PROJECT: CONSTRUCTION OF UNI-DIRECTIONAL KHELLANI TUNNEL OF LENGTH 1.

574
KM & ITS APPROACH ROAD FROM KM 29.030 TO KM 31.449 OF TOTAL LENGTH OF 2.419
KM ON NH-244 IN UNION TERRITORY OF JAMMU & KASHMIR ON EPC MODE

Title: DESIGN NOTE FOR RRM RETAINING WALL (2.5 M HEIGHT & 3.5 M HEIGHT)

Document No - D1053/CIPL/STR/DGN/101

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS & INFRASTRUCTURE

CLIENT
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD.

CONTRACTOR APCO INFRATECH PRIVATE LIMITED

R1 2021 OCTOBER Revised As Per Proof Comments

R0 2021 JULY First Submission
Rev Date Description

Design consultant :
AVOK ENGINEERING CONSULTING & CONTRACTING PRIVATE LIMITED
 Index

S.NO. DESCRIPTION Page No

1.0 About the Project 2

2.0 Introduction 2

3.0 Construction Methodology 2

4.0 Monitoring of RRM Retaining Wall 3

5.0 Drainage 4

6.0 Geotextiles 5

7.0 Design of Retaining Wall (2.5 M Height Above GL) 6

8.0 Design of Retaining Wall (3.5 M Height Above GL) 11

1
1. ABOUT THE PROJECT
Project site starts from Goha at Ch. 29.030 and end at Khellani at Ch. 31.449.This proposed
section of Goha - Khellani falls on the newly proposed alternate route for the Goha-Khellani and
is a part of new alignment for NH-244.
Construction of Uni-directional Khellani Tunnel i.e. length of 1.541/1.574km (Tube-1/Tube-2) &
its approaches from km 29.030 to km 31.449 of total length 2.419 km including a rotary on West
Portal side, 1 Major Bridge on East Portal side,& 5 Culverts on Sudhmahadev - Goha -
Khellani road section of NH-244 in Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir.

2. INTRODUCTION
Masonry walls are the upright construction having much length and height than breadth; build by
joining and stacking of masonry units which can be easily held on hand, with the binding material.
Stone masonry wall is a type of wall in which the units of masonry are used as stone. Depending
upon the types of mortar and arrangements of stones they are further can be categorized into a
different class. For the stone masonry wall, the stones are needed to be quarried and crushed from
rock sources, so that they can be made masonry units, i.e. easily held in hand and can be made
easily lifted during construction by a mason. Moreover, for proper arrangement of such stone over
the wall and smooth & good appearance of the wall faces they have further proceeded for dressing
operation.
In Random rubble stone masonry (RRM) retaining wall, stones are randomly laid during
construction with no or very little dressing of the stone. There is no definite course of layers of
stone, thus they are also known as Un-coursed rubble mass. The dressing is minimum in such
walls, thus no proper shape arrangement is required for such walls and gives a rough finishing
appearance. Due to this reason, they can be categorized as low-cost construction works. They can
be abundantly found used for the Retaining walls, River training works where appearance has no
any importance. However, when there is the abundant use of nearly square-shaped stones, they are
simply known as Square un-coursed rubble stone walls, such walls have definite shape and
appearance but the courses are not of uniform height stones.

3. CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
1. Selection of rock or stone: Rock from where the stone for the masonry work is obtained
or quarried should be hard, and free from weathering, cracks, cavities, and injurious
veins. The stone should be such that it shouldn't absorb water more than 5%.

2. Crushing and dressing of the stone: Stone is then crushed into the required size and the
dressing operation is done according to the required amount of accuracy and finishing
needed (or types of stone masonry).

2
 3. If the wall is a general retaining rubble wall, simple dressing by means of the hammer is
performed. If the wall is needed for the smooth ashlar wall then, they might even need to
be cut with a mechanical cutter.

4. The minimum size of crush stone is generally 10 cm -15 cm.

5. Stones are well wetted in water before subjected to use (laying).

6. Laying of stones: The stones are then laid by skilled Mason, along with suitable mortar
spread. The work is carried by a skilled mason along with the use of plum bob to attain
verticality and help of thread to keep desire alignment and slope in case of retaining
walls.

4. MONITORING OF RRM RETAINING WALL

1. The dress face of the stone should always be aligned in the exposing part of the wall.

2. The larger stones are kept at the faces and the smaller at the heart of the wall.

3. Through stones are the bigger stone relatively of equal width as that of the wall (up to
600mm of the wall) are needed to be laid at the plinth, sill, lintel, and roof levels as much
as possible. There should be at least one through stone (also called bond stone) for every
0.5 m2 area facing the surface plane of the wall.

4. Stone is needed to align in the natural bed plane of stone and is needed to be embedded
solidly in mortar by hammering with a mallet or hammer.

5. Stone chips (small fragments of crushed rocks) are needed to be filled in the heart (middle)
of the wall to avoid a thick mortar joint. But they should be spread in the void after laying
a stone in the heart.

6. The uniform layer of mortar of definite thickness should be laid over each layer.

7. The wall must be made only up to a height of one meter at a single time of construction.

8. All the connected walls are needed to be built uniformly at the same level by laying stone
uniformly all over the same time. There should not be the formation of toothing in stone
masonry. If one part of the wall is needed to be left and then later to be filled, then the
adjacent joining stone walls should be racked at 45o angle.

9. During the laying of the stone, like in brick masonry, the vertical joints must be break by
suitable selection and fitting adjacent stones.

3
 10. The joints are then, completely filled with the mortar. Facet joints are needed to be
maintained around 20mm thickness.

11. The top of the masonry wall is usually sealed with a stone. But in lack of such stones, there
is a general adaptation of laying the concrete of a certain thickness.

5. DRAINAGE
Retaining walls are useful structures that form a transition between areas of different elevation.
Retaining walls allow steep, unusable slopes to be avoided. A retaining wall will make use of the
vertical forces from the wall itself and any soil above the wall’s footing to resist the lateral forces
from the soil being retained. This balance can be upset when additional lateral forces act on the
wall. When water accumulates behind a retaining wall, the lateral forces acting on the wall
increase. The more water that has collected behind a retaining wall, the greater the hydrostatic
pressure on the wall will be. If the overturning moment (caused by the total lateral forces) exceeds
the resisting moment (caused by the total vertical forces), the wall will fail. There are several ways
to prevent water from building up behind a retaining wall.
Weep holes should be drilled through the wall. Weep holes allow water to escape from behind the
wall. These holes should be regularly spaced in the horizontal direction. Retaining walls with a
height greater than a few feet should also have weep holes that are regularly spaced in the vertical
direction, forming a grid pattern.
Another method for relieving hydrostatic pressure is to install a drainage pipe behind the wall.
This should be a perforated pipe, to allow water to enter it through the length of the wall. The pipe
can be located just above the footing, or can be located at a higher elevation. Taller walls may
require more than one drain pipe to sufficiently relieve the hydrostatic pressure. This can be done
by placing one pipe near mid-height of the wall, and another pipe near the footing of the wall.
A cohesionless, granular soil should be used as backfill to allow water to penetrate the soil to reach
the drains or weep holes mentioned above. If a cohesive soil is used, such as clay, it will be difficult
for the water to reach a depth where it can enter a pipe or weep hole. Granular materials allow for
water to permeate through the backfill, rather than being trapped within it. As gravity pulls the
water downward, the granular backfill lets the water freely pass until it reaches weep holes or
pipes.
The grading behind a retaining wall also has an effect on the buildup of water. The soil behind a
retaining wall typically slopes toward the wall. This causes surface water to move in the direction
of the wall, which can lead to accumulation. Grading can be used to reduce the amount of water
directed toward the wall.
Ideally, these and other methods would be combined to create a redundant system. Proper grading
will minimize the amount of water that will be directed toward the wall. A backfill made up of
cohesionless, granular materials will allow the water that is directed toward the wall to penetrate

4
the soil rather than building up above or within it. Weep holes will allow the water moving through
the soil to escape to the other side of the wall. Drainage pipes allow additional water to move away
from the wall instead of accumulating behind it. These methods will help to reduce the amount of
hydrostatic pressure acting on a wall. Without the added lateral force, the wall is able to remain in
service for the duration of its intended life.

6. GEOTEXTILES FOR DRAINAGE, SEPARATION AND EROSION CONTROL

1. For drainage/filtration function, geotextile shall be able to convey water across the plane
of the fabric throughout its design life.

2. For separation function the geotextile shall prevent intermixing of two layers of dissimilar
materials, throughout the design life of the structure.

3. The geotextile as a filter material below erosion control measures like stone pitching or
stone filled mattresses over the slopes, shall allow the water to flow out and at the same
time prevent the loss of soil under the protective measures.

5
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL 2.5 M

6
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL 2.5 M

a) Salient Levels
Breast wall top level = 100.000 m
Ground Level = 97.500 m
Foundation slab bottom level = 97.000 m
Depth of foundation = 0.50 m
Cofficient of friction (µ) (For Soil) = 0.50

b) Properties of backfill

Slope of backfill Vertical = 1

Horizontal = 0.0
Dry density of backfill soil γd = 20.00
2
Saturated density of backfill soil γsat = 20.00 kn/m
2
Submersed density of backfill soil γsub = 10.00 kn/m
Angle of Internal friction φ = 30.00 degree 0.5236
Angle of wall friction δ = 20.00 degree 0.349
Batter of wall with horizontal α= (90) = 104.036 degree 1.816
Inclination of Backfill with horizontal β = 0.00 degree 0.000
Inclination angle to vertical plane ω = 0.00 degree 0.000
Void in gabion = 30.00 %
2
Surcharge q = 1.20 kn/m

Active earth pressure Coefficient for active earth pressure By Coulomb's equation

Coeff of active earth pressure Ka = 0.208

Ka cos d = 0.195
Ka sins d = 0.071
2
Safe bearing Capacity of soil SBC = 70.00 kn/m
2
Gross = 80.00 kn/m
c) Material Densities

3
Unit wt of stone masonry = 25.00 kn/m
3
Unit wt of water = 10.00 kn/m
Width of base = 1.90 m

Stability analysis under Normal case

H1 3000
H2

7
 Foundation Slope
1.0 Vertical
5.0 Horizontal

Angle(w) = 11.32 deg.

= 0.197 radian
Cos(angle) = 0.981
Sin(angle) = 0.196

Foundation of wall is on slope

So all forces are broken in two direction; one parallel to foundation and another perpendicular to foundation

2
p1 = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x q = 0.195 x 20 x 1.2 = 4.69 kn/m Surcharge pressure due to fill
2
p2 = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x h1 = 0.195 x 20 x 3 = 11.72 kn/m Earth Pressure

H1 = 4.69 x 3.00 = 14.06 KN Surcharge pressure due to fill

H2 = 1/2 x 11.72 x 3.00 = 17.57 KN Earth Pressure

500

2500

1 2 H = 3000
233 GL

500

275
373

500 1400

1900

8
Component Force (kn/m) Lever arm from toe (m) Moment
Resisting Overturning

1 3.00 x 0.5x x25 = 37.50 1.40 + 0.25 = 1.650 61.88

3 x 1.4 x 0.5 x 25 = 52.50 1.40 x 0.67 = 0.933 49.00

1.9 x 0.38 x 0.5 x 25 8.85 1.9 x 2/3 = 1.267 11.22
= 0.00 = 0.000 0.00
2 Vertical component of Ep 6.40 1.9 = 1.900 12.15

H1 4.69 x 3.00 = 14.06 = 1.500 21.09

H2 1/2 x 11.72 x 3.00 17.57 = 0.990 17.40

S Total Vertical force SV = 105.25 S H = 31.63 134.24 38.49

Check for Stabilty : Overturning (with backfill)

Resisting moment about toe MR = 134.24 Kn-m

Overtuning moment about toe Mo = 38.49 Kn-m
FOS against overturning MR / Mo = 3.49 > 2 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Sliding (with backfill) µ = 0.50

Sliding force SH = 31.63 kn-m

Vertical load SV = 105.25 kn
Resisting force SR = µ xSV
= 52.63
FOS against sliding SR/SH = 1.66 > 1.5 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Base Pressure (with backfill)

Location of resultant from toe Xo = (MR -Mo) / S V

= ( 134.24 - 38.49 ) / 105.25
= 0.910 m

Eccentricity of resultant e = B / 2 - Xo
= 1.900 / 2 - 0.91
= 0.040 m

Vertical load per meter basewidth P = 105.25 kn SV

Logitudianal moment at centerline base ML = 4.23 kn-m per meter base width

Length of base along traffic = 1.900 m

Plan area of base A = 1.900 m2 for 1 m width

Section modulus ZL = 0.60 m3 for 1 m width

Extreme stress at base = P/A +/- ML / ZL

= ( 105.25 / 1.90 ) +/- (4.23 / 0.60)
Kn/m2 < 2
Maximum smax = 62.426 80.00 kn/m OK
Kn/m2 > 2
Minimum smin = 48.364 0 kn/m OK

9
Check for stability without any fill

Stability checked for overturning and sliding about toe.

In this case heel side of wall will be toe

Component Force (kn/m) Lever arm from toe (m) Moment

Resisting Overturning
1 3.00 x 0.5x x25 = 37.50 1.40 + 0.25 = 1.650 61.88
2 3 x 1.4 x 0.5 x 25 = 52.50 1.40 x 0.67 = 0.933 49.00
3 1.9 x 0.38 x 0.5 x 25 = 8.85 1.9 x 2/3 = 1.267 11.22
Component of load 1,2 and 3 perpendicular
to founding line =
(37.50 + 8.85 + 52.50) x 0.981 96.93

Load parallel to founding line for load sl no 1 =

37.500 x 0.196 = 7.36 = 1.500 11.04

Load parallel to founding line for load sl no 2 =

52.500 x 0.196 = 10.30 = 0.990 10.20
Load parallel to founding line for load sl no 3 =
8.854 x 0.196 1.74 -= 0.124 -0.22

S Total Vertical force SV = 96.93 SH = 19.40 122.09 21.02

Check for Stabilty : Overturning (without backfill)

Resisting moment about toe MR = 122.09 Kn-m

Overtuning moment about toe Mo = 21.02 Kn-m
FOS against overturning MR / Mo = 5.81 > 2 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Sliding (without backfill) µ = 0.50

Sliding force SH = 19.40 kn-m

Vertical load SV = 96.93 kn
Resisting force SR = µ xSV
= 48.47
FOS against sliding SR/SH = 2.50 > 1.5 Hence Safe

10
DESIGN FOR RETAINING WALL 3.5 M HEIGHT ABOVE GL

11
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL 3.5 M

a) Salient Levels
Breast wall top level = 100.000 m
Ground Level = 96.500 m
Foundation slab bottom level = 96.000 m
Depth of foundation = 0.50 m
Cofficient of friction (µ) (For Soil) = 0.50

b) Properties of backfill

Slope of backfill Vertical = 1

Horizontal = 0.0
Dry density of backfill soil γd = 20.00
2
Saturated density of backfill soil γsat = 20.00 kn/m
2
Submersed density of backfill soil γsub = 10.00 kn/m
Angle of Internal friction φ = 30.00 degree 0.5236
Angle of wall friction δ = 20.00 degree 0.349
Batter of wall with horizontal α= (90) = 104.036 degree 1.816
Inclination of Backfill with horizontal β = 0.00 degree 0.000
Inclination angle to vertical plane ω = 0.00 degree 0.000
Void in gabion = 30.00 %
2
Surcharge q = 1.20 kn/m

Active earth pressure Coefficient for active earth pressure By Coulomb's equation

Coeff of active earth pressure Ka = 0.208

Ka cos d = 0.195
Ka sins d = 0.071
2
Safe bearing Capacity of soil SBC = 80.00 kn/m
2
Gross = 90.00 kn/m
c) Material Densities

3
Unit wt of stone masonry = 25.00 kn/m
3
Unit wt of water = 10.00 kn/m
Width of base = 2.40 m

Stability analysis under Normal case

H1 4000
H2

12
 Foundation Slope
1.0 Vertical
5.0 Horizontal

Angle(w) = 11.32 deg.

= 0.197 radian
Cos(angle) = 0.981
Sin(angle) = 0.196

Foundation of wall is on slope

So all forces are broken in two direction; one parallel to foundation and another perpendicular to foundation

2
p1 = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x q = 0.195 x 20 x 1.2 = 4.69 kn/m Surcharge pressure due to fill
2
p2 = Ka cos(δ) x ɣd x h1 = 0.195 x 20 x 4 = 15.62 kn/m Earth Pressure

H1 = 4.69 x 4.00 = 18.74 KN Surcharge pressure due to fill

H2 = 1/2 x 15.62 x 4.00 = 31.24 KN Earth Pressure

500

3500

1 2 H = 4000
238 GL

500

373
471

500 1900

2400

13
Component Force (kn/m) Lever arm from toe (m) Moment
Resisting Overturning

1 4.00 x 0.5x x25 = 50.00 1.90 + 0.25 = 2.150 107.50

4 x 1.9 x 0.5 x 25 = 95.00 1.90 x 0.67 = 1.267 120.33

2.4 x 0.48 x 0.5 x 25 14.13 2.4 x 2/3 = 1.600 22.60
= 0.00 = 0.000 0.00
2 Vertical component of Ep 11.37 2.4 = 2.400 27.29

H1 4.69 x 4.00 = 18.74 = 2.000 37.49

H2 1/2 x 15.62 x 4.00 31.24 = 1.320 41.24

S Total Vertical force SV = 170.50 S H = 49.99 277.73 78.73

Check for Stabilty : Overturning (with backfill)

Resisting moment about toe MR = 277.73 Kn-m

Overtuning moment about toe Mo = 78.73 Kn-m
FOS against overturning MR / Mo = 3.53 > 2 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Sliding (with backfill) µ = 0.50

Sliding force SH = 49.99 kn-m

Vertical load SV = 170.50 kn
Resisting force SR = µ xSV
= 85.25
FOS against sliding SR/SH = 1.71 > 1.5 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Base Pressure (with backfill)

Location of resultant from toe Xo = (MR -Mo) / S V

= ( 277.73 - 78.73 ) / 170.50
= 1.167 m

Eccentricity of resultant e = B / 2 - Xo
= 2.400 / 2 - 1.17
= 0.033 m

Vertical load per meter basewidth P = 170.50 kn SV

Logitudianal moment at centerline base ML = 5.60 kn-m per meter base width

Length of base along traffic = 2.400 m

Plan area of base A = 2.400 m2 for 1 m width

Section modulus ZL = 0.96 m3 for 1 m width

Extreme stress at base = P/A +/- ML / ZL

= ( 170.50 / 2.40 ) +/- (5.60 / 0.96)
Kn/m2 < 2
Maximum smax = 76.873 90.00 kn/m OK
Kn/m2 > 2
Minimum smin = 65.209 0 kn/m OK

14
Check for stability without any fill

Stability checked for overturning and sliding about toe.

In this case heel side of wall will be toe

Component Force (kn/m) Lever arm from toe (m) Moment

Resisting Overturning
1 4.00 x 0.5x x25 = 50.00 1.90 + 0.25 = 2.150 107.50
2 4 x 1.9 x 0.5 x 25 = 95.00 1.90 x 0.67 = 1.267 120.33
3 2.4 x 0.48 x 0.5 x 25 = 14.13 2.4 x 2/3 = 1.600 22.60
Component of load 1,2 and 3 perpendicular
to founding line =
(50.00 + 14.13 + 95.00) x 0.981 156.03

Load parallel to founding line for load sl no 1 =

50.000 x 0.196 = 9.81 = 2.000 19.62

Load parallel to founding line for load sl no 2 =

95.000 x 0.196 = 18.64 = 1.320 24.61
Load parallel to founding line for load sl no 3 =
14.127 x 0.196 2.77 -= 0.157 -0.44

S Total Vertical force SV = 156.03 SH = 31.22 250.44 43.79

Check for Stabilty : Overturning (without backfill)

Resisting moment about toe MR = 250.44 Kn-m

Overtuning moment about toe Mo = 43.79 Kn-m
FOS against overturning MR / Mo = 5.72 > 2 Hence Safe

Check for Stabilty : Sliding (without backfill) µ = 0.50

Sliding force SH = 31.22 kn-m

Vertical load SV = 156.03 kn
Resisting force SR = µ xSV
= 78.02
FOS against sliding SR/SH = 2.50 > 1.5 Hence Safe

15