OPERATING SYSTEM

The operating system is a program that acts as an interface between applications

and the hardware of the computer. It mainly has 2 objectives; convenience and
efficiency. Using the system as an interface, it provides a lot of services to the
user. Some typical services the OS provides are program creation, execution,
accounting and access to the system. For program creation, the OS provides a
variety of facilities and services, like editors to assist the programmer in creation
of programs. For program execution, instructions must be loaded into the main
memory to perform and execute a program. In the case of accounting, the OS
gathers usage statistics for various resources and monitors performance
milestones such as response time. This process is very useful in the anticipation of
future enhancements and tuning the system for optimum performance. These
aren’t the only services the OS provides. It also covers error detection, controls
access to files, controls access to I/O devices and facilitates system access.
Looking at the Operating system as a resource manager, in controls the system int
two main ways. The OS functions the same manner as an ordinary computer
software. The OS also frequently demands control and must depend on the
processor to allow it to regain control.

Types of OS.
The characteristics of OS falls into two distinct dimensions. The first dimension
specifies whether the system is batch or interactive. In an interactive system, the
user communicates directly with the computer usually through a peripheral like a
keyboard or mouse, to request the execution of a task.
A batch system is the opposite of the interactive. In batch, the program is batched
together with programs from other users and is submitted by the computer
operator. After completion, the result is printed out for the user.
Scheduling
It is necessary for the multiprogramming to scheduling. There are four types of
scheduling.
Long term scheduling, medium term scheduling, short term scheduling I/O
scheduling. In long term scheduling, the decision to add the pool of processes to
be executed. In medium term scheduling, the decision to add the number of
processes that are partly of=r fully in the main memory. In short-term scheduling
the decision as to which process will be executed by the processor. In term
scheduling the decision to which the process pending I/O request shall be handled
by the available I/O device.
RM Memory Management ARM provides a versatile virtual memory system
architecture that can be tailored to the needs of the embedded system designer.
The memory-management unit (MMU) translates virtual addresses generated by
the processor into
physical addresses to access main memory, and also derives and checks the
access permission.
Translations occur as the result of a TLB miss, and start with a first-level fetch. A
section-mapped
access only requires a first-level fetch, whereas a page-mapped access also
requires a second-level
fetch.
For memory structured into pages, a two-level page table access is required. Bits
[31:10] of the L1
page entry contains a pointer to a L2 page table. For small pages, the L2 entry
contains a 20-bit pointer
to the base address of a 4-kB page in main memory.
For large pages, the structure is more complex. As with virtual addresses for small
pages, a virtual
address for a large page structure includes a 12-bit index into the level one table
and an 8-bit index
into the L2 table. For the 64-kB large pages, the page index portion of the virtual
address must be 16