and crime
in many aspects of civic life and in various sectors. 

• CHALLENGE IN PANDEMIC
The role of police officers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is
challenging, faced with the difficult task of keeping communities safe and preventing
the spread of COVID-19 while putting their physical and mental health at risk.

• SPANNING GOVERNANCE
The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and
order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the
community. 

• TERRORISM

Terrorist groups have the intent and capability to carry out attacks anywhere in the
country including in the capital Manila and in places visited by foreigners, such as
shopping malls, entertainment establishments, public transport (including airports and
the metro system) and places of worship. Attacks have been carried out using small
arms and improvised explosive devices, including both vehicle and personnel borne.
Terrorist activity continues to pose a threat from groups such as the Abu Sayyaf Group
(ASG), Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF), Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), New
People’s Army (NPA and other associated groups. Some groups have pledged allegiance

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to Daesh (formally referred to as ISIL) and are likely to regard westerners as legitimate
targets.

• WAR ON DRUGS
War on drugs Since taking office on June 30, 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo
Duterte has carried out a “war on drugs” that has led to the deaths of over 12,000
Filipinos to date, mostly urban poor. At least 2,555 of the killings have been attributed
to the Philippine National Police. Duterte and other senior officials have instigated and
incited the killings in a campaign that could amount to crimes against humanity.

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY MINISTRY OF INTERIOR

 TERRORISM
Although terrorist attacks are rare, the United Arab Emirates has been listed as a
place used by investors to raise funds to support militants in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Businesses based in the UAE have been implicated in the funding of the Taliban and the
Haqqani network. In January 2022, a terrorist attack against three oil tanker trucks and
an under construction airport extension infrastructure occurred in Abu Dhabi. The
attack was conducted by the Houthi movement and killed 3 civilians.

 HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human trafficking is a problem which involves involuntary servitude of young boys
and women. In 2006, young boys were trafficked into the country for the purpose of
being used as camel jockeys. There were many camel jockeys working in the UAE
under inhumane conditions, these are now slowly being replaced by robot jockeys.
Human trafficking cases in the UAE have been falling over the years. In the first half of
2014, three cases of human trafficking were received by the Dubai Foundation for
Women and Children (DFWAC) compared to 12 in the same period of 2013.

 FINANCIAL CRIMES
The UAE, being an economically progressive country is a hotbed for financial crimes
such as bank and credit card frauds, bounced cheques, embezzlement, forgery, identity
theft, and money laundering. Dr. Elhais and his team of expert financial crime lawyers
can help you protect your assets and finances.

 MONEY LAUNDERING
The UAE is vulnerable to money laundering due to its position as a major
commercial driver in the region. The UAE leadership has taken several measures for
combating organized crime. A law was enacted in January 2002 for the purpose of
curbing money laundering. However, despite government efforts to combat money
laundering, regulation of banking is still developing.

 CYBERCRIME

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 According to experts, the United Arab Emirates is among the top ten countries
which are most vulnerable to attack by hackers. White-collar crime includes
embezzlement of funds, fraud and bribery.

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

 Terrorism
Saudi Arabia continues to expand and intensify its counterterrorism initiatives, as
terrorism remains a major threat to the safety and security of our citizenry and the
global community. Saudi Arabia has faced more than 60 terrorist attacks by Daesh and
Al-Qaeda, more than 25 of them since 2015.

 Theft
The most common crime in 2002 was theft, which accounted for 47% of total
reported crime. The country has implemented all the forty recommendations of the
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) for combating money
laundering and all eight recommendations of the FATF regarding terror financing. A
Financial Intelligence Unit exists for the purpose of monitoring flows of funds.

 Murder
In 1988, the "reported" murder rate in Saudi Arabia was .011 per 100,000
population. the UN office of drugs and crime reported the murder rate in Saudi Arabia
to be 1.5 per 100,000, with 472 recorded offences, a higher rate than countries which
do not practice draconian and cruel criminal punishments

 Religious Crimes
The Saudi legal system is based on Sharia or Islamic law and thus often prohibits
many activities that are not crimes in other nations, such as alcohol or pork
consumption, public displays of non-Islamic religious symbols or text, affection between
opposite sex outside of marriage, "indecent" artwork or media images, sorcery,
homosexuality, cross-dressing, and fornication or adultery. Some Western countries and
human rights advocates criticize the Saudi corrections system for the manner in which
offenders are punished.

 FIREARMS SMUGGLING
Since the outbreak of the war in Yemen in 2015, the state has seen a growing influx in
the supply of weapons. These weapons are both legally and illegally provided by
regional and international powers to all major factions of the conflict. While arms
transfers and their effects on the conflict in Yemen have received considerable
attention, a lesser known fact is that weapons are increasingly circulating between
Yemen, Somalia and Djibouti – the three states adjoining the Gulf of Aden. Against this
background, this text shines the spotlight on weapons flows dynamics in a highly
militarized region.

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF SECURITY

 GANG ACTIVITY
Over the last ten years, 24391 people have been detained by the police and of those
8602 arrested in 3012 operations against gangs. The gendermarie has likewise detained

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10437 people, arrested 6269 in 771 operations. Approximately a third of these arrests
took place in 2005-7.

 PROTESTERS
Subsequently, supporting protests and strikes took place across Turkey, protesting
against a wide range of concerns at the core of which were issues of freedom of the
press, of expression and of assembly, as well as the alleged political Islamist
government's erosion of Turkey's secularism.
Enter

 DRUG TRAFFICKING
In Turkey that’s the real problem today. A variety of drugs are trafficked into and
through Turkey each year, including heroin, cocaine, synthetic cannabis (bonsai),
methamphetamine, and captagon (a type of amphetamine).

 TERRORISM

In Turkey is a significant issue for Turkish authorities. Most terrorist attacks in

Turkey have occurred in the southeastern and eastern provinces, and major cities like
Ankara and Istanbul

• HONOUR KILLING
Violence against women and so-called “honour” killings are deeply rooted and
prevalent issues in Turkey. According to a 2009 study on prevention strategies, 42% of
Turkish women aged between 15–60 had suffered some physical or sexual violence by
their husbands or partners.Every year, the problem is getting worse: in 2019, 474
women were murdered, mostly by partners and relatives, the highest rate in a decade
in which the numbers have increased year on year.

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REFERENCES:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15614263.2020.1795860#:~:text=The
%20Philippine%20National%20Police%20

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/about-the-pnp/#:~:text=The%20Philippine
%20National%20Police%20(PNP)%20originated%20from%20the%20Philippine
%20Constabulary,%2C%201975%2C%20Presidential%20Decree%20no.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#:~:text=The%20police%20in%20the
%20UAE,is%20also%20the%20Immigration%20Department.

https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Member-countries/Asia-South-Pacific/SAUDI-
ARABIA

https://polis.osce.org/country-profiles/turkey#general-directorate-of-security-10600

https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/philippines/pnp-org.htm

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Dhabi_Police_Organization_chart.jpg

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/rsmoda.htm

https://slideplayer.com/amp/10737643/

http://www.aseanapol.org/information/philippine-national-police

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Ranks.PNG

https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevebfotos/9723404818

https://slideplayer.com/amp/4782289/

https://thelifeofmaharlika.com/pnp-recruitment-process-updated/

https://lovin.co/dubai/en/news/dubai-police-salaries-uae/amp

http://www.salaryexplorer.com/salary-survey.php?
loc=191&loctype=1&job=504&jobtype=3

http://www.salaryexplorer.com/salary-survey.php?
loc=221&loctype=1&job=504&jobtype=3

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PHILIPPINES VS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES,
SAUDI ARABIA, TURKEY

MANDAPAT, MELVIN JOSH

CAMPOS, KELSEN NEIL G.
DALIWAN, CHRISTIAN DAVE
RAMOS, GIL JR. R.
TIGLAO, RONNEL

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